Menene ainihin sunan Mark Twain?

Yau muna gaya game da wani duniya shahara American marubuci, jama'a Figures, kuma 'yan jarida. Real sunan Mark Twain - Samuel Clemens. An haife shi a Missouri, kauyen Florida, a 1835, a ranar 30 ga watan Nuwamba. Sama'ila kuwa ya rasu a 1910, 21 Afrilu. Kerawa hada da wani iri-iri na nau'o'i - satire, dara, aikin jarida, almarar, falsafa da sauransu, da kuma duk yana daukan m matsayin - Democrat da kuma humanist.

Sharhi kan Mark Twain wasu marubuta

William Faulkner ce abin da Sama'ila Clemens (Mark Twain ta real name) shi ne na farko da gaske mawallafi. Kuma Ernest Hemingway yi imani da cewa zamani wallafe-wallafen Amirka suka zo gaba ɗaya daga wani littafi da ake kira Twain "The Kasadar Huckleberry Finn." A Rasha, m marubuta musamman warmly game da Sama'ila Clemens amsa Alexander Kuprin da Maxim Gorky.

Origin of laƙabi

A halin yanzu sunan marubuci Mark Twain da aka ba amfani a gare su a cikin littafin na ayyuka. Ya ko da yaushe hannu pseudonym. Marubucin da'awar cewa suna da wadda ya zama wani saurayi to kiran kansu - Mark Tven - ajalin zo daga kogin kewayawa. A wannan lokacin, nan gaba marubuci aiki a Mississippi mataimakin matukin jirgin da kuma kuka wannan (tare da Turanci fassara ga "Mark Twain" sauti a zahiri tana nufin "mark biyu") ya nuna cewa da alama a kara line isa mafi ƙasƙanci dace da nassi daga daban-daban kogin bice zurfin 2 fathoms (game da 3.7 mita).

Amma akwai wani version na zargin wallafe-wallafen asalin sunan barkwanci: a daya daga cikin American mujallu a 1861 akwai wani m labarin "The Arewa Star" Artemus Ward, ya gaya na uku matuƙan, sunan daya daga wanda ya Mark Twain (a real sunan Mark Twain, mun riga ya bayyana). Sama'ila kaunace comic sashen na mujallar da ake kira "girman kai Fair". A marubuci a farko wasanni (wanda ake rubuta a kasa) karanta shi aiki Artemus Ward.

Baya daga sama wanda aka ce masa, a 1896, Samuel da zarar hannu da sunan "Sieur Louis de Conte". Ƙõramu ya buga daya daga littafan.

Shimfiɗar jariri, da kuma samartaka marubuci

Sama'ila aka haife shi a wani karamin gari da ake kira Florida, located a Amurka, a Jihar Missouri. Ya daga baya joked cewa kara yawan mazaunanta da kashi daya zuwa ta bayyanar a duniya. The yaro na uku, na hudu yara Yahaya da Jane Clemens. Sa'ad da yake sosai matasa, iyaye na koma a cikin search na mafi rayuwa a cikin birnin na Hannibal a wannan jiha. Shi ne ya kuma mazauna aka daga baya immortalized a cikin shahararrun ayyukan Sama'ila Clemens, musamman da aka buga a 1876, labari "The Kasadar Tom Sawyer."

farko aiki

A 1847, mahaifinsa ya mutu daga ciwon huhu Clemens, yayin da barin yara da yawa na bashi. A babban dan mai suna Orion zarar ya fara buga da kansa jarida da kuma Sam ya fara yin wani taimako zuwa ga hanyar matsayin typesetter, da kuma wani lokacin marubucin daban-daban articles. Shi ne kamar yadda yake wasu daga cikin mafi rigima da m ayoyin takardunku an rubuta kawai da kane, a lokacin da Orion ya fita daga garin. Sam ma wani lokacin tafiya zuwa New York da kuma St. Louis.

Period don fara wani aiki marubuci

Kira na Mississippi ƙarshe kusantar da Mark Twain, kuma ya fara bauta wa a kan jirgin a matsayin matukin jirgi. Shi ne mai sana'a wadda aka yi furuci da Clemens, zai duƙufa duk rayuwarsa, amma farkon wani yakin basasa, wanda ya ƙare a 1861, da masu zaman kansu shipping kamfanin. A nan gaba marubuci da aka haka tilasta nemi sauran aiki.

