Segments hanta. Tsari da kuma aiki na hanta

Hanta ne na biyu mafi girma a jikin jiki - kawai fatar jiki ya fi girma kuma mafi nauyi. Hanta aiki na iya haifar daga abinci narkewa, metabolism, rigakafi da kuma ajiya na gina jiki a cikin jiki. Hanta abu ne mai muhimmanci, ba tare da yaduwar jikin jiki ba da sauri ya mutu daga rashin ƙarfi da kayan abinci. Abin farin ciki, yana da matukar damar iya sake farfadowa kuma zai iya girma da sauri don sake samu ayyukansa da girmansa. Bari mu dubi tsari da ayyukan hanta.

Maganin Macroscopic na mutum

Hanta na mutum yana tsaye a dama a ƙarƙashin diaphragm kuma tana da siffar triangular. Yawancin wurarensa yana a gefen dama, kuma ƙananan ɓangaren shi yana wucewa tsakiyar tsakiyar jiki. Hanta ya ƙunshi kayan taushi mai laushi, launin toka-launin ros-brown, a cikin kwakwalwa na haɗin gwiwa (glisse capsule). An rufe shi da ƙarfafa ta peritoneum (membrane shinge) daga cikin rami na ciki, wanda ke kare kuma yana riƙe da shi a cikin ciki. Matsakaicin matsakaicin hanta yana kimanin 18 cm cikin tsawon kuma ba fiye da 13 a cikin kauri ba.

Kullin yana haɗuwa da hanta a cikin wurare hudu: jigon jini da hagu, da hagu na haɗuwa, da haɗin kai. Wadannan mahaukaci ba su ne kawai ba a cikin ma'anar anatomical; Maimakon haka, suna matsawa cikin sassan jiki na ciki wanda ke taimakawa hanta.

• Hanyoyin haɗari na jijiyoyin haɗi suna haɗuwa da tsakiyar ɓangaren hanta zuwa diaphragm.

• Saka a kan iyakoki na gefen hagu da na dama, hagu da hagu na haɗin haɗi sun haɗa kwayar zuwa ga diaphragm.

• Haɗin haɗari mai laushi ya sauka daga diaphragm ta gaban gefen hanta zuwa kasa. A kasan kwayar, linzamin mai haɗuwa yana haɗin ligament kuma ya hada hanta zuwa cibiya. Rigar likafar ita ce sauran kwayar halitta da ke dauke da jini cikin jiki a lokacin ci gaban hawan mahaifa.

Hanta ya ƙunshi lobes guda biyu - hagu da dama. Suna rabu da juna ta hanyar mai kaifi. Yankin dama shine kimanin sau 6 mafi girma fiye da hagu. Kowane rabawa ya kasu kashi, wanda, a gefe, ya kasu kashi na hanta. Sabili da haka, an rarraba jikin zuwa kashi biyu, sassa 5 da kashi 8. Bugu da ƙari, ƙididdigar hanta an ƙidaya su a cikin Lissafin Latin.

Hakki daidai

Kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, ƙwayar dama na hanta ita ce kusan 6 sau fiye da hagu. Ya ƙunshi manyan bangarorin biyu: haɓakaccen haƙiƙa mai ma'ana da kuma abin da ya dace a fili.

Yankin da ke gefen dama ya kasu kashi biyu na gefuna da basu da iyaka a kan hanta hagu na hanta: sashin layi na sama da na karshe na lobe na dama (kashi na VII) da kuma sashi na baya (kashi na VI).

Sashen daidaitaccen yanayin kuma ya ƙunshi sassa biyu: tsakiya na tsakiya da tsakiya na tsakiya na hanta (VIII da V, bi da bi).

Haɗin hagu

Duk da cewa gashin hagu na hanta ya kasance mafi ƙanƙanci fiye da dama, ya ƙunshi wasu sassa. An raba shi zuwa sassa uku: gefen hagu, hagu na gefen hagu, sashen hagu na paramedin.

Sashen hagu na hagu yana ƙunshe da kashi ɗaya: ramin caudate na lobe na hagu (I).

Haɗin hagu na gefen hagu kuma an samo shi daga wani sashi: sashi na baya na lobe na hagu (II).

Yankin paramedin hagu ya kasu kashi biyu: sassan da ke gefen hagu na sama (IV da III,).

