Radioactivity matsayin shaida na hadadden tsarin kwayoyin halitta. A tarihin samu, gwaje-gwajen, iri radioactivity

Bayan lokaci-lokaci dokar da aka bude na dogon lokaci domin masana kimiyya ya kasance kaucewa m tambaya. Me ne da kaddarorin sinadaran abubuwa dogara a kan su atomic taro? Da masu bincike ba zai iya fahimtar dalilan da mafi mita. Sun yi magance jiki dokokin muhimmi da na lokaci-lokaci tsarin.

A 'ya'yan itace na mutum, ko wata halitta sabon abu?

radiation sabon abu a zahiri wanzu ko da yaushe. Mutane daga farkon na tarihi zaunã a cikin abin da ake kira halitta rediyoaktif filin. Amma radioactivity matsayin shaida na hadadden tsarin da zarra ya zama sananne sabon abu kawai a farkon karni na 20th.

Daga sarari ga Duniya ta surface kai na ionizing radiation. Mutane kuma suna irradiated daga waɗanda kafofin cewa suna kunshe a cikin hanjinsu na duniya da kuma ma'adanai. Ko wani ɓangare na jikin mutum su ne wadanda abubuwa da ake kira radionuclides. Amma kafin karshen karni na 19th duk wannan, masana kimiyya ne kawai zai iya tsammani.

Jahilci game radioactivity

Radioactivity matsayin shaida na hadadden tsarin kwayoyin halitta aka ba a sani ba ga talakawa hakar gwal. Alal misali, a cikin 16th karni gubar mahakar a Austria, a kan abin da ake kira dutsen amai hakar gwal aka kashe en sun mayar a cikin shekaru kawai 30-40 shekaru. Local mata aure fiye da sau daya, a matsayin mace-mace kudi ya fi sauki hakar gwal mace-mace ta fiye da 50 sau. Sa'an nan kuma, a kan samun wannan matsayin ji na radioactivity bai sani ba. Mutane ba su iya ko ɗauka cewa hatsari uranium za a iya dauke a cikin gubar ores. Kawai a 1879, likitoci sun koya cewa "dutsen cuta" - shi ne ainihin huhu da ciwon daji.

A samu na rediyoaktif tafiyar matakai Becquerel

A karshen karni na 19th da ya aikata shi da binciken, wanda a cikin sa radioactivity matsayin shaida na hadadden tsarin kwayoyin halitta suka bayyana ga jama'a. A 1896, bincike A. A. Bekkerel gano cewa uranium-dauke da abubuwa iya brighten daukar hoto farantin a cikin duhu. Masana kimiyya daga baya gano cewa wannan dukiya ne ba kawai da uranium. Next Polish sunadarai Marie Sklodowska-Curie da mijinta Pierre Curie gano biyu sabon radionuclide: polonium da radium.

Becquerel kwarewa da kanta da aka kyawawan sauki. Ya dauki wani uranium gishiri, kunsa su a cikin duhu masu launin zane, sa'an nan kuma ya nuna a rana don ganin yadda wannan abu tara makamashi ne reemitted. Amma daya masanin kimiyya lura cewa, farantin fara haske ko da uranium salts da aka ba fallasa zuwa da rana. Wannan ya kai ga cewa radioactivity da aka gano. Becquerel kira unknown haskoki X-haskoki (kama da sunan X).

Rutherford ta gwaje-gwajen

Next radioactivity dauke da Turanci masanin kimiyya Ernest Rutherford. A 1899 shi da aka za'ayi wani gwaji don nazarin sabon abu. Ya kunshi a cikin wadannan. The masanin kimiyyar ya ɗauki uranium gishiri da kuma sanya a cikin wani Silinda sanya gubar. Ta hanyar kunkuntar bude rafi alpha barbashi faru a kan daukar hoto farantin, located a saman. A farkon gwaje-gwajen, Rutherford bai yi amfani da electromagnetic farantin.

Saboda haka, farantin, kamar yadda a baya gwaje-gwajen, haskaka a cikin wannan batu. Sa'an nan Rutherford ya fara haɗa da Magnetic filin. Lokacin shi ne karamin darajar rabu cikin biyu katako fara. Lokacin da Magnetic filin da aka ƙara ma fiye, akwai wani duhu tabo a kan rikodin. Kamar wancan ne iri daban-daban radioactivity aka gano: alpha, beta da gamma radiation.

