Modern trams a Moscow da kuma St. Petersburg

Kafin mu fara labarin mu, bari in taka baya kadan daga topic da kuma tuna da adabi, wato samfurin na baiwa Mihaila Afanasevicha Bulgakova. Tunanin kanka a cikin titi a da sarki ta tafkunan , da kuma zauna kusa da bencina a kan wanda ya sanya mutane uku muhãwara passionately ... A wani bakon hanya tambaya cewa Mikhail Berlioz faruwa yi wannan yamma, shugaban Massolit ce cewa ya za su shiga cikin taron.

, этого никак быть не может , — твердо возразил иностранец . "- A'a, wannan hanya ba zai iya zama, - ya ce da tabbaci baƙo.
Это почему ? - Me ke cewa?
Потому , — ответил иностранец ... — что Аннушка уже купила подсолнечное масло , и не только купила , но даже и разлила . - Saboda, - ya ce da dan hanya ... - cewa Anna ya riga ya sayi sunflower man fetur, da kuma ba kawai ya saye shi, amma ko da ya zuba. что заседание не состоится ». Saboda haka da cewa taron ba ya faru. "

Hakika, Berlioz ya burge, amma don gane da abin da ke cikin sananne Anna, ya kuwa bai iya. Bayan kamar wata hours, da barin Woland wa abõkinsa, da mawãƙi Homeless a benci, Mihail Aleksandrovich ya tafi ya tarye ta, kamar yadda daga baya ya juya ga samun qaddara makoma ... haka abin ya fara a dukan jerin daga m events aka bayyana a cikin za'a iya mantawaba Bulgakov ta labari.

Yau a kan Clean tafkunan iya saduwa da ban mamaki tram cewa daukawa sunan sosai m Annushki taka m rawa. Modern trams cewa romp ta hanyar da reluwe na Rasha da kuma na duniya, ba shakka, kewaye da "Annushka" gudun da ta'aziyya, amma, idan akai la'akari da sabon abu kai, za mu girmama da kuma kula da shi.

Wasu lokutta na karin zane, m aikin injiniya mafita, gudun. Jama'a sau da yawa amfani da jama'a kai, samun amfani da novelties da kuma yawon shakatawa ya sa wani lokacin wani m ra'ayi. Mene ne su, ta zamani, trams? Shin, sũ ne gane shugabannin?

Ga waɗanda ba su son wuraren da cunkoso

Matsalar wuraren da cunkoso ne dacewa a yau ba kawai ga garuruwan, amma kuma ga lardin kananan garuruwa. A kara hour hanya dora haka da cewa abin da ya faru na makawa cunkoso. A wasu kasashe wannan matsala ta ko da yaushe kokarin warware ta hanyoyi da dama: neman zabi ga gina ƙarin waƙoƙi, kokarin yada jama'a kai. A majagaba da aka bas. Duk da haka, shi ya juya waje nan da nan cewa ya samun a cikin cunkoson ababen hawa, a kalla "motoci ne." Amma da tram iya rabu da irin wannan matsaloli, saboda girma da fili gudanar tare da roadway, maimakon kai tsaye a kan shi. Saboda haka, tram iya sauƙi zamewa da yawa kilomita na zirga-zirga da ababen hawa, yayin da trolley bas da kuma kai su guda m hallara, kazalika da motocin fasinja.

Wannan ya ba Yunƙurin zuwa na zamani da kuma ci gaba. A ƙasashe da dama na duniya don samar da zamani trams yi babbar Fare. Rasha shi ne wani ɓangare daga cikin da'irar kasashen kokarin ci gaba ta kansa samar da jera sayen motocin kasashen waje. Yau, ta zamani, trams romp a manyan birane da dama na Rasha Federation.

A hanya zuwa kammala

Lokacin da wani kananan tram karusai da aka saita a tashin da taimakon horsepower, tare da mafi yawan wadannan. Ko da song "High-gudun tram" aza m fasinjoji doki Trailers. Ci gaba ya yi magana, da kuma lantarki motor guga man charioteer. A karshen karni na 19th zo na farko lantarki trams. Sun kasance bã musamman gudun ko ta'aziyya matakin, da kuma aka ƙarshe maye gurbinsu da mafi m sufuri - bas. A Tarayyar Soviet da shi da aka ɗauka cewa wannan tram topic ya m kanta gaba daya. By ƙarshen karni na 20th, wannan kai za a iya gani a da yawa lardin garuruwa har ma yankin cibiyoyin, amma ko da daga baya akwai obsolescence. A cikin West, halin da ake, dandana wani real Renaissance da tram. Alal misali, a kan titunan New York a lokacin riga iyo wani zamani haske dogo, wanda aka ba a koma a kan reluwe da kuma a kan miƙa igiya, kamar funicular.

Rasha sake kusantar da hankali ga wannan hanya na motsi a farkon sabon karni. Yau, da kai kayayyakin more rayuwa da aka bunkasa cikin sauri. Alal misali, a Volgograd layi zamani haske dogo wuce a karkashin, kamar jirgin karkashin kasa. A Magnitogorsk, popularized da kuma kyautata gargajiya tram. Bitrus yana cikin mafi girma a cibiyar sadarwa a Rasha hanyoyi da kuma mai ban sha'awa jiragen ruwa. Kuma titunan babban birnin tafiya mafi dadi trams cewa zai iya gasa ga suna daga cikin na zamani a duniya.

