Wanda shi ne babban helmsman?

Leafing ta hanyar haihuwa al'amurran da suka shafi na Soviet periodicals za a iya samu da furcin nan "girma helmsman". Gano abin da ake nufi, wannan labarin zai taimaka.

prehistory

A karo na farko da irin wannan magana da aka samu a cikin Kirista wallafe-wallafe. A musamman, Ioann Zlatoust, wanda ya rayu a nuna na zamanai na 4-5, a cikin rubutun "Tattaunawa a littafin Farawa," da ake kira Great helmsman na Maɗaukaki, da jirgin - da Church.

Amma kalmar "matukin jirgin", shi ne a Rasha harshen ne wani tsaoho nautical lokaci da ya dace da zamani manufar "tuƙi".

Iosif Stalin

A cikin watan Satumba 1934 da magana "babban helmsman" da aka yi amfani da daya daga cikin editorials na jaridar "Pravda". A labarin da aka kishin miƙa mulki na Arewa Sea Route icebreaker "Fyodor Litke" daga Vladivostok zuwa Murmansk. A cikin wannan takarda, da ƙungiya da aka bai da wani sakon waya jirgin ruwa wanda aka ce: "A nasara lashe ... godiya ... ma'aikatan, don gudanar da wani aiki a kan tushen da ... ... ... umarnin Great helmsman Comrade Stalin." A amfani da wannan lakabi da Iosifa Vissarionovicha a matuƙan yanayi ne cikakken barata, yadda yake a tune da sana'a.

A daidai wannan lokaci da maza wuya san na rubutun Ioanna Zlatousta kuma bazata kira Stalin da epithet, wanda shi ne wani shahararren Byzantine theologian amfani a cikin tunani da Allah.

Duk abin da ya, da furcin nan "girma helmsman" matabbata a cikin Soviet aikin jarida da kuma aka kullum hadu a shafukan jaridu da mujallu. Daga can, shi gudun hijira a cikin lexicon na jam'iyyar functionaries, wanda ya fara zuwa rayayye amfani da shi, da yake magana a tsaye congresses da tarurruka.

Sin helmsman Mao Tszedun

A marigayi 40-ies na karshe karni, kasar Sin ta fara daukar siffar da hali daba na shugaban na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Sin. A daidai wannan lokaci, na gida masu yada sun soma daga Soviet takwarorinsu suna da "Great helmsman" da kuma fara amfani da shi dangane da Mao Zedong.

ƙaramin shekaru

Great helmsman na kasar Sin - Mao Tszedun - An haife shi a 1893. Ya ke samu a kyawawan mai kyau a wannan lokaci da ilimi, da kuma dalibi shekaru a Beijing ya gana da gida Marxists. A 1920, ya karshe ya yanke shawarar a siyasa da ra'ayoyi da kwaminisanci. A shekara daga baya, Mao ya kasance daya daga cikin mahalarta a wucin Congress of Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Sin.

Hanyar zuwa saman

A 1928, Mao Tszedun Halicci karfi Soviet jamhuriyar a yamma da lardin Jiangxi. Daga baya, a cikin kaka na shekarar 1931, godiya ga aiki ayyuka na gurguzu 10 gundumomi a tsakiyar ɓangare na kasar ne karkashin iko da kasar Sin Red Army da guerrillas. Yana yiwuwa ya haifar da wani sabon jihar a can. Yana zama da aka sani da Sin Soviet Republic, karkashin jagorancin majalisar jama'ar kasar Commissars samu Mao Zedong. Ya dauki wani aiki sashi a cikin anti-Japanese gwagwarmaya, kuma ya ya iya fitar da Gomindanskoe ra'ayin mazan jiya gwamnati, lamarin da ya kawo karshen yakin basasa.

Oktoba 1, 1949 Tiananmen Mao Tszedun sanar da samuwar na Sin da ta birnin Beijing a. Shi da kansa ne shugaban sabuwar gwamnatin jihar.

China karkashin Mao

A farkon shekaru na kasar Sin ta Great helmsman da fatan high ga tattalin arziki da fasaha taimako na Tarayyar Soviet da kuma a cikin da yawa hanyoyi kamantuwa da al'ummai shugaban Iosifu Stalinu.

A lokacin daga 1950 zuwa 1956, Mao hankali ciyar agrarian gyãra abin da fatan a warware matsalar abinci tsaro na kasar. Duk da haka, a 1957-1958 da tattalin arziki da rikicin ya barke a kasar Sin. Sa'an nan Zedong sa a gaba a shirin, da aka sani da "babban tsalle a gaba". Ya aika da wata babbar aiki da karfi a cikin shiri na wucin gadi kududdufai, kazalika da halittar selhozkommun da kuma masana'antu Enterprises a kasar Sin karkara.