Zaka iya ganin tsarin sashi na hanta a cikin ƙarin zane akan zane-zane a kasa. Alal misali, a cikin adadi wanda ya nuna hanta, wanda aka rarraba shi cikin dukan sassa. Ƙungiyoyin hanta a cikin adadi suna ƙidaya. Kowace lamba yana dace da lamba na Latin.

Figure 1:

Bile capillaries

Kwanan da ke dauke da bile a cikin hanta da kuma gallbladder an kira su capillaries bile da kuma samar da tsari mai launi - tsarin tsarin bile.

Bile da kwayoyin hanta suka haifar sunyi zuwa tashar microscopic - bilayen capillaries, wanda ya hada cikin manyan kwalliya bile. Wadannan ɗakunan bile sun haɗa tare, suna kafa manyan hagu da dama wadanda ke dauke da bile daga hagu da dama na hanta. Daga bisani sun hada cikin cikin kwakwalwa guda daya, wanda dukkanin bile yana gudana.

Kwanciyar hawan ƙwayar cuta ta ƙarshe ya shiga cikin tasirin mafitsara daga gallbladder. Tare da juna suna yin amfani da ƙwayar bile, wanda ke dauke da bile zuwa duodenum na ƙananan hanji. Yawancin bile da aka haifa ta hanta an mayar da shi a cikin kwayar ta peristalsis, kuma ya kasance a cikin gallbladder har sai an buƙata don narkewa.

Tsarin sigina

Jigon jini na hanta yana da mahimmanci. Jinin ya shigo cikin shi daga asali biyu: sutun ƙofar (jini mai zub da jini) da kuma jijiyoyin jini (jini na jini).

Gate Vienna daukawa jini daga baƙin ciki, ciki, pancreas, gall mafitsara, kananan hanji da kuma omentum. Shigar da ƙananan hanta, ragowar ƙuƙwalwa ta rabu zuwa kashi mai yawa na tasoshin, inda aka sarrafa jini kafin ya koma wasu sassan jiki. Tsayawa daga cikin hanta, jinin yana tattarawa cikin kwakwalwa na asibiti, daga abin da ya shiga cikin ɓoye maras kyau kuma sake dawowa cikin zuciya.

Hanta kuma yana da tsarin jigilar kansa da kananan kararrakin da ke samar da iskar oxygen zuwa kyallensa kamar sauran kwayoyin.

Lobules

Tsarin ciki na hanta ya ƙunshi kusan 100,000 ƙananan raƙuman aiki, wanda aka sani da lobules. Kowace lobule tana kunshe da kwayar tsakiya ta tsakiya da kewayo 6 na kofi da kuma 6 arteries. Wadannan tasoshin jini suna haɗuwa da wani tsari na sinadarai kamar nau'i-nau'i. Kamar yadda aka yi a cikin motar, sai suka shimfiɗa daga veins da arteries zuwa tsakiya.

Kowane sinusoid wuce ta hanta nama, wanda ya ƙunshi biyu manyan iri Kwayoyin: Kwayoyin Kupffer da hepatocytes.

• Kwayoyin tsabtace nau'i ne na macrophage. A cikin kalmomi masu sauƙi, suna kama da karya tsofaffi, sune tsofaffin jini dauke da jini.

• Hepatocytes (ƙwayoyin hepatic) sune kwayoyin halittu masu kwakwalwa wadanda ke da dangantaka tsakanin sinusoids kuma sun kasance yawancin kwayoyin halitta a cikin hanta. Hepatocytes yi mafi yawan ayyukan hanta - metabolism, ajiya, narkewa da kuma samar da bile. Ƙananan tarin bile, wanda ake kira da capillaries, yana tafiya daidai da sinusoids a daya gefen hepatocytes.

Makircin

Mun riga mun san kanmu da ka'idar. Bari mu ga abin da hanta ke kama. Hotuna da abubuwan da za a ba su za ku ga kasa. Tun da zane guda ba zai iya nuna jikin ba gaba ɗaya, muna amfani da dama. Yana da kyau idan hotuna biyu suna nuna ɓangaren hanta.

