Nau'in na memory. Main memory aiki

Kamar yadda ka sani, kowane kwarewa, motsi, ko da alama na ko ta yaya Halicci alama cewa za a iya adana sosai dogon lokaci. Bugu da kari, a karkashin wani yanayi, kuma zai iya bayyana a sake, kuma kamar wancan zama batun sani. Mene ne memory? Nau'in, ayyuka, da kuma ta babba Properties ko ta yaya juna? Yadda daidai? Wadannan da sauran babu kasa da nishadi da tambayoyi ne za a amsa a kan aiwatar da familiarization tare da kayan da labarin. Shi ne ya dace a fara yi la'akari kai tsaye da ra'ayi.

Memory, memory aiki

Don saka shi a cikin sauki sharuddan, ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya za a iya bayyana a matsayin mai rikodin (imprinting), tanadin kuma m san kuma, idan ya cancanta, wasa da baya da wadannan kwarewa a baya. Daidai da ban sha'awa makirci damar don adana bayanai, ba tare da rasa da tsohon bayani, basira da ilmi.

Daga mai kimiyya ra'ayi, ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ne a aiki na kara kuzari aiki bayanai. Wannan hadadden tsari na qwaqwalwa ne qwarai hali, wanda ya ƙunshi wata lambar na tafiyar matakai na zaman fuskantarwa, da juna. Saboda haka, duk wani bunqasar game da basira da ilmi zama dole su lãbãri zuwa memory ayyukan. Mene ne matsaloli, nuna da category, ayyuka da kuma siffofin na tarihi memory da kuma na kasa ainihi, akwai a yau? Yana da muhimmanci a lura da cewa a cikin zamani Psychology, akwai wani da'irar a gaban mafi wuya al'amurran da suka shafi. Yadda events an imprinted a cikin memory? Mene ne physiological sunadaran da wannan tsari? Wanne daga cikin dabarun da aka sani a yau sun fi mayar domin karin memory, aukan ta ayyuka?

aikin

Kamar yadda ya juya waje, da memory na yadda mafi girma shafi tunanin mutum da ayyuka kamata a yi la'akari a matsayin tunani na gaskiya. Saboda haka, daidai da ra'ayi, da asali memory ayyuka kunshi a kullawa, rike, kuma m sake kunnawa na kwarewa da past lokaci. Shi ne ta hanyar memory nasaba da kuma ba ɗan adam. Bugu da kari, shi yana ba mutum damar koyi da kuma ci gaba.

Wannan babi zai zama da amfani a yi la'akari da mutum memory ayyuka. Wannan category ƙunshi biyar ayyuka da cewa ci gaba da juna da kuma nadawa a cikin wani aure wuyar warwarewa, daga cikinsu da wadannan:

• Haddacewa. A daidai da wannan arziki, mutum yana da ikon haddace wani tushen sabon musu bayanai da cewa su ne bisa baya kaddamarda bayanai. Wannan memory aiki kwakwalwa gaba da cewa aiwatar da jiki haifuwa daga cikin kayan ko ta yaya zai fara aiwatar da cognition, wanda hannu azanci shine memory. To, a lõkacin da kayan riga an sarrafa, ya zama wani gajere memory. Bugu da kari ya na sama, da kuma amfani da aikin bayar da RAM inda fitarwa aka yi da kuma halaye na analysis.
• Idan akai la'akari da babban memory ayyuka, ba a ma maganar saving. Saboda haka, tsawon lokaci na ajiya na bayanai a wani hali dogara a kan ta aikace-aikace. A wasu kalmomi, da karin wani mutum zai yi amfani da bayanai koya, da ya fi tsayi lokaci za su iya adana a ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar. Wannan memory aiki kuma ake kira archiving. Me ya sa? Gaskiyar cewa daidai da wannan tsari ne da za'ayi riƙe da m aiki na kayan. Yana da daraja ambata a nan characterizes shafi tunanin mutum da ayyuka na ginin jumla memory. Shi ne iya kantin sayar da Concepts da ma'anar, tattara cikin rayuwar mutum. Bugu da kari, akwai episodic memory, na nuna yadda sanannun Concepts da ma'anar nasaba da wani takamaiman lokaci da wani takamaiman mutumin. Saboda haka, a sama da nau'o'i biyu na memory aiki a jummai.