Matsalar low bene

A ci gaba na zamani da sufuri zane fasalin babban matsala zauna na dogon lokaci Gudun, saboda wanda bene tram ya quite high. Ba kawai wani al'amari ba, na sanyin fasinjoji, kamar yadda ta iya ze farko duba. A gaban matakai adversely shafi saukowa da saukowa gudun, musamman jinkirta wannan factor da tsofaffi, mutane da kaya, da yara, mutane da nakasa. Wannan overloads da cibiyar sadarwa a matsayin dukan.

Magance matsalar da designers kokarin ta hanyoyi da dama. Amma daga karshe warware matsalar kawai ba da damar cikakken nazari na na'ura shasi. Sashe na daga sassa da aka gyara an mayar da su cikin rufi.

Yaren mutanen Poland trams "Pesa" - musamman ga Rasha

A mahimmin juzu'in da sabon trams, wanda a yau bauta wa Rasha hanyoyi, saya a kasashen waje. PESA Polish shuka, dake a cikin birnin Bydgoszcz, musamman ga Rasha gabatar da uku model na trams, "Foxtrot", "Krakowiak" da "Jazz". Bugu da kari da na al'ada model tare da guda gida, Poland kai ko da jigila cewa zai iya tafi a duka kwatance. A halin yanzu shi ne ya kafa hadin gwiwa Polish manufacturer da kuma Ural shuka inda sabon trams za a iya samar da ewa ba.

Rasha R1

A hankali inganta ta kansa samar. A mafi zamani tram, wanda zai zama kasuwanci, akwai a Rasha domin kasuwannin gida, ya kira Rasha Daya, ko R1. Yana yana da biyu bukkokin, low-kasa, matsananci-zamani futuristic zane da kuma dadi gida. A halin yanzu, "Uralvagonzavod" ya gabatar da wani samfur na sabon kai bututun aikatãwa a cikin wani gajeren lokaci.

A manufacturer ya yi alkawarin cewa serial trams zai zama daban-daban daga samfur don ba fiye da 'yan bisa dari. Yau, masana sun ce kadai drawback ne kananan salon developer iya aiki - dadi kujeru da sofas iya saukar da kawai mutane 28 (zaune). Amma watakila shi ne kara yawan kujerun da za haka ya girmama serial samfurori daga samfur.

Modern trams babban birnin kasar

Tram daffo Moscow alfahari da dama model na zamani abin hawa, ba yarda da su safarar a Turai da kuma Amurka. Modern tram a Moscow - wannan ba kawai a fad, amma a zama dole saboda da wuraren da cunkoso ya yi awo.

Tare da Polish tram ta titunan babban birnin tafiya kai, ya sauko daga conveyors "Uralvagonzavod". A farkon lokacin rani, da Lardi Park a bayansa da dama tare da sabon inji ba, amma kawai sai ƙarshen shekara da aka shirya don bayar 120 zamani trams m samar.

Municipal sufuri a St. Petersburg

Northern Capital, arziki a antiquities da kuma tarihi Monuments, sanannen ma wani alama a matsayin trams. Bitrus a kan su tafiyarka mai girma da yawa, kamar yadda wani ultra-sabon da kuma na da. Wasu ne kawai a kan yawon shakatawa hanyoyi, su yi birgima yawon bude ido zuwa wuraren tarihi na St. Petersburg.

Har ila yau, lura shi ne cewa zamani tram a St. Petersburg iya saduwa ba kawai cibiyar amma kuma a cikin unguwannin bayan gari. Alal misali, a kudu maso yammacin karkata ta'allaka da hanya lambar 56. Samar da Faransa kamfanin "Alstom" kai ya gana da latest bukatun da kuma dubi a baya na St. Petersburg wuri mai faɗi kamar sarari jigila.

A mafi m trams a Rasha da kuma duniya ta hanyoyi

Baya daga cikin bayyananne aiki ga fasinjoji, trams da kuma wani lokacin aiki a kaucewa m matsayin. Alal misali, a cikin Milan, za ka iya ziyarci tram-sauna. Hakika, wannan makaman da aka ba hawa a kusa da birnin, da kuma shigar da su har abada. A cikin Netherlands, akwai wani tram-hotel, wanda karusai tuba zuwa dadi masauki. Hungary alfahari da mafi tsawo tsarin a duniya - ta tsawon shi ne 52 mita.

Mutane daya-daya da hankali, trams cafe. Daya daga cikin su ya dogon ja hankalin masu yawon bude ido a Lviv. To, "Anna", da bambanci ga mafi yawan wadannan cibiyoyin ba su tara ƙura a cikin ta'aziyya na wurin shakatawa da kuma tafiye-tafiye a kan hanya. Its ciki da menu, kamar yadda iya sa ran, koma zuwa ban mamaki duniyar Bulgakov ta litattafan.