Figure 2:

Lamba 2 yana nuna hanta da kansa. Hotuna a wannan yanayin bazai dace ba, don haka la'akari da shi ta zane. Da ke ƙasa akwai Figures, kuma wannan adadi ya nuna:

1 - hanzarin ƙwayar hepatic daidai; 2 - hanta; 3 - ƙwayar hepatic hagu; 4 - ƙwayar hepatic na kowa; 5 - na kowa na bile; 6 - pancreas; 7 - kututture na pancreas; 8 - Duodenum; 9 - sphincter na Oddi; 10 - Dandder Duct; 11 - mafitsara.

Figure 3:

Idan ka taba ganin wani tasiri na jikin dan Adam, ka san cewa yana dauke da siffofin guda. A nan hanta aka gabatar a gaba:

1 - ƙananan m Vienna. 2 - haɗin gizon haɗi; 3 - rabon dama; 4 - rabon hagu; 5 - zagaye ligament; 6 - mafitsara.

Figure 4:

A cikin wannan adadi, hanta yana wakilta a gefe ɗaya. Bugu da ƙari, magungunan ɗan adam yana da kusan nau'i daya:

1 - tauraron magunguna; 2 - rabon dama; 3 - rabon hagu; 4 - Ƙarfin magunguna; 5 - hanzarin hepatic; 6 - maganin kutsawa; 7 - asibiti mai tasiri; 8 - na kowa na bile; 9 - ƙananan bayanan sirri.

Figure 5:

Wannan hoton yana nuna wani ɓangare na hanta. Wasu bayani: adadi na 7 a cikin adadi yana nuna tashar taya - wani rukuni wanda ya haɗu da ƙwayar kofi na ƙofar, jijiyar jijiyo da ƙwayar bile.

1 - Hepatic sinusoid; 2 - Kwayoyin asibiti; 3 - tsakiya na tsakiya; 4 - zuwa jigilar cutar; 5 - bile capillaries; 6 - daga magunguna na ciki; 7 - "Ƙofar fashi"; 8-azabar tashar jiragen ruwa; 9 - maganin kutsawa; 10 - ƙwayar bile.

Figure 6:

An fassara rubutun a cikin Turanci (daga hagu zuwa dama): sashen layi na gaskiya, sashen lafiya na gaskiya, sashen paramedin hagu da kuma sashin layi na gefen hagu. Lambobin farin sun ƙidaya sassan hanta, kowace lambar ta dace da lambar sashen Latin:

1 - hakikanin ƙwayar cuta; 2 - hagu na asibiti na hagu; 3 - ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararru; 4 - muryar umbilical (sauran); 5 - hanzarin hepatic; 6 - ƙarami na baya; 7 - maganin kutsawa; 8 - tashar jiragen ruwa; 9 - bile duct; 10 - Dandder Duct; 11 - mafitsara.

Physiology na hanta

Ayyukan hanta ɗan adam sun bambanta: yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen narkewa, metabolism, har ma a cikin ajiyar kayan abinci.

Kwayoyi

Hanta yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen aiwatar da narkewa ta hanyar samar da bile. Bile ne cakuda ruwa, salts da bile acid, cholesterol, da bilirubin pigment.

Bayan hepatocytes a cikin hanta ya samar da bile, yana wucewa ta hanyar bile ducts kuma ya zauna a cikin magunguna har sai an buƙata. Lokacin da abincin dake dauke da fats ya kai ga duodenum, kwayoyin duodenum sun saki horle-cholecystokinin, wanda ya danganta gallbladder. Bile, motsi tare da bile ducts, shiga cikin duodenum, inda emulsifies manyan talakawa na mai. Ana fitar da kitsen mai ta bile canza manyan ƙwayoyin mai a kananan ƙananan da ke da ƙananan wuri kuma suna da sauƙin aiwatarwa.

Bilirubin, wadda take a cikin bile, wani samfurin aiki ne daga hanta na jinin jini. Kwayoyin tsabtace hanta suna kama da halakar tsofaffin tsofaffin jini, sune da jini kuma sun aika da su zuwa hepatocytes. A karshen wannan, an yanke hukunci akan hemoglobin - an raba shi zuwa kungiyoyi na heme da na duniya. Ana ci gaba da lalatar da sinadaran duniya kuma an yi amfani dashi a matsayin tushen makamashi ga jiki. Ƙungiyar rukuni na baƙin ciki ba za a iya sarrafa ta jiki ba kuma kawai ya canza zuwa bilirubin, wanda aka kara zuwa bile. Yana da bilirubin wanda ya bada bile da launi mai launin kore. Kwayoyin intestinal ƙara inganta bilirubin cikin launin ruwan kasa na cynocysts, wanda ya ba da launi launin ruwan kasa.

