Sculptures na Renaissance: hoto da bayanin

Sakamakon Renaissance yana cikin farkon kwata na karni na sha huɗu. A cikin ƙarni uku na gaba, al'adun Renaissance ya bunƙasa a cikin sauri kuma kawai a cikin shekarun da suka gabata na karni na 16 ya koma ya fara. Wani fasali na Renaissance shi ne cewa al'ada a cikin dukkan siffofinsa na cikin jiki ne, kuma anthropocentrism ya rinjaye shi, wato, a gaba shine mutum, abubuwan da yake so da ayyukan shi ne tushen rayuwa. A cikin kwanakin Renaissance a Turai, akwai sha'awar tsufa. Abubuwan da aka fi sani da al'adar Renaissance ita ce salon "Revival" a gine-ginen. Mahimman gine-gine, wanda aka kafa tun da ƙarni, an sabunta, sau da yawa suna shan siffofin da ba a sani ba.

Renaissance gine

Sinawa na Renaissance bai fara sanar da kansu ba. Rawar da suka taka da aka iyakance ga ado na gine-gine da umarni: Bas-reliefs a kan cornices, manya, friezes da portals. Sakamakon Renaissance ya kasance yana da tasiri game da tsarin Romanesque akan tsarin tsarin gine-ginen, kuma tun da yake wannan salon yana da alaka da siffofin bango, an yi amfani da hotunan da aka fi amfani dashi don kayan ado na kayan ado. Saboda haka, ya tashi da salon "Revival" a cikin gine-gine, ƙungiya na kwakwalwa ta al'ada tare da sababbin fasaha. A lokacin Renaissance, an gina wuraren da aka gina a cikin gidaje. Zane da zane na Renaissance ya zama wani ɓangare na tsarin gine-gine. An sanya frescoes a cikin siffofin marmara da tagulla.

Tsarin Hanya na Renaissance

Sakamakon Renaissance a cikin al'adu na farko ya shafi gine-ginen. An gina gine-ginen Renaissance mai girma a Roma, inda, a kan asalin yanayin da suka gabata, wani salon kasa ya fara kama. A cikin gine-gine sun bayyana darajar, ta dagewa mutunci da kuma alamu na mutunci. Houses a Roma da aka gina a kan manufa na tsakiya-axial fasali. Wanda ya kafa sabon salon shi ne Donato d'Angelo Bramante, mashahuriyar fasaha wanda ya gina Cathedral St. Peter a Vatican.

Sadarwar tsarin

Yawancin lokaci, hotunan Renaissance ya fara ɗauka kan siffofin masu zaman kansu da yawa. Fuskantar irin wannan hotunan ya samo asali ne daga mai suna Viligelmo, wanda ke samar da kayan tallafi ga babban katolika a Modena, ya kara zurfafa hotunan hoton da ke kan bangon, saboda haka wani aikin fasaha ya bayyana, bangon da aka haɗa kawai tare da magoya bayansa. Duk wani hotunan hotunan hoto ya kasance akan bangon, amma babu wani abu. Akwai tasiri mai mahimmanci, tsarin jigilar mutum a tsakanin ɗakuna ya kara da ra'ayi game da 'yancin kai daga yanayin. Gine-ginen gine-ginen da kuma hotunan Renaissance suna kara karuwa, ba tare da rasa dangantaka ba. A lokaci guda kuma, suna kara da juna.

Sa'an nan kuma zane-zane na Renaissance kuma gaba ɗaya ya rabu da jirgin saman bangon. Wannan hanya ce ta hanyar gano sabon abu. Tsarin fannonin fasahar filayen filayen filayen jirgin sama ya haifar da bayyanar da hanyoyi da yawa na fasaha mai tsabta.