Great helmsman: Yunwa

A shekarar 1958, Mao Tszedun bayar da umarnin damƙar hallaka dukan sparrows, saboda na yi tunani cewa sun rarake a hatsi filayen, kuma "ya tsaya a cikin hanyar ci gaban tattalin arziki na kasar Sin."

Don cika da aiki kafa a babban helmsman, aka hada zuwa dubban mutane. Su waved flags da kuma ta doke ganguna don tsorata tafi tsuntsãye daga saukowa. The matalauta tsuntsaye suna yawo don haka dogon cewa shi ya zama tikis, duk da haka ba su mutu ba daga ci. A sakamakon haka, kasar Sin ta auku sharply, ga adadinsu, da kuma a wasu yankuna na sparrows bace gaba ɗaya.

A na farko da 'yan watanni bayan da farkon na yakin da sparrows da sauran kwari kadan karuwa hatsi da ake samu da aka rubuta, amma bayan farkon da mamayewa na fara, wanda, tun rasa ta babban abokin gaba, bred m. A sakamakon haka shi da wani mummunan yunwa, shi da aka rubuta dubban lokuta na cin naman mutane.

Ya aka tilasta gaggawa don gyara halin da ake ciki na kasar Sin ya sayi hatsi da kasashen waje, da kuma sparrows "yafe" da kuma aka ko da tilasta shigo da wadannan tsuntsaye daga kasashen waje.

The al'adu juyin juya halin

Kamar yadda ka yi tsammanin, "Great Tsautsayi Forward" Mao partially kasa, kuma ya canza "Yenan Model" a kan mutum ihisani. Irin wannan tashi daga mizanansa bai son shugaban na Sin gurguzu. A lokaci guda a cikin farkon shekarun 1960s, Mai girma helmsman ya matukar damuwa game da halin da tattalin arziki da kuma siyasa a kasar Sin. Bugu da kari, ya yi imani cewa CCP kanta ne mafi zama masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, kuma a zuci tsinkãyi revisionism.

Iyo tare Kogin Yangtze

Mao Tszedun an m hali madaidaci. Alal misali, ya ƙaunace su yi heats na Sin koguna. A lokaci guda, kamar yadda da yawa daga cikin hukuncin Elite iya ba fariya guda kyau kwarai wasanni tsari a matsayin jagoransu, ba ba tare da bala'i. A musamman, a lokacin da Mai girma helmsman haye Kogin Yangtze a shekarar 1966, yana da shekaru 73 da shekaru, kusan kafa a duniya rikodin, Muka nutsar da kwamandan na Guangzhou Soja Region, kuma daya daga cikin shugabannin jam'iyya a kan gaba ta cije maciji. Makasudin wannan sosai da jama'ar taron ya nuna cewa shugaba Mao ya har yanzu cike da makamashi da kuma iya magance duk makiyan Al'adu juyin juya halin.

'yan shekarun nan

Domin da "dawo" na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis, ya ya dauka a yawan matakai. matasa ma'aikacin-baƙauye bango, wanda ya yi jãyayya da waɗanda suka karkace daga tafarkin kwaminisanci - A musamman, da kungiyoyin "Red Guards" da aka shirya. Mao ya kuma Mafarin manyan sikelin-danniya sha wahala da miliyoyin mutane sun zama.

"Al'adu juyin juya halin" ya ƙare a 1968. Daya daga cikin dalilan da Mao ya zama tsoro na Soviet mamayewa na kasar Sin, da goyan bayan da events in Czechoslovakia.

Great helmsman Mao umurce su da su wãtse, dakarun na Red Guards kuma ya umurci sojojin ya dauki iko da halin da ake ciki a kasar.

A lokacin daga shekarar 1969 zuwa shekarar 1970 Zedong kokarin mayar da farfashe jam'iyyar kwaminis. By lokacin da kiwon lafiya sun riga an mai tsanani gurgunta. Duk da wannan, ya yi kokari a kowace hanya don kula da daidaituwa tsakanin jam'iyyar ƙungiyõyin, kokarin hana mai tsaga.

Mao ya mutu a kan Satumba 9, 1976 bayan 2 tsanani zuciya harin, 83-shekara rayuwa. A jana'izar shi fiye da mutane miliyan.

Yanzu da ka san wani a kan matakai daban-daban na tarihi don haka ya kira asali epithet - Great helmsman. Mao Tszedun da Stalin aka kira don haka har shekaru da yawa, kuma ya jagoranci jiragen ruwa na jihohi, wanda aka gangarawa, to babbar manufa - kwaminisanci. Ko da yake da tushen wannan akidar sun Concepts na daidaito da kuma fraternity, kusa da Kristanci, shugabannin Rasha da Sin, bisa ga rinjaye a kasar, an hana zakka da kuma kawo mai yawa wahala da mutane.