Shigarwa cikin Masonic Lodge

Ya shiga cikin Freemasons Lodge "iyakacin duniya Star" a watan Mayu 1861, a St. Louis. Sama'ila ya aiko a lokacin wani zaman yau da kullum tafiya daga Palestine "da guduma" a cikin adireshin akwatin, to wanda aka a haɗe da wata wasika, couched a wani m style. A da shi ya sanar da 'yan'uwa da cewa rike da guduma da aka sassaka su daga gangar jikin na itacen al'ul na Lebanon, wanda aka dasa kusa da garun Urushalima, Gotfrid Bulonsky.

Mark Tven (real sunan marubuci - Samuel Clemens) bayan wata gajeruwar sani da da mayakan sa kai (kwarewa, wanda ya vividly bayyana 1885), a watan Yuli 1861 yaki ya tafi zuwa yamma. A wannan lokacin, da ɗan'uwansa Orion aka tambaye zama Gwamna Sakataren-gudanar Nevada. Orion da Sam hau da prairies makonni biyu a wani stagecoach zuwa Virginia haƙo gari, inda azurfa aka mined.

a yamma

Twain a matsayin marubuci kafa daidai wannan kwarewa da suke zaune a yammacin Amurka. Ya kafa dalilin biyu littafin. Fatan yin arziki a Nevada, Clemens aka aiki a matsayin mai hakar gwal da kuma fara fitar da azurfa. A marubuci ya zuwa rayuwa mai dogon lokaci a cikin sansanin tare da sauran aiki mutane - wannan hanya ta rayuwa da aka bayyana ta da shi daga baya a cikin wallafe-wallafe. Amma kasa zama nasara prospector Sama'ila, ya tilasta barin ganima da samun a daya jarida a Virginia, inda ya fara amfani da farko sanya shi shahara pseudonym Mark Tven. Marubuci a 1864 ya koma California, San Francisco, inda ya fara buga articles lokaci guda ga dama jaridu. Domin Twain a 1865 ya zo na farko nasara a fagen adabi, a lõkacin da ya halitta m labarin ji mafi don ƙirƙirar a Amurka wani samfurin a cikin wani m salo da kuma sake buga shi a fadin Amurka.

Sama'ila Clemens jagoranci Hawaii jaridar "Sacramento Union" a cikin bazara na 1866. Ya kasance a cikin shakka daga tafiyarka rubuta haruffa game da Kasadar tare da shi. Su dawo marubuci a San Francisco jiran unprecedented nasara. Dzhon Mak tsefe, Kanar, da m na wata jarida da ake kira "Alta California", shawara don Mark Twain yi rangadin kusa da jihar tare da karatu na nishadi da laccoci. Suna nan da nan tsiwirwirinsu m shahararsa, kuma marubuci, kuma nishadi da masu sauraro tare da kowane mai saurarõnsu ya tattara dollar, tafiya da dukan jihar.

A farko da aka buga littafin

Mark Tven (real sunan marubuci sun muka gabatar a sama) a matsayin wani marubuci ya cimma na farko nasara a wani na tafiya. Ya roki a 1867. Mack Comba tallafa tafiya zuwa yankin gabas ta tsakiya da Turai. Kamar yadda wani rahoto a watan Yuni na wannan shekara shi a kan jirgin cikin "Cracker City" ya tafi da Old World. A watan Agusta, da marubuci kuma samu to Sevastopol, Yalta da kuma Odessa. Mark Tven (real sunan Mark Twain - Samuel Clemens) a cikin abun da ke ciki daga cikin tawagar ziyarci da Rasha jirgin na sarki ta zama a Livadia.

haruffa da aka rubuta da shi a lokacin da tafiya zuwa Asiya da Turai, suka je ofishin da aka buga a cikin jaridar, sa'an nan ya zama tushen da wani littafi da ake kira "The marasa laifi waje". An haife ta ne a 1869, aka mai laifin nasara. Mutane da yawa san na marubuci zuwa karshen rayuwarsa ya kasance a matsayin mahaliccin da aiki.

