Prince Dmitry Shemyaka: biography. Cikin gida da kuma waje Politika Dmitriya Shemyaki

A Rasha tarihi, wannan zuriya daga Moscow babban shugabannai yana da suna da wani mutum na unbridled makamashi: ya kasance mai cynic wanda ba ya tsaya a wani abu domin cimma burin. Wane ne wanda yake? Jikan Dmitry Donskoy - Prince Dmitry Shemyaka. Ya aka tuna ba feats na makamai, da kuma nasara lokuta a gudanar da wani zaman kanta sarauta, da kuma cewa jagoranci m yaki ga kursiyin. Dmitry Shemyaka so mallaki dukan Rasha gwamnati, maimakon ta mutum sassa. A wannan yanayin, kamar yadda riga ya nanata a kafofin watsa labarai, wadda ya yi amfani da su dauki kursiyin, yarima ba musamman picky. A paradox ta'allaka ne da cewa har yanzu yana gudanar da cimma burin da kuma zama shugaban Moscow sarauta. To, ta yaya Dmitri Shemyaka iya dauka da kursiyin a Rasha babban birnin kasar? Ka yi la'akari da wannan tambaya a cikin mafi daki-daki.

Facts daga biography

Dmitry Shemyaka (shekaru na rayuwa: 1420-1453) ya dan Grand Prince of Moscow Yuri Dmitrievich.

Riga a wani matasa shekaru, Prince yana da ra'ayin sa a kan wani "hula Monomakh", duk da cewa mahaifinsa ne a mai kyau kiwon lafiya. Sun Dmitriy Yurevich Shemyaka, wanda ya ƙunshi taƙaitaccen biography na kusan duk wani littafi a kan tarihin, ya fara shiga a dynastic feuds da Basil II (Dark), tare da goyon bayan wana Vasiliya Kosogo. The matasa yarima ya bayar da cikakken goyon baya ga mahaifinta Yuriyu Dmitrievichu, a lokacin da ta je da'awar a kan karaga. Ya kamata a lura da cewa gwagwarmayar da hakkin ya gudanar a jihar tsakanin sama contenders ya 'm': sun shagaltar da kursiyin alternately.

Mahaifinsa mutuwa

Lokacin da Grand Prince Yuri Dmitrievich mutu (shi ya faru a 1434), zaune a kan kursiyin ta farinsa dan - Vasily Diagon. Dmitry Shemyaka dauki wannan labarai tare da undisguised tsangwama. ya bai gamsu da wannan Jihar harkokin. Tare da ƙaninsa Dmitry Krasnov suka taimaka hambarar Basil II da wana ya dauki kursiyin. A godiyarka ga wannan sabis Dmitry Shemyaka (sarautar: sarauta na Galich - (1433-1450), da sarauta daga Uglich - (1441-1447), Moscow - (1445-1447) na'am da gādon ya zama mai mulkin Uglich da Rzhev ..

Tseren ga ikon

Duk da haka, bayan da wasu lokaci Shemyaka jũya a cikin wani m yarima: ya yanke shawarar ya shiga cikin yaki ga kursiyin, tara a kusa da shi a da yawa 'yan adawa na boyars.

Duk da haka, na gane su mafarkai idan bai yi nasara ba, kuma ya tilasta su zo sharuddan a kowane lokaci da Vasily II. Kuma duk da haka, domin da yawa masana tarihi, shi ne cikakken mamaki shi ne gaskiya cewa Dmitry Shemyaka wasu lokaci kuwa shi ne sarkin Moscow. Ga yadda abin ya faru.

A 1445 da aka ayyana a jihadi a kan Golden taro, wanda sojoji keta iyakar Rasha. Bayan rasa yakin Suzdal, Basil II aka kama da kuma, a karkashin dokokin jũna, wanda zai gaje shi, albeit wucin gadi, ya zama Dmitry, saboda yana da babba daga cikin zuriyar Ivan Kalita.

tafiyar da kasar

Majiyoyi da cewa Grand Duke na Uglich, Galich da kuma Moscow shi ne "m" sarrafa. Dmitry Shemyaka, kasashen waje da kuma cikin gida manufofin wanda ya karkata zuwa ga tabbatar da cewa karfafa nasu na da iko, bai kai wakkala a gare shi da jihar su ci gaba da wadata.