Wasa da kuma ya manta

Bugu da kari ga ajiya da kuma adana, yau da aka sani da wadannan memory fasali:

• Wasa - a ƙwaƙwalwar aiki dogara ne a kan yin amfani da dogon memory. Shi ne da godiya ga wannan arziki, da mutum kwakwalwa iya samu nasarar maimaita nuni a baya ya samu bayani. Wajibi ne a kara da cewa mutum ya mayar da kayan a cikin wannan tsari a matsayin, da kuma Stores shi. Don wannan karshen, kawai dole ne ya tuna da mafi muhimmanci bayani. Wannan memory aiki ya shafi kansa a cikin shakka daga episodic memory. Wannan ikon ƙara haifa wasu daga cikin abubuwan da suka faru hade da shi. Wannan irin taron da aka kira da "reference maki".
• Manta. Yana da muhimmanci a lura da cewa gudun daidai tsari dogara da farko a kan lokaci (bude tarihi memory aiki). Akwai dalilai daban-daban da na manta, misali, wata low matakin cikin sharuddan data kungiyar da kuma halinsu. Bugu da kari, yana daukan la'akari da mita da kuma amfani da bayanai shekaru. Wani muhimmin dalilin ne "tsangwama". An farko hade da mummunan tasiri da wasu bayanai. Alal misali, idan wani mutum san da rahoton ba, amma a cikin shakka daga cikin hanya sami fita bad news, sakamakon cimma a cikin tsari na tunawa, ya iya ba. Bugu da ƙari, da zarar wani mutum ce game da motsa (m) ya manta da yadda ya m hanyar canja wurin bayanai a cikin tunaninsu da lamirinsu.

ƙarshe

Daga cikin sama da shi za a iya ƙarasa da cewa tsakiyar memory aiki - kome kamar ceton. Me ya sa? Da cewa shi ne a aiwatar da samfurin a cikin hankali na wannan hanya ne yiwu ga assimilate muhimmanci da kuma amfani bayanai, wanda damar da mutum ya zama mafi alhẽri, mafi wayo, kai sabon Heights kuma ba wani mai wuce yarda ban sha'awa faruwa. Duk da haka, ka sani cewa duk memory ayyuka gabatar a sama suna da nasaba,. Yana haka wanzu, da kuma "aiki" m hanya da za su iya kawai a hade, a cikin wani tsari tsarin (bude aiki tarihi memory da shaidar dan kasa).

iri da memory

Don fara, ya kamata a lura da cewa a yau ya fi na kowa tushen ga definition daban-daban na memory shi ne dogara a kan halaye na da fasali ayyukan hade tare da ajiya da kuma sake kunnawa. Saboda haka, a wasu irin memory ake kasaftawa bisa ga wadannan key sharudda:

• Nau'in bisa ga yanayin da shafi tunanin mutum aiki da wata hanya Marinjãyi a wani aiki. Saboda haka, shi ya yanke shawarar zuwa ware wani tunanin, motor, fi'ili, ma'ana da kuma m ƙwaƙwalwar.
• Nau'in bisa ga yanayin raga yakan haifar da wanzuwar son rai da involuntary memory.
• Nau'in bisa ga tsawon lokaci da kullawa da adanar bayanai, wanda aka nasaba, tare da irin rawar da kuma wurin aiki samar. Saboda haka, memory ne zuwa kashi aiki, na tsawon lokaci da kuma gajere.