Metabolism

Yawancin ayyuka masu rikitarwa da suka shafi matakai na rayuwa suna sanya shi zuwa hepatocytes na hanta. Tun da dukkanin jini, barin tsarin narkewa, yana wucewa ta hanyar ƙofar ƙofar, wanda hanta yana da alhakin assimilating carbohydrate, lipids da sunadarai cikin abubuwa masu amfani da ilimin halitta.

Tsarin mu na narkewa yana yaduwa carbohydrates a cikin glucose monosaccharide, wanda sel yayi amfani dashi a matsayin babban majiya. Jinin da yake shiga cikin hanta ta hanyar ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙafa yana da wadataccen arziki a glucose daga abinci mai narkewa. Hepatocytes sun sha mafi yawan wannan glucose kuma suna adana shi a matsayin macromolecules na glycogen, wani polysaccharide wanda aka haɓaka wanda ya ba da damar hanta don kiyaye yawancin glucose da sauri da saki tsakanin abinci. Rushewa da saki glucose ta hanyar hepatocytes taimaka kula da homeostasis da ƙananan glucose jini.

Fatal acid (lipids) na jini da ke wucewa cikin hanta suna tunawa da tunawa da su don samar da makamashi a cikin hanyar ATP. Glycerin, daya daga cikin nau'in lipid, an juya shi ta hepatocytes cikin glucose ta hanyar gluconeogenesis. Hepatocytes na iya samar da lipids irin su cholesterol, phospholipids da lipoproteins da wasu kwayoyin halitta ke amfani da su cikin jiki. Mafi yawa daga cikin cholesterol wanda hepatocytes ya haifar da shi daga jiki ne a matsayin bile.

Magunguna sunadaran sun raba cikin amino acid ta hanyar tsarin narkewa ko da kafin a canja su zuwa tashar tashar ƙofar. Amino acid shigar da hanta yana buƙatar magani mai kwakwalwa kafin a iya amfani dasu a matsayin tushen makamashi. Hepatocytes farko cire amino acid daga amino acid kuma juya shi zuwa ammonia, wanda aka aiwatar a ƙarshe zuwa urea.

Urea ba ta da haɗari fiye da ammoniya, kuma za'a iya cire shi tare tare da fitsari azaman abin da ba shi da bukata na narkewa. Sauran sassa na amino acid an kulle su zuwa ATP ko canza su zuwa sabon kwayoyin glucose ta hanyar gluconeogenesis.

Detoxification

Kamar yadda jini daga kwayoyin narkewa yana wucewa ta hanyar tashar jini ta hanta, hepatocytes suna kula da abun jini kuma cire wasu abubuwa masu guba mai yiwuwa suyi amfani da su kafin su iya isa sauran jikin.

Enzymes a hepatocytes sun tuba da yawa daga cikin wadannan gubobi (misali, giya ko magunguna) a cikin ayyukansu masu aiki marasa aiki. Domin kula da yanayin hormones a cikin iyakoki na homeostatic, hanta kuma yana shafar da kuma cire daga jini jini da kwayoyin halittar da kwayoyin halittu suka samar.

Storage

Hanta yana ba da kayan ajiya masu yawa na gina jiki, bitamin da kuma ma'adanai, wanda aka karɓa daga hanyar jini ta hanyar hanyar shiga tashar jiragen ruwa. Ana kawo glucose a cikin hepatocytes ƙarƙashin rinjayar insulin kuma an adana shi a cikin hanyar glycogen polysaccharide. Hepatocytes kuma suna karba albarkatun mai daga triglycerides digested. Ajiye wadannan abubuwa zai ba da hanta don kula da glucose homeostasis cikin jini.

Har ila yau, hanta yana adana bitamin da kuma ma'adanai (bitamin A, D, E, K da B 12, da ma'adanai na baƙin ƙarfe da jan ƙarfe) don tabbatar da ci gaba da yin amfani da waɗannan abubuwa masu muhimmanci a jikin jikin.