Mashahurin masu fasaha na Renaissance

A cikin tarihin tarihin, wanda ake kira "Revival", an samu hotunan da aka samu a matsayin babban hoton. Mawallafi na XVI na asalin Turai sun sami muhimmancin tarihi, wato:

• Andrea Verrocchio;
• Becerra Gaspar;
• Nanni di Banco;
• Bachelier na Nicolas;
• Santi Gucci;
• Niccolo di Donatello;
• Jambolonia;
• Desiderio da Settignano;
• Jacopo della Quercia;
• Arnolfo di Cambio;
• Michelangelo Buonarroti;
• Jan Pfister;
• Luca Della Robbia;
• Andrea Sansovino;
• Beninuto Cellini;
• Domenico Fancelli.

Mafi shahararrun mashaidi na Renaissance sune:

• Michelangelo Buonarroti;
• Donatello;
• Benvenuto Cellini.

Abubuwan da suka fi muhimmanci a cikin Renaissance sun fito ne daga ƙaƙƙarfan mashahuran wadanda ba a san su ba.

Shahararrun Florentine

Niccolo di Betto Bardi Donatello, wanda ya kafa hotunan hotunan, an dauke shi mai kayatarwa sosai a lokacinsa, wanda ya ki amincewa da "ƙawata" a zane-zane. Tare da irin salon da ya dace, ya fahimci kwarewa masu yawa. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ake kira Donatello shine siffar katako na Magdalene (1434, Florentine Baptistery). An nuna alamar tsohuwar tsohuwar tsohuwar tsohuwar mace da tsoratar gaskiyar. Matsalar rayuwa tana nunawa a fuskar fuska.

Wani sassauki na aikin mai girma mashahuri - "Sarki Dawuda", wanda yake a kan facade na hasumiya Giotto a Florence. Wani mutum mai siffar marmara na St. George ya ci gaba da rubutun Littafi Mai-Tsarki wanda masanin nan ya fara daga hoton Mai Tsarki Annabin ma a cikin marmara. Daga wannan jerin zane na St. John Baftisma.

Daga 1443 zuwa 1453, Donatello ya zauna a Padua, inda ya kirkiro hoton doki "Gattamelat" tare da hoton Condottiere Erasmo de Narni.

A shekara ta 1453 ya koma garin Florence, inda ya rayu har mutuwarsa a 1466.

Benvenuto Cellini

An haifi sashin kotu na Vatican Benvenuto Cellini a cikin 1500 a cikin iyalin mai zaman kansa. An dauke shi mai bi na Mannerism - wani kwararon da ke nuna salon salon fasaha a cikin fasaha. Yafi Na yi aiki tare da tagulla da simintin. Hotuna masu shahararrun Cellini:

• "Nymph Fontainebleau" - tagulla tagulla, jefa a 1545, a halin yanzu a Paris Louvre.
• "Perseus" - Florence, Loggia Lanzi.
• Bust na Cosimo Medici - Florence, Bargello.
• "Appolon da Hyacinth" - Florence.
• Bust na Bindo Altoviti - Florence.
• "Crucifixion" - The Escorial, shekaru 1562.

Mai girma sculptor Benvenuto Cellini ya tsunduma cikin samar da alamar alamomin, kyaututtuka da tsabar kudi. Shi, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, ya kasance mai kayatarwa da nasara a karkashin Vatican. Paparoma ya ba da umarnin kayan ado mai daraja na Benvenuto.

Michelangelo Buonarroti

Wani masanin fasaha na Renaissance, marubucin mawallafi na marble da tagulla Michelangelo Buonarroti an haife shi a 1475 a cikin kananan garin Tuscan na Caprese. Don jagorantar kayan aikin kullun da yaron ya koya kafin rubutawa da karatunsa. Lokacin da yake da shekaru 13, an aika Michelangelo don horar da ɗan wasa Ghirlandaio Domenico. Sa'an nan game da basira koya Lorenzo de Medici, mai daraja Florentine. Mutumin mai daraja ya fara tayar da matashi.

A lokacin da yake da shekaru ashirin, Buonarroti ya kirkiro wasu abubuwa masu yawa na Arched na Church of St. Dominic a Bologna. Sa'an nan kuma ya zana hotunan guda biyu ("Cupid Cupid" da "Saint Johannes") ga wakilin Dominican Girolamo Savonarola. Bayan shekara guda, Michelangelo ta karbi gayyatar da Rafael Riario ya yi na aiki a Roma. A can, mai daukar hoto ya haifar da "abin sha na Roma" da kuma "Bacchus."

