A hydrogen kwayoyin diamita, da dabara tsarin. Mene ne taro na hydrogen kwayoyin?

A lokaci-lokaci tebur lamba 1 shi ne ya fi kowa kashi a duniya - hydrogen. Ta rarraba a kashi ne kusa da 75%. Magangara mafi ƙasƙanci da abinda ke ciki ya lura a yanayi yadudduka - 0,0001%. A duniya ta ɓawon burodi ƙunshi 1% by nauyi na gas. A mafi girma adadin daga gare bayyana a cikin ruwa: 12%. A wannan duniya tamu, shi ne na uku mafi kowa sinadari.

description kashi

A hydrogen kwayoyin, wanda dabara ne N-H ko H2, bai wa jiki da kuma sinadaran Properties.

Hydrogen ne a gas da cewa bai mallaki wani launi, babu wari. Location of hydrogen a Table 1 a kan tabo saboda gaskiyar cewa a cikin daban-daban yanayi, wannan kashi iya bayyana kanta a matsayin karfe ko matsayin gas. A ranar da matsanancin electron orbitals ne 1, wanda zai iya bayar da hydrogen (karfe Properties) ko daukar wani (gas quality).

A diamita na hydrogen kwayoyin ne daidai da 27 nm.

Diamita 1A ne hydrogen zarra, da radius - 0, 41 A.

Properties

A zahiri ya hada da wadannan:

1. Tafasar batu - 256 ° ^C.
2. Narkewa batu: -259,2 ^° C
3. iska taro (D) - 0.069.
4. Hydrogen ne talauci mai narkewa a cikin ruwa.

A sunadarai Properties ne kamar haka:

1. Nonpolar kwayoyin bond tsakanin barbashi yana da wani makamashi na 436 KJ / mol.
2. Thermal dissociation zafin jiki ne 2000 ° ^C.
3. Yana reacts tare da:

• halogens.
• oxygen.
• sulfur.
• nitrogen.
• nitric oxide.
• aiki karafa.

A yanayi na yanayi, hydrogen auku biyu a halitta da tsari da kuma a cikin nau'i na isotopes protium, deuterium da tritium.

kwayoyin tsarin

Kwayar Komayya kashi yana da sauki tsarin. A abun da ke ciki na hydrogen kwayoyin da aka wakilta biyu atoms cewa dunbin samar da wata ba iyakacin duniya covalent bond, kazalika da daya electron biyu. A tsarin zarra ne 1 lallai cajin tsakiya, kewaye da wanda motsa daya barnatar da cajin electron. Wannan electron aka located a kan 1s orbital.

H - + H = 1e wannan hydrogen ion ne tabbatacce.

Wannan magana na nuna cewa hydrogen yana kama da sigogi da abubuwa na kungiyar 1 na lokaci-lokaci tsarin da suke Alkali karfe (lithium, sodium, potassium), yana ba guda electron a cikin matsanancin orbital.

H + H = 1e korau hydrogen ion.

Wannan lissafi ya nuna cewa hydrogen ne ire-iren su kama abubuwa na Group 7, wanda suke iya samu da gas da samarwar electrons a cikin matsanancin electron matakin. Irin wannan gas hada da: fluoro, chloro, bromo, da dai sauransu ..

A abun da ke ciki na hydrogen kwayoyin suna graphically gabatar nana.

A nesa tsakanin hydrogen atoms r = 0,74 A, yayin da Naira Miliyan Xari da orbital radius ne 1,06 A. Ana rinjayar da zurfin zoba na electron da girgije, kuma m, barga hydrogen bond.

A hydrogen zarra ne mafi asali a cikin yanayi zarra. proton nukiliya size ne 10.5 A, da diamita na daya zarra ne 0.1 nm.

Kwayoyin isotopes da musamman tsarin. Protium atomic tsakiya kunshi daya kawai proton. Denoted isotope: 1H.

Nukiliya tsarin kama wani hadadden na wani proton da wani neutron (2h).

3H - tritium - a atomic tsarin da aka bai wa wani tsakiya na 1 proton da biyu neutrons.

nauyi

A kimiyya akwai dabarbari cewa lissafta, wanda shi ne daidai da taro na hydrogen kwayoyin. Tare da girmamawa ga kashi ayyana kwayoyin da atomic taro.

Matauni taro na hydrogen kwayoyin da aka lasafta ta janar dabara:

M = m / n, inda m - shi ne taro na wani abu, n - da lambar.

Atomic taro daidai 1.008 amu Saboda haka, dangi nauyi na kwayoyin ne ma daidaita da 1,008. Tun da hydrogen kwayoyin kunshi biyu kwayoyin halitta, da dangi atomic nauyi ne 2.016 a. e. m. The nauyi na hydrogen kwayoyin da aka bayyana a cikin grams da mole (g / mol).

The darajar da sauƙi abin da ke faruwa

A mafi muhimmanci al'amari a yanayi, wanda Forms wani hadadden tare da hydrogen a oxygen ne ruwa. Ruwa - tushen rai, haka hydrogen - shi ne mai muhimmanci rabi.

Na 100% na dukkan sinadaran abubuwa da cewa yin up da kwayoyin matsakaici 1/10 na, ko 10%, lissafta ga hydrogen. Bugu da kari a ruwa, shi ne iya kula da quaternary tsarin da gina jiki, wanda yake zai yiwu saboda da hydrogen bond.

A qa'ida ta complementarity na nucleic acid ma daukan wuri tare da sakamako na hydrogen kwayoyin. A shuka cell H taka rawa a cikin tsari na photosynthesis, biosynthesis, a cikin makamashi canja wurin kan membrane tashoshi.

aikace-aikace

A sinadaran masana'antu, hydrogen ne yadu m. An kara da cewa a cikin yi na roba kayayyakin, sabulu shawara, kazalika da ammonia, kuma menthol samar.

Masana'antun sarrafa kayayyakin abinci: a cikin halitta da kayayyakin abinci, da hydrogen da aka kara a matsayin abinci ƙari E949. Irin wannan bangaren za a iya gani a kan marufi da margarine, kayan lambu mai. E949 ƙari izni masana'antun sarrafa kayayyakin abinci na Rasha Federation.

Hydrogen aka sau da hannu a cikin aeronautics masana'antu, a matsayin abu ne m fiye da iska. Saboda haka, a cikin 30s na karshe karni, irin wannan gas cika balloons da airships. Duk da low cost da kuma sauƙi na amfani, hydrogen da sannu tsaya ta amfani da matsayin filler, a matsayin lokuta da fashewar jirgin sama.

Yau, gas da ake amfani da man fetur da amfani a cikin Aerospace masana'antu. Duk da haka, da aikace-aikace ya wadãtu da hanyoyin domin injuna a fasinja motoci da manyan motoci, saboda kashi a lokacin konewa ba emit cikin yanayi na cutarwa impurities, sabili da haka ne tsabtace muhalli.

An integral bangaren na hydrogen isotopes bayyana a cikin abun da ke ciki na da yawa kwayoyi. Deuterium da ake amfani a pharmacological nazarin domin sanin hali da kuma sakamakon da miyagun ƙwayoyi a cikin jiki. Tritium da ake amfani a radiodiagnosis kamar kashi fassara biochemical halayen rayuwa enzymes. Hydrogen peroxide ne memba, wanda shi ne wani disinfectant.