Daga cikin gajeren-gani yanke shawara wani lokacin sha wahala duka azuzuwan: manya yan kasuwa, shugabannin yaki. Karuwan fushi daga cikin mutane da ake kira da ake kira kotunan Shemyaka. Prince upstart ya sosai m da kuma girman kai mutum, don haka sentences cewa haifa adalci halitta shi, ya sosai kadan a kowa da ãdalci.

Game da arbitrariness, wanda ya yi aiki da nan wakilan Themis, eloquently aka bayyana a cikin satirical "The Tale of Shemyakinsky kotu." A lokacin da wannan lokaci, kamar yadda ba ta wadãta mamaki kamar cin hanci da rashawa, kwace, zagi na ikonsu da alƙalai. Watsi da norms na zamanin d dokoki, shari'a yanke shawara sau da yawa kallafaffen da kowa hankali. Tarihi Karamzin yi ĩmãni da m halin da ake ciki jikan Dmitry Donskoy.

Irin wannan arbitrariness halitta dukan abubuwan da ake bukata ga babban birnin kasar, akwai wani m outflow mutane. Yawan m Dmitry Yuryevich siyasa girma daga kowace rana.

A kasashen waje da manufofin na Rasha a zamanin mulkin Shemyaka kuma sadu da bukatun na lokaci. Great Prince of Uglich, Galich da kuma Moscow don kama da kursiyin, bai biya fansa ga kãmamme Basil II, da kuma tsayawa a kan mulki, ya yi kokarin faranta khan na Golden taro. Ya kuma soja kurum marar da goyon bayan da ya brother-- Grand Duke na Lithuania Svidrigailov Olgerdovich, kyalewa da na siyasa na Novgorod Jamhuriyar.

abun cece kuce na ci gaba

Wani lokaci daga baya, Basil II kulawa don yantu daga Tatar bauta ta hanyar biyan wata babbar fansa. Koyo da wannan, Shemyaka Dmitriy Yurevich ba za su dauki matsayi da ya gaggauta don toshe abokan hamayyarsu hanya a cikin "fari dutse". Fuskanci Basil a Triniti Mai Tsarki sufi, The Great Prince of Uglich, Galich da kuma Moscow hana shi na ikon ganin kuma kawar da su zuwa Uglich.

Amma nan da nan Shemyaka warware dan uwansa, kuma ba shi mallaki Vologda. A cikin wannan birnin ya fara isa magoya bayan da mabiya Basil II, wanda bayan wani lokaci ya tattara m sojojin da kuma tafiya a kan babban birnin kasar da ya lashe kansa kursiyin. Kuma ya samu nasara. Dmitry Yu mika wa Grand Duke na Uglich da Rzhev Bezhetskaya Ikklesiya. Bugu da kari, ya yi alkawarin dawo da kudi daga jihar taskar kuma ba sa da'awar a kan karaga. Duk da haka, ya akai-akai m alkawarai a nan gaba.

Tron rasa

Tun 1447 Shemyaka Dmitriy Yurevich zai kula Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod ƙasar, kuma a lokacin daga 1451 zuwa 1453 shekaru sarautar a cikin Novgorod Jamhuriyar. Amma a nan ya tsaya short. Ya sake fara kula m da tsare-tsaren da fadada da iyakoki da mulkinsa. Dmitry Yu da sojojinsa tafi saukar da Dvina kuma dauki Ustyug ba tare yawa juriya. Duk da haka, ba dukan mazaunan wannan gari suka yi murna da Grand Duke, da cikakken sanin cewa da tasiri a cikin ikon kowace rana mutu. Shemyaka amma har yanzu so don sarrafa mutane, har ma a wani guda sarauta, don haka gilla fashe sauka a kan ustyuzhanami da suka nuna bã da wanĩ zuwa gare shi.