Bugu azanci shine memory

Don fara, bude tarihi memory da shaidar dan kasa ayyuka. Wannan zai iya taimaka daya fun motsa jiki, ake magana a kai a matsayin kai tsaye bugu na azanci shine bayani. Wannan tsarin shi ne iya rike a isasshe da cikakken da cikakken hoto na duniya, wanda ko ta yaya, ana riskarsa ta hanyar da hankula. Yana da muhimmanci a lura da cewa, tsawon lokacin da ta adana ne ƙwarai da gaske. Saboda haka, shi ne kawai 0.1 -0.5 seconds. Me ya kamata a yi?

Pat da hudu yatsunsu nasa hannu. Tabbata don tabbatar da kai tsaye majiyai bayan da bacewar. Saboda haka, na farko real ji na kiyaye mara a bayan - kawai ƙwaƙwalwar na shi.

Gwada shi iya motsa yatsa ko wani fensir a daban-daban kwatance kafin idanu neman miƙe. A lokaci guda kula da wajen m hanya cewa ya bi batutuwa da suke a motsi.

Ka rufe idanunka, sa'an nan bude su ga wani lokacin, sa'an nan kuma rufe sake. Ka dũba yadda bayyanannu, kuma daidai hoto na wani lokaci gani da ku sami ceto, sa'an nan sannu a hankali vuya.

Gajere da dogon lokaci memory

Muhimmanci, da kiyaye kayan, wanda shi ne peculiar daya typology da gajere memory (azanci shine memory ne inganci da daidaito mataimakin versa). A wannan yanayin, da gudanar bayanai ne ba cikin cikakkar taswirar da touch events faruwa a kan matakin, da kuma kai tsaye (gaba) da fassararsa. Alal misali, idan a gaban wani mutum domin su kirkiro wannan ko da magana, ya tuna ba kawai sauti, da aka gyara, kamar yadda kalmomin kansu. Kamar yadda mai mulkin, tunawa da biyar ko shida karshe raka'a na gabatar da bayanai. Yin m kokarin matakin (a cikin wasu kalmomi, da maimaita bayanai a kan kuma a sake), wani mutum yana da yiwuwar gajere memory riƙewa a gare wani m lokaci.

Next zai zama ya dace a yi la'akari da dogon lokacin da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar. Saboda haka, akwai tabbatacciyar da bambanci a tsakanin ƙwaƙwalwar abubuwan da suka faru da kuma yanayi na baya da kuma kawai bayan taron. Dogon lokacin da ƙwaƙwalwar yana da muhimmanci sosai, amma a lokaci guda musamman hadadden tsarin karatu Categories. Ya kamata a lura da cewa damar ƙwaƙwlwar ajiya na sama tsarin da aka sosai iyakance: na farko ya kunshi mai yawan ajiya raka'a, na biyu - daga 'yan tenths na biyu ne. Duk da haka, wasu irin tsarin a cikin dogon lokacin da ƙwaƙwalwar zuwa kwanan har yanzu wanzu, saboda kwakwalwa ne ko ta yaya hidima a matsayin karshe na'urar. A da tsarin akwai goma biliyan neurons. Kowace daga cikinsu iya rike wani babba adadin bayanai. Bugu da kari, shi ne don haka mai girma cewa a cikin m sharuddan, za a iya gani a matsayin da damar da mutum kwakwalwa ta memory Unlimited. Saboda haka, duk a gudanar don fiye da biyu ko uku da minti da bayanai a wani hali da ya zama a cikin dogon lokacin da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar.

Babban tushen matsaloli da cewa suna da nasaba da dogon lokacin da ƙwaƙwalwar, shi ne mai tambaya na gano da zama dole kayan da bayanai. The adadin bayanai da cewa yana kunshe ne a cikin memory ne wuce yarda da manyan. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa akwai wata biyu da isasshe tsanani. Duk da haka, kamar yadda mai mulkin, tare da wani karfi so a sami zama dole data iya zama cikin sauri.

