Slavic kungiyar na harsuna. Abin da harsuna kasance a cikin Slavic kungiyar?

Slavic kungiyar na harsuna ne mai babbar reshe na Indo-harsunan Turai, a matsayin Slavs - shi ne babbar a Turai, wani rukuni na mutane sõyayya da wani irin magana da al'adu. Suna amfani da fiye da mutane miliyan 400.

Overview

Slavic harsuna kungiyar - wani reshe na Indo-harsunan Turai, a yi amfani da yawancin kasashen, a Gabashin Turai, da Balkans, sassa na Central Turai da kuma arewacin Asia. An mafi hankali alaka da Baltic harsuna (Lithuanian, Latvian da kuma dadaddun haihuwa Prussian). Harsuna alaka da Slavic kungiyar, ya samo asali ne daga tsakiya da gabashin Turai (Poland, Ukraine), kuma ya yadu zuwa sauran na sama da aka ambata ƙasa.

Wasu daga cikin su sun yi amfani da marubuta daga cikin duniya darajar (misali, Rasha, Polish, Czech). A Church Slavonic har yanzu amfani da sabis a cikin Orthodox Church.

rarrabuwa

Akwai uku kungiyoyin na Slavic harsuna ta Kudu Slavic, West Slavic da kuma Gabas Slavic reshe.

A salon magana magana, kamar yadda tsayayya wa a fili ware da wallafe-wallafen, da ilimin harsuna ya iyakoki ba ko da yaushe ne bayyananne. Akwai tsaka yaruka a haɗa harsuna daban daban, ban da na yankin inda ta Kudu Slavs rabu da sauran Slavs, Romanians, Hungarians da kuma Jamus-magana Austrians. Amma har a cikin wadannan ware yankunan, akwai wasu saurã daga tsohuwar yare na ci gaba (misali, da kama na Rasha da kuma Bulgaria).

Saboda haka, ya kamata a lura da cewa gargajiya rarrabuwa a cikin nau'i na uku raba rassan kamata ba za a dauke a matsayin gaskiya model na tarihi ci gaba. Daidai da tunani da shi a matsayin wani tsari da ci gaba da faruwa a bambance da kuma batun shigar yaruka, da barin Slavic kungiyar na harsuna ne mai daukan hankali uniformity na kasarta ta rarraba. Don ƙarni, a hanya daban-daban al'ummai ketare da kuma su al'adu gauraye.

bambance-bambance

Amma duk da haka zai zama wani ƙari da ya sa ran cewa sadarwa a tsakanin kowane biyu jawabai daban-daban Slavic harsuna ne zai yiwu ba tare da wani ilimin harsuna matsaloli. Mutane da yawa bambance-bambance a imin sautin harshe, nahawu da ƙamus iya kai wa ga rashin fahimtar juna, ko da a cikin sauki tattaunawar, ba a ma maganar da matsaloli a aikin jaridar, fasaha da kuma m magana. Alal misali, Rasha kalmar "kore" ne recognizable to duk Slavs, amma "ja" na nufin "m" a cikin sauran harsuna. Suknja - wani "skirt" a kan Kuroweshiyancin-Sabiya, "gashi" a Slovene, a irin wannan magana "zane" - "dress" in Ukrainian.

Eastern kungiyar na Slavic harsuna

Yana hada da Rasha, Ukrainian da Belarushiyanci. Rasha - 'yan qasar domin kusan 160 mutane miliyan, ciki har da mutane da yawa a cikin kasashen na tsohon Tarayyar Soviet. Its main yarukan: arewaci, kudanci da kuma tsakiyar mika mulki kungiyar. Ciki har da shi kawai ne da Moscow yare, wanda dogara ne a kan wallafe-wallafen harshen. Duk a Rasha an faɗa ta game da 260 mutane miliyan a dukan duniya.

Bugu da kari ga "mai girma da kuma iko" Eastern Slavic kungiyar na harsuna hada biyu manyan harshe.

• Ukrainian, wanda aka raba arewacin, kudu maso yammacin, kudu-maso-gabas da kuma Carpathian yaruka. Literary form dangane da Kyiv-Poltava yare. Fiye da 37 da mutane miliyan magana Ukrainian a Ukraine da kuma kasashe makwabta, kazalika da fiye da 350 000 mutane suna sane da cewa da harshen a Canada da kuma Amurka. Wannan shi ne saboda kasancewar manyan kabilun al'ummomi baƙi wanda hagu kasar a cikin marigayi XIX karni. Carpathian yare, kuma aka sani da Carpatho wani lokacin dauke da wani raba harshe.
• Belarus - An magana da kewaye bakwai da miliyan mutane a Belarus. Its main yarukan: kudu maso yammacin, wasu fasaloli na wanda za a iya bayyana ta da kusanci zuwa ga Yaren mutanen Poland asashe, da kuma arewacin. Minsk yare, wanda shi ne dalilin da wallafe-wallafen harshen, an located a kan iyakar da ke tsakanin kungiyoyin biyu.