A Roma Buonarroti ya yi umarni da yawa don daban-daban na coci da majami'u, kuma a cikin 1505 Roman Paparoma Julius II ya ba shi aikin alhakin - don yin kabarin don Tsarkinsa. Dangane da irin wannan alhakin, Michelangelo ya bar Carrara, inda ya ciyar da fiye da watanni shida da zaɓin marble mai kyau don kabarin papal.

Ga kabarin, mai zane-zane ya yi siffofin marmara huɗu: "Sander Slave", "Lai'atu", "Musa" da "Shirin Bawa". Daga 1508 har zuwa karshen 1512 Buonarroti yayi aiki akan frescos na Sistine Chapel. A cikin 1513, bayan mutuwar Julius II, mai zane ya karbi umarni daga Giovanni de 'Medici don yin wani mutum na Kristi da giciye.

Babban malamin Renaissance, Michelangelo Buonarroti, ya mutu a shekara ta 1564 a Roma. An binne shi a fadar Florence ta Santa Croce.

"Cinquicento"

A cikin cikakken hoto na Renaissance, tsawon lokaci na High Renaissance ya fara aiki. Sa'an nan kalmar nan "cinquicento" ta bayyana, wanda ke nufin "ɗaukaka". Wannan lokacin da aka kai ya kai kimanin shekaru arba'in. Ya ba duniya mashahuri, wanda an rubuta shi a cikin Allunan manyan fasaha. Hoto na Mona Lisa da kuma "The Last bukin" da Leonardo da Vinci ta "Sistine Madonna" da Raphael, "David" Mikelandzhelo Buonarroti - wadannan da kuma sauran ayyukan ƙawata dakunan na babbar gidajen tarihi.

Andrea mai shahararren Andrea Sansovino (1467-1529 gg.) - daya daga cikin manyan shahararrun zamanin zamanin Renaissance. Ayyukan farko na Sansovino shi ne kayan ado na terracotta don Ikilisiyar Santa Agata tare da hotunan St. Sebastian, Roch da Lawrence. Wani rukuni mai kama da kamannin Andrea wanda ya ruɗe shi don bagadin coci na San Spirito a Florence. High Scene samfurin Yana da ladabi na ruhaniya da kuma wasu na musamman shigar azzakari cikin farji.

Andrea Andrea

Wannan shi ne sanannen masani na Early Renaissance, masanin Leonardo da Vinci, Sandro Botticelli da Pietro Perugino. Babban ma'anar kerawa Verrocchio an zane, a wuri na biyu - zane. Andrea ya kasance mashawarcin darektan kotu da kuma mai zane-zane. Siffar da aka yi a cikin Rundunar Hawan Kasa ta fara ne da aikin Verrocchio.

Mai zane ya yi aiki na dogon lokaci, yayin Florence. Sun gina dutse mai daraja ga Cosimo de 'Medici, sa'an nan kuma har shekaru fiye da ashirin, mai daukar hoto ya yi aiki a kan abun da ke ciki "Amincewar Thomas". Daular da aka yi wa Dawuda an yi shi ne a 1476. An yi amfani da siffar tagulla don yin ado da Villa Medici, amma Giuliano da Lorenzo sun ga kansu ba su cancanci irin wannan babban daraja ba kuma sun yaudare hoton a Palazzo Signoria a Florence. Girman al'ajabi na Farkowa na Farko, ta haka, ya sami wurin. A cikin gidaje masu zaman kansu, sun yi ƙoƙari kada su ci gaba da ayyukan fasaha na musamman. Ba mahimmiyar mahimmanci a cikin fasaha mai mahimmanci shi ne maimaita Renaissance baya. An dauki hotunan Benvenuto Cellini "Perseus" a matsayin mai kyan gani na Renaissance na Late.