Yadda daban-daban shi ne ake kira da amfanin gona: Aikin Gona, fitotehniya, agronomy?

Amfanin gona samar - mafi muhimmanci reshe na noma, wanda ya fitar 70% na jimlar yawan cinye abinci. Ado da deciduous shuke-shuke da furanni ado da gidaje adjoining yankunan, ciki. Mutane da yawa mambobi ne na Flora ake amfani da masana'antu, Pharmaceutical da turare raw Pet abinci. Yadda daban-daban da aka kira wani amfanin gona, litattafan, kimiyya da kuma shahararrun mujallun da Littattafan? Wannan tambaya ta taso a cikin makaranta, daliban jami'a, kazalika da kwararru aiki a daban-daban sassa na tattalin arziki. Bari mu gano abin da wannan aiki da aka bambanta a kan ƙarni da sunan da.

Menene sunan amfanin gona?

A miƙa mulki ga wata zaunar da rai - mafi muhimmanci aukuwa a cikin m al'umma. Akwai wani karin abin dogara tushen abinci fiye da taro na 'ya'yan itatuwa da tsaba a yanayi. A Turai, domin ƙarni babban noma amfanin gona ne hatsi, mamaye m kayayyakin aiki, don gona namo. Explorers, matafiya, Kasuwanci kawo sabon shuke-shuke: Citrus, melons, kayan lambu, dankali. A farkon da XX da XXI karni sun sa a ci-gaba da hanyoyin da namo da kuma namo shuke-shuke. Amfanin gona samar da ci gaba da canja a gaban idanunmu. Amfani da fasaha ta zamani a duk matakai na noma. A filayen aiki, sabon shũka da girbi inji.

Kunna shafukan da kamus da reference books, za ka iya koyi da yadda daban-daban da aka kira wani amfanin gona, abin da yake bayani dalla-dalla na wannan reshe na aikin noma. A daban-daban bugu ne sharuddan:

• noma.
• husbandry.
• amfanin gona.
• Agriculture (daga Girkanci kalmar "Agros" - "filin");
• fitotehniya.
• agronomy.

Agriculture - tushen amfanin gona

Practical ayyukan domin girma amfanin gona bisa bayanai daga wata yawan sciences: ilmin halitta, sunadarai, da lafiyar qasa. Bukatar sanin Botanical rarrabuwa, ƙasa Properties, namo fasaha. A "The Complete Encyclopedia of Rasha Noma da Kimiyya a lamba tare da shi," da aka buga a Rasha (1900-1912), dukan masana'antu ne kira agronomy. A cikin "Handbook Rasha manomi", edited by VG Nyquist (1913) ma ya bayyana sunan wani amfanin gona - fitotehniya. A cikin shekaru karni sun kafa wasu al'amurran da masana'antu:

• arable noma - samar da hatsi (alkama, shinkafa, masara), fasaha (sunflower, rake, auduga), forage amfanin gona ba;
• kayan lambu - girma lambu shuke-shuke (kabeji, albasa, barkono, tumatir da sauran).

• noma - namo pome 'ya'yan itatuwa, da na dutse' ya'yan itãcen marmari, inabi, da sauran amfanin gona ba;
• ornamental shuke-shuke.
• flower.
• fadamun.
• gandunan daji.

Aikin gona da kwararru ci gaba da aikin gona dabaru da kuma amfanin gona iri, inganta gona namo dabaru, samar da hybrids da kuma siffofin da suke da resistant zuwa cututtuka da kuma kwari. Matsala al'amurran da suka shafi a kansu ne don rage halin kaka, da rage dogaro a kan halitta dalilai.