Production

Hanta yana da alhakin samar da wasu sunadarai masu muhimmanci mai gina jiki na plasma jini: prothrombin, fibrinogen da albumins. Prothrombin da fibrinogen sunadarai suna yin amfani da kwayoyin halitta da ke da hannu wajen kafa thrombi. Albumins sunadaran sunadaran da ke tallafawa yanayin yanayi na jini wanda jikin jiki bazai karba ko rasa ruwa ba a gaban ruwaye na jiki.

Immunity

Ayyukan hanta suna aiki ne kamar tsarin kwayoyin cuta ta hanyar aikin Kupffer sel. Kwayoyin tsaftacewa sune macrophage wanda ya zama wani ɓangare na tsarin haɗin gine-gine na tsarin halitta tare da macrophages na ƙwangiji da ƙwayoyin lymph. Kwayoyin tsabta suna taka muhimmiyar rawa, tun lokacin da suke aiwatar da kwayoyin cuta, fungi, kwayar cutar, da jini da ke da ƙwayar jini da kuma lalata kwayoyin halitta.

Hanyar dan tayi na yau da kullum: al'ada da abubuwan hauka

Hanta yana aiki da yawa a cikin jiki, don haka yana da mahimmanci cewa kullum al'ada ne. Ganin cewa hanta ba zai iya cutar da shi ba, tun da babu wani ciwon daji a ciki, bazai lura da yadda yanayin ya zama marar kyau ba. Yana iya faduwa, a hankali, amma don haka a ƙarshe ba zai yiwu ba ya warke.

Akwai wasu cututtukan hanta, wanda ba ku ma jin cewa wani abu mai ban mamaki ya faru. Man iya rayuwa lokaci mai tsawo da kuma la'akari da kanka da lafiya, amma a karshen shi dai itace cewa yana da cirrhosis ko hanta ciwon daji. Kuma wannan baza a canza ba.

Ko da yake hanta kuma yana da dukiya don farfadowa, kanta kanta ba za ta taɓa magance irin waɗannan cututtuka ba. Wani lokaci yana bukatar taimako.

Don kauce wa m matsaloli, wani lokacin kawai isa ya ziyarci likita da kuma yin duban dan tayi na hanta, da kudi na wanda aka bayyana a kasa. Ka tuna cewa hanta hade da mafi hatsari cututtuka kamar hepatitis, cewa ba tare da ta dace magani iya kai lokacin tsanani pathologies kamar cirrhosis da kuma ciwon daji.

Yanzu bari mu je kai tsaye zuwa Amurka da kuma ta norms. A farko gwani dubi ganin idan hanta ne da abin da ta size aka biya diyya.

A daidai size na hanta ba za a iya kayyade matsayin cikakken ganin jiki ba zai yiwu ba. total jiki tsawon kada wuce 18 cm. Physicians yi wa kowane bangare dabam hanta.

Bari mu fara da cewa da hanta duban dan tayi ya zama a fili bayyane biyu na ta share, kazalika da sassa to, wanda ake raba. A daidai wannan jijiyoyin (cewa shi ne, duk da jijiyoyin) dole ba zama a bayyane. A binciken da damar likitoci su yi nazarin duk takwas segments dabam, tun da sun, ma, za a iya samun sauƙin gani.

Kullum girma na dama da hagu lobe

A bar lobe ya kamata game da 7 cm a kauri da kuma game da 10 cm tsawo. Kara size ce game da kiwon lafiya matsalolin yiwu cewa kana da kumburi na hanta. The dama lobe, wanda shi ne rabon - game da 12 cm a kauri da kuma har zuwa 15 cm a tsawon, kamar yadda ba za ka iya ganin haka yafi hagu.

Bugu da kari ga jiki, likitoci dole ne a duba kuma bile bututu, kazalika da manyan jini na hanta. The girman da bile bututu, misali, ya kamata ba fiye da 8 mm, portal Vienna - game da 12 mm da m Vienna - 15 mm.

Domin likitoci ne ba kawai gabobin da girma, amma kuma da tsarin, jiki contours da nama.

Human haltta (hanta, wanda shi ne mai matukar hadaddiyar gaba) - quite wani m abu. Babu wani abu mafi ban sha'awa fiye da fahimtar da tsarin kanta. Wani lokaci yana iya ko tsarshe ku daga wašanda ba'aso cututtuka. Kuma idan kun kasance jijjiga, da matsaloli za a iya kauce masa. Tafiya zuwa ga likita - shi ne ba kamar yadda ban tsoro kamar yadda alama. Zauna lafiya!