Aiki, motor kuma wani tunanin ƙwaƙwalwar

A karkashin RAM ya kamata a fahimci matakai Mnemonic hali, wanda tsunduma a sabis ayyuka da kuma na yanzu ake gudanar. Irin wannan memory da aka tsara don adana bayanai bayar m manta. A lokacin da ajiya na memory jinsunan dogara da farko a kan concomitant matsalar da za a iya bambanta daga biyu zuwa uku seconds zuwa kwana biyu ko uku.

Motor memory - ba cewa wasu, kamar yadda haddar tsari, ajiye da kuma wasa da baya daban-daban na ƙungiyoyi, kazalika da tsarin. Af, a cikin duniya a yau sani mai yawa mutane tare da wani fili da kuma overly pronounced Yaduwar irin wannan memory a kan sauran, wanda shi ne mai matukar ban sha'awa da topic for Psychologists.

A karkashin wani tunanin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar kamata a yi la'akari a kan hankula. Motsin zuciyarmu ta wata hanya ba wata sigina game da yadda akwai da gamsuwa na mutum bukatun. Saboda haka da ji cewa mutane dandana kuma riƙe a ƙwaƙwalwar sun bayyana a matsayin sakonni, ko zuga mataki ko hani a kan mataki a lokacin da wani irin kwarewa a baya ya sa korau abubuwan. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa ka'idar da yi na manufar empathy sau da yawa tsaye a waje, wanda yana nuna wani ikon empathize, juyayi tare da wani mutum, ko jarumi na littafin. Wannan category dogara ne a kan wani tunanin ƙwaƙwalwar.

Alama da kuma fi'ili-ma'ana memory

A karkashin image memory za a gane a cikin hoton memory na rayuwa da kuma yanayi, misali, kazalika da dandani, sautuna da wari. Wannan irin ƙwaƙwalwar ne na gani, auditory, tactile, olfactory da gustatory. Duk da yake auditory da na gani memory ana ci gaba, kamar yadda mai mulkin, fairly da kyau (cewa shi ne, data iri na taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin rayuwar fuskantarwa da isasshen mutum), da olfactory, tactile da gustatory memory iya gaske a iya bayyana a matsayin sana'a iri. Kazalika da m ji, su ne musamman saboda samun saurin bunkasuwar takamaiman yanayi isa aiki, kai m matakin bayar canzawa ko kuma babu ramuwa memory jinsunan, msl, kurma, makaho mutane.

ƙwaƙwalwar abun ciki na fi'ili-ma'ana ayyukan ba fãce mutum ta tunani. A karshen ba zai iya zama ba tare da harshe (shi ne a nan, kuma akwai jinsin sunan). Tun da tunani suna aiwatuwa a daban-daban siffofin harshe, da haifuwa za a iya aika zuwa canja wuri, ko a key ma'anar bayanin, ko fi'ili rajista a zahiri sharuddan. Duk da yake karshen harka tana nufin kawar da daukan hotuna da kayan na ginin jumla aiki, da na zahiri da haddar za a iya bayyana a matsayin ba ma'ana, kuma rote haddar.

Involuntary da kuma son rai memory

Adanar kuma m haifuwa, inda a can ne babu manufa ta musamman don tuna da wani abu, aka kira involuntary memory. A lokuta inda wani irin tsari ne da ya mayar da hankali, shi ne game da wani sabani memory. Saboda haka, a cikin na ƙarshen halin da ake ciki, matakai cewa danganta wa] annan tare da ajiya da kuma sake kunnawa, yi aiki a matsayin na musamman Mnemonic mataki. Yana da muhimmanci a lura da cewa gabatar iri memory nau'i biyu m matakai na raya kasa, wanda yanzu broadly karatu da masana ilimin tunani na da sauran masu ruwa da tsaki tsunduma a wani aiki a cikin dacewa kimiyya filin.