A 1870 Sama'ila aure Olivia Langdon, kuma ya tafi ya zauna a birnin Buffalo, wanda aka located in Amurka Jihar New York. Daga baya, ya koma Hartford (CT). Wannan lokaci da aka alama ta laccoci a Ingila da kuma Amurka. Bayan wannan marubuci ya fara haifar da kaifi satire, sukar 'yan siyasa da kuma Amirka, jama'a. Wannan shi ne musamman halayyar ga buga 1883 tarin mai taken "Life a Mississippi".

ya aiki

A mafi gagarumin taimako na marubuci a Amirka, da kuma duniya adabi ne dauke da labari "The Kasadar Huckleberry Finn." Popular sun kuma zama kamar "The Prince da pauper," "The Kasadar Tom Sawyer," "A Connecticut Yankee", kazalika da waccan mujalla da muka littafin "Rayuwa a Mississippi", kunsha na autobiographical labaru. A marubuci ya fara aiki tare da kaskantattu comic ãyõyinsa, kuma kammala makala mutum dabi'un, cike da lafiya irony da satirical wasu 'yan takardu da kuma falsafa tunani a kan rabo daga wani dukan wayewa.

Wurare da dama a laccoci da kuma jama'a bugawa ko aka rubuta ko aka rasa, wasu haruffa da kuma ayyukan haramta ga bazawa da mahalicci ne a zamanin rayuwarsa da kuma shekaru da dama bayan rasuwar marubuci.

Mark Tven Mãdalla da orator. Samun sanã'anta daraja da kuma fitarwa, ya sadaukar da lokaci mai yawa da neman matasa talanti, wanda taimaka wajen karya da taimakon da tasiri da kuma wallafe-wallafe kamfanin, ya samu wani marubuci.

Interest a kimiyya da kuma abota da Nikola Tesla

Sama'ila ya m na kimiyya matsaloli. Shi abokin na Nikola Tesla ciyar da yawa lokaci a cikin Lab. The aikin taken "A Connecticut Yankee" marubuci hada lokaci tafiya, wanda ya kai ga cewa, fasahar zamani ta bayyana a lokacin da lokacin Sarki Arthur a Ingila. Kawo sunayensu a cikin labari fasaha bayani bayar da shawarar cewa marubucin san da kimiyya nasarorin da ya zamanin.

katsalandan muhawara

Wani lokaci mutum ayyukan Mark Twain, American katsalandan haramta wa buga, domin dalilai daban-daban. Wannan shi ne yafi saboda aiki zamantakewa da jama'a matsayi na marubucin. Wasu daga cikin su iya zarga addini ji da tsaransa, sabili da haka Twain bai buga wadannan ayyuka. Alal misali, ya kasance Unpublished har 1916, "Asirtaccen Stranger". Wasu ayyukan anti-addini fuskantarwa har 1940 ba a buga.

A 2000s, yunkurin da aka sake yi wa Amurka don ban "The Kasadar Huckleberry Finn" saboda da cewa shi ya ƙunshi naturalistic bayanin da fi'ili kalamai da m zuwa baƙar fata. Duk da cewa marubucin aka yi tsayayya da zuwa mallaka da wariyar launin fata da kuma a da kin amincewa da karshen tafi yawa kara daga mafi yawansu ya Sahaban, da kalma, wanda a cikin kwanaki na wannan marubucin sun kasance a general amfani a yau gaske sauti kamar launin fata akan wulakanta dan uwan. A {asar Amirka, a 2011, a watan Fabrairu, akwai na farko edition na "The Kasadar Tom Sawyer" da "Huckleberry Finn", halitta da marubuci karkashin pseudonym da Mark Tven (real name - Samuel Langhorne Clemens) a cikin abin da wadannan maganganu da aka maye gurbinsu da wasu, siyasa daidai .

Irin wannan ne taƙaitaccen biography na marubuci.

Saboda haka, da muka samu na ainihi sunan Mark Twain. Harkokin waje Wallafe-wallafe (Grade 4) sassarfa mu tare da wannan marubucin. mawallafin aiki kamar wani 'yan makaranta dalibi. Duk da haka, a cikin ƙananan azuzuwan da wuya ambaci cewa Mark Tven - a pseudonym. Yanzu ka san hakikanin sunan Mark Twain ta labari na "The Kasadar Tom Sawyer" - wani aiki wanda yawanci hada a makaranta manhaja.