Milgram gwaji: a cikin executioners zai zama babu kasawa

Shekaru hamsin da suka wuce, American masanin kimiyya Milgram gudanar da wani gwaji, wanda da kimiyya duniya ya shiga cikin kaduwa. Its sakamako da aka karai kansa Mafarin. Nazarin daga baya ya zama sananne a matsayin "The Milgram gwaji" tattaunawa ya zuwa yanzu. Saboda haka laifin ne sakamakon.

Social ilimin halin dan Adam - sashe na tunani wanda ke karanta adam hali da shafi tunanin mutum da mamaki cewa tashi a aiwatar da hulda da kuma sadarwa a tsakanin mutane a cikin daban-daban kungiyoyin - shirya da kuma maras wata-wata. Wannan kimiyya zo a cikin 1908, a lokacin da biyu Psychologists da aka buga su littafin. Uilyam Makdugalla rubuta "Gabatarwa zuwa Social ilimin halin dan Adam", kuma Edward Ross ya bayyana aikin kawai - "Social ilimin halin dan Adam".

A gwajin da bai je bisa ga shirin

Duk da yake Milgram yi aiki a kan jigo na laifi na Jamus mutane zuwa farkisanci. Da bincike psychologist so don nuna mutane a Jamus bambanci tsakanin a mulkin demokra] al'umma (America) da kuma Jamus a matsayin undemocratic al'umma. Ya tabbata cewa wani mutum da ya tashi a cikin dimokaradiyya da masu ce da darajar ba za a iya tilasta yi rikici da wani mutum. Milgram ta gwaji da aka shirya a matakai biyu - a cikin Amurka da kuma a Jamus. Amma kawai bayan na farko da kwarewa tare da Amirkawa, shi ya ɗauki jerin ƙarin. Bayan haka, da bukatar wani tafiya zuwa "undemocratic" da Jamus bace.

Milgram gwaji: mu ba daidai ba gefen

A nazarin uchuvstvoval rukuni na mutane 3 mutane - "malami", "experimenter" da "dalibi". Kuma Guinea wani "malami", kuma shi ne game da wannan, ba su ma sani. Sauran - kyau 'yan wasan kwaikwayo. All batutuwa 'malami' - lafiya, da jiki da kuma wajen tunani na tsakiya-aji. Babu wani daga cikinsu ba da hannu a tilasta doka da kuma aka ba lura a ilimin halin tababbu.

Test batutuwa aka ce cewa manufar wani gwaji don nazarin sakamakon zafi a kan memory. Daura da kujera tare da wayoyin, "almajiri" dole ne haddace kalmomi daga wani dogon jerin, "malamin" da kuma duba idan akwai mun kasance kuskure, azabtar da sallama halin yanzu. "Experimenter" duba da directed da ayyuka na magana. Kowane daidai amsar, da almajiri da zato samu lantarki sallama a 15 mafi girma fiye da na baya. Experience fara tare da wani alama na 45 a cikin sama da iyaka - 450 - An sanya a matsayin mutuwa. A kewaye da 150 a cikin "dalibi" Na tambayi don dakatar da gwajin, da kuma "experimenter" nace a kan ci gaba da. A actor, wanda ake zargin ya doke buga, zafi Zagayawar sosai realistically, ya roƙe ka bar shi ya tafi, kuma ta koka da mummunan zuciya. Ganin jinkirin, "malamin", "experimenter" tabbatar da cewa duk da alhakin daukan kan, kuma ya aikata shi ba tare da barazana da kuma alkawuran da lada.

Kintace da kuma sakamakon

Kafin gwajin Milgram hira hudu dozin abokan aiki. Kuma kamar yadda daya ya tabbata ga isa wani mutuwa matakin na daya kawai mutum a 1000. A mafi yawan Amirkawa ba rakumi da akala. A wannan tunani da aka gudanar da experimenter kansa. Amma bayan na farko da fitina gwajin gudanar a Jihar Connecticut, da psychologist da a ce saboda babbar adadin biyayya, ya daina ganin batu a cikin mataki na biyu na karatu a Jamus.

Na 40 batutuwa (20 zuwa shekaru 50) zuwa ga mafi girman maki kai mutane 26. 65% na yuwuwar executioners - ba zata daya. Milgram ta gwaji da aka maimaita sau da yawa a kan shekaru da dama. Amma biyu daga kashi uku ɗin "malamai" ne ma batun duk umarnin, "experimenters" kuma kai mutuwar 450 V. Milgram hukunci mika saukar da Amurkawa, shi ne m. Ya ce cewa idan Amurka sun maida hankali sansani, kamar Nazis, sa'an nan da ma'aikata suka dã an yi cikakken bayar.