Kuma zuwa gare shi ya yi amfani da mafi tsanani matakan na barazana: wasu kuma aka kashe su, ya sa a kan wuyansa na wani dutse da kuma jefa shi a cikin kogi. The yan unguwa ba ya so cewa a kan su duniya da suke yi irin wannan arbitrariness, kuma ya nemi taimako daga vymechey da vychegzhan a matsayin ƙasa a cikin abin da suka rayu, administratively mallakar Ustyug. Ko ta wani hanya, amma Dmitry Yuryevich iya kyakkyawan lashe tsoho Rasha birni. Bayan wannan nasara, ya yi umarni vyatchan ZAMBA da grand Ikklesiya, dake a cikin ƙasa Vychegda-Vym duniya.

anathematization

Ta'addi da kuma kisan-kiyashi da aka faruwa a umurnin na Great Prince of Uglich, Galich da Moscow, ba ta da malamai. A cewar wasu kafofin, a 1450, Prince Dmitry Shemyaka aka excommunicated, "tsine wa diploma," wanda aka rubuta a cikin tabbatarwa. Wannan daftarin aiki da aka sanya hannu da Bishop Pitirim Permian. Duk da haka, har yanzu, masana tarihi ana debating game da ko jika Dmitry Donskoy ya gaske zamani haramun ne, tun da kafofin a cikin wannan al'amari ne da sabanin. A musamman, Metropolitan Jonah a cikin wasika zuwa ga Archbishop Efrim rubuta cewa yarima "kansa excommunicated."

Me Shemyaka?

Saboda haka, za mu fitar da siffa yadda ya zo ikon, Dmitry Shemyaka. Me ya sa irin wani moniker aka haɗe zuwa Grand Duke na Uglich, Galich da kuma Moscow? Wannan tambaya ne babu kasa ban sha'awa ga mai karatu.

A wannan lissafi, akwai da dama versions. Daya daga cikin su dogara ne a kan gaskiyar cewa da kalmar "Shemyaka" ire-iren su da Tatar-Mongol "Chimek", wanda ke nufin dress ko ado. Wani fassarar da kalmar ya ce "Shemyaka" - wani raguwa for "Sheemyaki" (da ake kira da daya wanda yana da girma da iko). Amma jikan Dmitry "sanannen" Don saboda wasu halaye: wayo, mugunta, da ha'inci, da soyayya da iko. Domin kare kanka da nasu bukatun a dukan da aka shirya Dmitry Shemyaka. The sunan barkwanci da ya samu a cikin mutane, da aka yada a cikin ƙasa inda iko mai girma da Bagalike yarima. Yana yiwuwa cewa yarima Aleksandr Andreevich Shahovsky fara saka shi bayan dangantaka da Shemyaka. Sources nuna cewa a 1538 ya rayu Ivan Shemyaka bashin-Saburov, iyali itatuwa wanda tushen fara a Kostroma. A 1562, ya ambaci Shemyaka Istomin-Ogorelkove: kakanninsa sun Vologda. A 1550 ya yi aiki a Rasha Vasily Shemyaka, wanda ya ta da kansa gishiri ayyukansu. A XVI karni, bisa ga kafofin a cikin ƙasa na Novgorod Jamhuriyar ne ma gida mutane da sunan Shemyaka.

Matarsa da 'ya'yansa

Great Prince of Uglich, Galich da kuma Moscow aure Sophia Dmitrievna, wanda 'yar Prince Dmitry Vasilyevich Zaozersky. Dmitry Shemyaka a-dokar na zuriyar St. Prince Fedor Black. Historical takardun nuna cewa jikan Dmitriya Donskogo bikin aure tare da Sofey Dmitrievnoy gudanar ba a baya fiye da 1436. A aure, suna da wani ɗa, Ivan Dmitrievich. Haka ya faru a Uglich ba a baya fiye da 1437. 12 Bayan shekaru zuriya ya rayu tare da shi da uwarsa a St. George sufi.

Har ila yau Sophia D. haifi 'yar Maria. Daga baya, ta yi aure Alexander da kuma Czartoryski zauna a Velikiy Novgorod. Ta mutuwa zo kamar mamaki: aka kuwa binne ta a cikin hunturu 1456 a St. George sufi.

