A batu na binciken Janar Biology ne mai sa na matakai cewa underlie sabon abu na rayuwa

Halitta ne ba kawai daya daga cikin na farko mutum nazarin daga cikin muhimman hakkokin yankunan kimiyya, amma kuma wani muhimmin kashi a gaban mu wayewa. A batu na binciken Janar Biology ne mai sa na matakai cewa underlie sabon abu na rayuwa. Cif daga gare su: da haifuwa da kuma ontogenesis, gadar hali da bambancin, da tarihi cin gaban shuka da dabbobi jinsin da kuma zabin yanayi. A wannan labarin, za mu dube su a cikin mafi daki-daki.

Rawar da tarihin yanayin batutuwa a cikin ci gaban al'umma

Amfani da nazarin halittu kimiyyar tsunduma a cikin m nazari na sama mamaki yanayi, yin amfani da sakamakon da ci gaban zamani da masana'antu na janar ilmin halitta - cell da kuma kayyade aikin injiniya, fasahar binciken halittu, da kuma yawan itatuwa aure. A m cin gaban masana'antu da fasaha da kuma matakai na duniya a cikin tattalin arzikin duniya suna tilasta masana kimiyya su shiga cikin tsanani da bincike kan al'amurran da suka shafi muhalli aminci da na halitta tsarin.

Kamar yadda naturalistic kimiyya, janar ilmin halitta nazarin mafi hadaddun tsarin kungiyar na rayuwa: yawan-jinsuna, kazalika da bangarori daban-daban na muhalli da kuma tsarin da biosphere.

A tarihin ci gaban da nazarin halittu ilimi

A kimiyya da cewa karatu yanayi a duk da bambancin, da aka haifa a cikin zurfin ilimi da dan'adam da taimakon da masana falsafa na zamanin d Girka da kuma Roma, amma zama da aka sani ilmin halitta kawai a cikin XIX karni, ta hanyar ayyukan J. Lamarck da G. Treviranus. Daya daga cikin tsofaffin ta tarbiyya dauke taxonomy tushen C. Linnaeus, da kuma ilimin halittar jiki, yana da asali a cikin treatises na Hippocrates, Galen da Aesculapius.

The abu na nazarin janar ilmin halitta ne don tsayar da hadin kai na rayayyun kwayoyin halitta a cikin kwayoyin na farko, sa'an nan - a salon salula matakin. Ana zargin wani ka'idar kimiyya, ci gaba da Rasha juyin halitta PF Goryaninovym da kuma Jamusawa masana kimiyya M. Schleiden kuma T. Schwann tabbatar da cewa ainihin nau'i na rayuwa a duniya - ne cell. R. Virchow samarwa da manufa na "rai - daga mai rai" kawo ƙarshen tattaunawa game da yiwuwar maras wata-wata ƙarni na masana kimiyya kwayoyin daga matattun kwayoyin halitta.

Cytology da irin wannan hanyoyin kamar yadda centrifugation, electron bincike da madubin likita, Tracer hanya, da karatunsa da tsarin prokaryotes da nucleated Kwayoyin kuma shi ne dalilin da ci gaban m batutuwa na halitta kimiyya: histology, jinsi, kiwo.

rayuwa ka'idojin tsarin halitta

Janar ilmin halitta nazarin ba kawai da sinadaran abun da ke ciki da kuma tsarin da kwayoyin, amma kuma da matakai da cewa underlie su metabolism. Biochemistry kafa regularities na anabolic halayen, kamarsu photosynthesis a tsirrai. Yana kuma nazarin gina jiki biosynthesis (kwafi da translation matakai), da kayyade yanayin zama dole ga halayen dissimilation bayar da zama dole makamashi ajiye Kwayoyin kamar yadda kwayoyin na NADPH da ATP.

Tun da abu na nazarin janar ilmin halitta ne matakin kwayoyin na rayuwa, tsanani dauke da dauki catabolism. Karkashin aerobic yanayi, da dabba cell synthesizes 36 moles na ATP daga kowane kwayoyin na glucose a cikin halayen da Krebs sake zagayowar.

Tsire-tsire da kuma fungi a halayen da makamashi metabolism a cikin anaerobic yanayi ma manne C ₃ H ₄ Ya ₃ zuwa ethyl barasa, da kuma yarda - to lactic acid. Amma a duk lokuta, da hada kwayoyin kwayoyin halitta makamashi - adenosine triphosphate.

Kamar yadda ka gani, da batun binciken Janar Biology ne wani tsarin ba da metabolism. Da wakilan da namun daji, ya ci gaba da gudana tare da sa hannu na enzymes daga irin wannan biochemical tafarkin. Wannan ya nuna da hadin kai na asalin rayuwa daga kowa kakanninmu cell siffofin. A isa daki-daki, al'amarin rufe a wannan sashe na halitta kimiyya kamar yadda ka'idar juyin halitta.

Shikan janar ilmin halitta

Wannan sunan yana da wani naturalistic makaranta horo gabatar a cikin manhaja, faro sa 9. Godiya ga kimiyya da didactic ka'idojin cin gaba, makarantar sakandare dalibai koyi game da namun daji, jawo a kan wani ilmi daga hanya na o, ilmin dabbobi, ilmin jikin mutum. Don samar da cikakken hoto na da yanayin yara - babban ilimi aiki.

Basics na cytology, yanayin halitta na juya, alamu na gado - cewa an karatu janar ilmin halitta. Topics kuma kishin tarihi ci gaba da kwayoyin duniya da kuma kayan yau da kullum na da lafiyar qasa, kai wani tsanani nasara a zukatan dalibai da kuma taimakawa wajen da cikakken gaban su mutane.