A karshe na nazarin bi

Bayan duk wadannan abubuwan, kuma ya zama sananne a matsayin shaida na radioactivity hadaddun tsarin kwayoyin halitta. Lalle ne, shi ya bayyana cewa shi tafiyar matakai a cikin tsakiya na zarra take kaiwa zuwa wannan radiation. Shi ne ya dace a tuna da cewa tun lokacin zamanin tsohuwar Girka, gwargwadon aka dauke basa barbashi talikai. The kalmar "zarra" na nufin "basa". A sakamakon haka, gudanar da bincike da masana kimiyya sun koya game da mutane maras wata-wata electromagnetic radiation, kazalika da sabon atomic barbashi - irin wannan mataki mai muhimmanci a gaba sanya kimiyyar lissafi. Radioactivity, wanda aka bude manyan malaman kimiyya a alfijir na sabon karni, ya tabbatar da cewa zarra ne a zahiri ya kasu kashi sassa.

tsarin da zarra

Abubawan da karatu, shi da aka tabbatar da cewa zarra yana da wani hadadden tsarin. Ya ƙunshi wani tsakiya da kuma barnatar da cajin electrons. A 1932, Rasha bincike Ivanenko da Gapon E., da kuma la'akari da su model na tsarin da zarra aka samarwa da Jamusanci likita Heisenberg kira proton-neutron. A cewar wannan ra'ayi, da zarra kunshi gaɓũɓuwa, kira protons da neutrons. Suna ha] a kawunansu kungiyar na nucleons.

Kusan daukacin taro na zarra ne a tsakiya. Protons, neutrons da electrons samar da wata category na firamare barbashi. A sakamakon gwaji karatu, an gano cewa, da serial number na dũkiyõyinsu a cikin lokaci-lokaci tsarin na abubuwa daidaita da lura ta tsakiya.

Da kaddarorin radionuclides

Don gane da abin da yake radioactivity da kuma yadda shi da dangantaka da tsarin da atomic tsakiya, shi wajibi ne don Master 'yan sauki sharuddan. Alal misali, yanzu kira radionuclides, rediyoaktif isotopes. Sun bambanta daga m cewa suna da daban-daban rabin-rayuwarsu.

Rediyoaktif isotopes, juya cikin sauran isotopes, ababen ionizing radiation. Sauran radionuclides da daban-daban digiri na volatility. Wasu iya decompose ga daruruwan kuma su na shekaru dubbai. Irin wannan dogon-rayu radionuclides kira. Kamar yadda wani misali zai iya bauta wa duk isotopes na uranium. Short-rayu radionuclides, a daya hannun, karya saukar da sauri sosai: a cikin wani al'amari na seconds, minti ko watanni.

Mene ne radioactivity?

Unit na radioactivity - ne 1 Becquerel. Idan akwai wani biyu daya lalace, aka ce cewa na ayyuka na musamman isotope ne daya Becquerel. Aiki - wannan shi ne darajar da cewa yale mu mu kimanta rushewar ikon ilmin lissafi. A baya can, masana kimiyya amfani da wani naúrar na radioactivity - Curie. A rabo tsakanin su kamar haka: 1 Key asusun 37 biliyan Bq.

Kamar haka wajibi ne a rarrabe tsakanin aiki na daban-daban yawa na abu, misali 1 kg, kuma 1 MG. Aiki da takamaiman adadin da dũkiyõyinsu a cikin kimiyya kira takamaiman ayyuka. Wannan darajar ne inversely na gwargwado ga rabin rayuwata.

radioactivity hadari

Radioactivity matsayin shaida na hadadden tsarin kwayoyin halitta aka dauki daya daga cikin mafi m mamaki. Koyi game da wannan sabon abu, mutane suna da dalili mai kyau, ku yi tsoron sakamakon. Mutane da yawa suna da ra'ayi cewa mafi girma barazana iya kawo gamma radiation. Amma ba haka ne, a kalla, shi ne ba barazana ga rayuwa. Exposure zuwa radiation ne yafi hatsari saboda ta iya shiga iko. Hakika, gamma haskoki, wannan adadi ya fi, misali, da beta-haskoki. Amma da hatsarin ba m da wannan index da kuma kashi.

Wanda kuma wannan kashi na iya zama hadari ga mutane da jiki nauyi da kuma kawo hadari ga sauran. Exposure zuwa ionizing radiation aka ƙaddara ta yin amfani da index of tunawa kashi. Amma ko da wannan bai isa ba ga lalacewar kima. Bayan duk, ba kowane radiation ne daidai da hadarin gaske. Hazard emissivity kira weighting. Unit na radioactivity cewa an yi amfani da su kimanta da radiation kashi tare da wani weighting coefficient, kira Sievert.