A karshe shekaru ransa

A karshe mataki na rayuwa lokaci jikan Dmitry Donskoy ya ba an yi karatu sosai, kamar yadda tarihi takardun kada dauke da iyakarsa bayani game da wannan. Ya m da tsare-tsaren da aka ba ƙaddara a gane zuwa babba har: zauna a kan gadon sarautar, ya iya ba a Moscow, da kuma ƙoƙari ya zama gwamnan mai karfi da kuma m sarauta wanda babban birnin kasar ya zama Ustyug, kuma kasa. Great Prince of Uglich, Galich da kuma Moscow ne sosai ji tsoro na daukar fansa don ayyukansu a kan wani ɓangare na Basil II, a kunya da suke patrons da Novgorod Dmitry Yuryevich. Ga wasu lokaci, suka "jũya a makafi ido" da yawa kisan-kiyashi jikan Dmitry Donskoy, fifita ba don samun shiga a cikin wani adawa tsakanin Moscow da kuma Ustyug. Same Shemyaka ba a daina kaina tunanin game da yadda za a sake zama da tafin kafa mulkin Rasha, amma mutane suna riga na gaji da internecine wars da jayayya: duk so da zaman lafiya da shiru. Metropolitan Yunusa kuwa ya yi a rubutu da Bishop Euphemia, wanda ya sha nanata tambayi zuwa Dmitry Yuryevich watsi da duk wani yunkurin sake samu kursiyin a hannunsa sau ɗaya kuma domin duk sulhu tare da Basil II. Amma, abin takaici, da sakamako mai kyau ta na da: Shemyaka ba ya so ya yi wani asasshe. Amma nan da nan ya ya ake azabtar da zunubansu.

mutuwa

The labari cewa, ya mutu jikan Dmitry Donskoy "zo" daga babban birnin kasar na Novgorod Jamhuriyar a cikin "fari dutse" a lokacin rani na 1453. A tarihin da aka rubuta cewa ya ce da labarai magatakarda mai suna Basil, waɗanda suke ɗauke da laƙabi da "masifa." Abin lura shi ne gaskiya cewa bayan wannan ya aka dagagge zuwa ga clerks. Domin wasu dalilai mutu Dmitry Shemyaka? A yawan takardun ya nuna cewa Grand Duke aka guba. Abin da aka sani a game da wannan al'amari? Kafofin ce cewa guba potion daga babban birnin kasar kawo, kamar yadda suka ce, "wakĩli Basil II" - magatakarda Stepan bearded. Ya kasance mai wayo mutumin da cika da manufa yadda ya kamata. Wasu kafofin ce cewa bearded mika guba Boyar Ivan Kotov, wasu: Boretsky magajin gari. Next aka hange shugaba Dmitry, wanda guba da aka canjawa wuri. Shi ya kasance cikin hali na kananan: gabatar da Shemyaka potion, wanda aka yi. Pischevar yi ubangijinsa kaza. Kwana goma sha biyu na Grand Duke ta rinjãya "hvoroba", bayan da ya karshe ya mutu. A binciken da ya rage Dmitriya Shemyaki tabbatar da cewa ya mutu daga dalma.

A wasu bangare na masana tarihi gamsu da cewa mutuwa ya jikan Dmitry Donskoy - wannan shi ne aikin da Novgorod boyars, wanda a da cewa a halin kaka so ya yi hukunci a rikicin da Basil II. Domin da Novgorod nobility Grand Prince of Uglich, Galich da Moscow, wanda ya fara rasa iko da kuma na da iko, nan da nan ya zama mugaye.

Ko ta wani hanya, amma kwatsam da mutuwar jikansa Dmitry Donskoy kiwata da yawa tambayoyi a cikin al'umma. Ganin cewa ya aka guba a cikin wannan matsorata hanya, ya sa hayaniya. Prince na usurper Dmitry Shemyaka juya kusan nan take a cikin wani shahidi, wanda makiyan ci a fama m.

Daga baya, tare da undisguised tsangwama daga azzãlumai tashin hankali a kan Grand Duke zai rubuta masa m dan uwan - Yanina Mihaylovich Kurbsky.