West Slavic reshe

Yana hada Yaren mutanen Poland da kuma sauran lehitskie (Kashubian da kuma dadaddun zaɓi - Slowinski), Sorbian da Czechoslovak adverbs. Wannan rukuni na Slavic harshen iyali ne ma quite na kowa. Fiye da 40 da mutane miliyan magana Yaren mutanen Poland, ba kawai a Poland da kuma sauran wurare a Gabashin Turai (musamman a Lithuania, da Jamhuriyar Czech da kuma Belarus), amma kuma a Faransa, Amurka da kuma Canada. Haka kuma an rarraba su zuwa dama subgroups.

Yaren mutanen Poland adverbs

Main - ne arewa-yamma, kudu-maso-gabas, da kuma yankin na Silesia. Kashubian Pomeranian yare yana dauke da wani ɓangare na harshe, wanda, kamar Poland, suna lehitskim. Its jawabai rayuwa a yamma na Gdansk a kan Baltic Coast.

Slowinski dadaddun yare mallakar arewacin kungiyar yaruka na Kashubian, wanda shi ne daban-daban daga kudu. Wani sauran harshe game da lehitskim - shi Polabian, abin da aka magana a cikin 17-18 ƙarni. Slavs da suka rayu a cikin kusanci da River Elbe.

Its kusa dangi ne serboluzhitsky, wadda har yanzu magana a cikin Lausitz a gabashin Jamus. Yana yana da biyu da wallafe-wallafen harshen: verhneluzhitsky (amfani da Bautzen da kewaye yankin) da kuma Lower Sorbian (kowa a Cottbus).

Czechoslovak kungiyar na harsuna

Yana hada da:

• Czech, wanda aka yi magana da game da mutane miliyan 12 a Jamhuriyar Czech. Ya yare: Bohemian, Moravian da Silesian. A wallafe-wallafen harshen da aka kafa a cikin XVI karni a Jamhuriyar Bohemia Prague-Based yare.
• Basulake, shi ne amfani da game da miliyan 6 mutane, masu rinjaye - mutanen Slovakia. A wallafe-wallafen harshen da aka kafa a kan tushen da yaruka na Jamhuriyar Slovakia a tsakiyar XIX karni. Yammacin Basulake yaruka suna kama da Moravian, kuma daban-daban daga tsakiya da gabas da cewa suna da siffofin a na kowa tare da Polish da kuma Ukrainian harsuna.

Kudu Slavic kungiyar na harsuna

Daga cikin uku main ta ba da yawa a cikin yawan kafofin watsa labarai magana. Amma shi ne mai ban sha'awa kungiyar na Slavic harsuna, a jerin wanda, kazalika da harshe ne sosai m.

Suna classified kamar haka:

1. Eastern subgroup. Yana hada da:

• Bulgarian harshe - An magana da fiye da mutane miliyan tara a Bulgaria da kuma makwabtaka da yankuna na sauran Balkan kasashe da Ukraine. Akwai biyu main kungiyoyin na gida yarukan: gabashi da yammacin. Na farko shi ne tushen da wallafe-wallafen harshen a tsakiyar XIX karni, na biyu yana da wani gagarumin tasiri a kan ta.
• Macedonian harshe - magana ta game da mutane miliyan biyu a cikin Balkans. Da shi shi ne na karshe babban wakilin reshen, wanda ya karbi wani misali da wallafe-wallafen nau'i na abin da ya faru a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu.

2. Yammacin subgroup:

• Kuroweshiyancin-Sabiya harshe - game da mutane miliyan 20 suna yin amfani da shi. Dalili na da wallafe-wallafen version ya Shtokavian yare, wanda shi ne na kowa a mafi sassa na Bosnian, Serbian, Croatian da Montenegrin ƙasa.
• Basulabe harshe - An magana da fiye da 2.2 mutane miliyan a Slovenia da kewaye yankunan a Italiya da kuma Austria. Yana yana da wasu kamance da yaruka na Croatia da ya hada da yaruka da yawa da manyan bambance-bambance tsakanin su. A Slovenia (musamman ta yamma da kuma arewa maso yammacin yaruka), burbushi na haihuwa dangantaka tare da West Slavic harsuna za a iya samu (Czech da kuma Basulake).