Intensification na amfanin gona samar

Duniya noma yana bunkasa da kuzari. Karuwan yawan aiki, samfurin quality, masana'antu da fasahar an gabatar. Yadda daban-daban da aka kira wani amfanin gona da cewa shi ne mafi reminiscent na masana'antu samar? Duk da more fiye da amfani da Kalmar "m dabaru." Cropping shafi yin amfani da wani yawan dabaru:

• nõmansa,
• aikace-aikace na ma'adinai da takin gargajiya.
• shiri na tsaba, dasa kayan.
• shuka da kuma dasa.
• kula da plantations dangane da nazarin halittu halaye na shuka, da yanayin damina da kakar.
• girbi.

"Basic Principles of noma ta'allaka ne da cewa kasar gona da aka samu baya kome ta dauka" - rubuta kafa m sunadarai wa laƙabi da Yustus von Liebig. A cikin binciken da masana kimiyya da kuma yi na filin-amfanin gona duniya dangane da hanya da kuma ƙasa kiyayewa tsarin "bandpass» (Gaza-har), «m» (Mini-Har) da kuma "sifili» (Nou-Har) karkara. Suna nasarar amfani a Amurka, Jamus, Rasha, Ukraine da kuma yawan Canadian larduna. Technology nufin a adana gona, makamashi ceto. Masana'antun aikin gona raw kayan ci gaba da aiki da kuma sayar da kayayyakin a kan wani "filin - samar - da counter." Musamman muhimmanci shi ne wannan manufa a cikin girma kwayoyin abinci.

tsaye plantation

Shin tasiri hanyoyin da girma amfanin gona ba tare da gona. A saboda wannan dalili, da ruwa amfani, dauke da cikin abun da ke ciki na zama dole na gina jiki. Yadda daban-daban shi ne ake kira mai amfanin gona da cewa ba ya bukatar ƙasa? Wannan shi ne mai gwada da sabon Hanyar samar da wani amfanin gona - hydroponics. A Girkanci nufin yin amfani da "aiki bayani".

Industrial amfanin gona, dangane hydroponics, ya bayyana gwada da kwanan nan. Ta rarraba ake dangantawa da high dace raka'a cewa za a iya sanya a kan juna, samar da a tsaye gidãjen Aljanna da kuma gonaki. Akwai daban-daban na abinci na gina jiki cakuda a tushen shuke-shuke. A Hanyar yana da abũbuwan amfãni. Bukatar ƙasa da sararin samaniya domin samar, ƙasa da lalacewar kasar gona pathogens kawo cututtuka, kwari da tsutsotsi. The aiki ruwa za a iya kara wa abubuwa da hanzarta ci gaban da gudãnar da duration na flowering da ripening.

Aikin Gona, floriculture da kuma kiwon lafiya

A fasahar da samun kayayyakin abinci da ake amfani da yadu kai sunadarai, genetically modified (GMO). Daya daga cikin matsaloli ne da yin amfani da nitrogen gargajiya, wadda take kaiwa zuwa jari a kayan lambu, 'ya'yan itatuwa, melons carcinogenic mahadi - nitrates. Mummunan tasiri a kan kiwon lafiya matsayi na yawan a cikin yin amfani da amfanin gona na sauran agrochemicals. A kowace kasa, kafa dokokin da suka aikace-aikace, wanda aka sanya idanu phytosanitary sabis.

A alamar shugabanci ne kwayoyin noma. Don ya kaya (na halitta, tsabtace muhalli) high bukatun. Aikin gona da kamfanonin da kuma manoma ba su amfani da roba sunadarai da GMOs a cikin namo na shuke-shuke, a cikin aiki da albarkatun kasa domin abinci.

Wurare dabam dabam na abubuwa a karkashin halitta noma shi ne batun da makirci.

A halin yanzu, aikin noma, masana kimiyya da kuma likitoci inganta su samar da hanyoyin. Yadu tura kwamfuta fasahar ingancin iko da kayayyakin gona, bunkasa biochemical da kwayoyin hanyoyin inganta kebantattun na shuke-shuke. Yana ne mafi zama mashahuri aiyukan-friendly kayayyakin, musamman a kasashe masu ci gaban duniya.