Likita Faraday: biography, bude

Turanci likita Maykl Faradey, wanda ya girma har a wani matalauci iyali, ya kasance daya daga cikin mafi girma da masana kimiyya a tarihin 'yan adam. Da mafificin nasarori da aka sanya a wani lokaci a lokacin da kimiyya ya mai yawa mutane haife a wurinsu kyakkyawan zarafi iyalansu. A cikin girmamawa, mai suna naúrar na capacitance - farad.

Faraday (likita): wani gajeren biography

Maykl Faradey aka haife a kan 22 ga watan Satumba, 1791 a London, Birtaniya babban birnin kasar. Shi ne na uku yaro na James da kuma Margaret Faraday. Mahaifinsa maƙeri, wanda yake a matalauta kiwon lafiya. Kafin aure, uwarsa yi aiki a matsayin bawa. The iyali ya rayu cikin talauci.

Shekaru 13 Michael halarci gida makaranta, inda ya samu ya firamarensa. Don taimaka wa iyali, sai ya fara aiki a wurin sayar da litattafai, Manzo. Kishin yaro burge ya m. A shekara daga baya ya ciyar da su almajiri bookbinder.

Nauyin da kimiyya

Maykl Faradey so in sani game da duniya. shi ba a iyakance zuwa na maido da littattafai. Bayan kansa munã mãsu lazimta kullum aiki, ya dukufa a kan free lokaci karatu littattafai wanda ya lauye.

A hankali ya gano cewa zama sha'awar kimiyya. Ya musamman na son biyu littattafai:

• "Encyclopedia Britannica" - tushen ilimi na wutar lantarki da kuma sauran abubuwa.
• "Tattaunawa a Chemistry" - 600 pages game da sunadarai a wani m labari marubucin Dzheyn Marse.

Ya kasance haka sha'awar da cewa shi ne ya fara ciyar ɓangare na da zaran albashi a kan sinadarai da kuma kayan aiki ga tabbatar da gaskiyar abin da karatu.

Fadada da kimiyya da ilmi ba, ya ji cewa sanannen masanin kimiyya Dzhon Tatum da aka je ba da jerin jama'a laccoci a kan halitta falsafa (kimiyyar lissafi). Don halarci laccoci ya biya kudin da daya Shilling - da yawa domin Michael Faraday. Da mazan ɗan'uwansa, maƙeri, sha'awar da girma addini a gare kimiyya, da ɗan'uwansa ba shi da zama dole jimla.

Saba da Hamfri Devi

Faraday ya dauki wani mataki wajen kimiyya a lokacin da William Dance, kantin sayar da littattafai abokin ciniki tambayi Michael idan ya na da wani so don samun tikitin zuwa wata lacca a Royal Institution.

Malami, Sir Hamfri Devi, ya kasance daya daga cikin duniya da ya fi shahara da masana kimiyya na lokaci. Faraday tsalle a dama da ziyarci hudu laccoci a kan daya daga cikin latest al'amurran da suka shafi na sunadarai - tabbatar da dalilin da acidity. Ya duba cikin gwaje-gwajen, wanda aka gudanar a Davy ta laccoci.

Shi ne mai duniya a cikin abin da ya zauna. Faraday ya dauki bayanin kula, sa'an nan ya yi haka da yawa extras a cikin rubutu da cewa sanya wani 300-page rubutun, wanda ya juya da Davy aika wani alama na godiya.

A wannan lokaci a cikin mayar da yadi da kantin sayar da littattafai, Michael ya fara gudanar da karin nagartaccen gwaje-gwajen don ƙirƙirar wani lantarki baturi na jan karfe tsabar kudi da kuma tutiya woje rabu da rigar salted takarda. Ya yi amfani da shi domin rage daraja da sunadarai abubuwa, kamar magnesium sulfate. A wannan filin na sunadarai Hamfri Devi ita ce ta farko.

A watan Oktoba 1812, ya kammala wani karatu Faraday, kuma ya fara aiki a matsayin bookbinder ga wani m, wanda ya samu abin banƙyama.

Ba zai kasance mai albarka a ɓadda kama

Kuma akwai wani farin ciki lokaci domin Faraday. A sakamakon wata kasa gwaji Hamfri Devi aka raunata: shi dan lokaci zai shafi ikon rubuta. Michael ya iya for 'yan kwanaki don ci gaba da records for Davy, da alama cikin littafin, wanda ya aka aiko.

Lokacin da ajali na kusa da aikin kare mataimakin, masanin kimiyya Faraday aika bayanin lura tambayar shi don su yi ijara da wani mataimaki. Da ewa ba bayan, daya daga cikin masu gyara Davy aka kora don rashin ladabi, da kuma Humphrey tambayi Michael, ba son idan zai yi da ya maye gurbin wurin zama.

Idan ya so ya yi aiki a Royal jamiyyar tare da daya daga cikin shahararrun masana kimiyya a duniya? Shi ne mai rhetorical tambaya.

Careers a Royal Institute

Faraday ya dauki ofishin Maris 1, 1813, yana da shekaru 21 years.

Yana da kyau a biya da kuma kasaftawa zauna a cikin ɗaki ƙarƙashin marufi dakin na Royal Cibiyar. Michael ya sosai yarda, kuma da dangantaka da ma'aikata za su daina za a katse for 54 shekaru, a lokacin da ya gudanar ya zama farfesa a fannin sunadarai.

Faraday ta aiki ya shirya kayan aiki domin gudanar da gwaje-gwajen da laccoci a Royal Institution. Da farko, shi ya aikata da nitrogen trichloride, wani m cewa an traumatized Davy. Michael, ma, a lokacin da na gaba fashewa a takaice rasa sani, da kuma a lokacin da Humphrey ya ji rauni a sake, gwaje-gwajen da wannan fili da aka katse.

Bayan 7 watanni na aikin a Royal Institution Davy Faraday ya tare da shi a kan wani yawon shakatawa na kasashen Turai, wanda dade watanni 18. A wannan lokaci, Michael ya iya saduwa da manyan malamai kamar Andre Marie Ampere-a Paris da kuma Alessandro Volta a Milan. A wata hanya, da yawon shakatawa ya maye gurbin ya digirinsa - Faraday koyi abubuwa da yawa a wannan lokacin.

Mafi yawa daga cikin yawon shakatawa, duk da haka, ya kasance ba farin ciki, domin a Bugu da kari ga bincike da secretarial aikin da aka bauta wa Davy da matarsa. Matar masanin kimiyyar bai dauki kansa daidai Faraday saboda ta asali.

A ya koma London, duk abin da ya fadi a cikin wuri. Royal Cibiyar koma Michael kwangila da kuma ya karu da sakamakonsa. Davy ko da ya fara ambaci taimako a cikin kimiyya takardunku.

A 1816, a shekaru 24, Faraday ya ba da farko da lacca game da kaddarorin al'amarin. Yana da aka gudanar a birnin ilimin falsafa Society. Sa'an nan a "kwata kimiyya mujallar", ya wallafa farko kimiyya takarda a kan bincike na alli hydroxide.

A 1821, yana da shekaru 29 years Faraday aka ciyar da su shugaban gona da dakin gwaje-gwaje na Royal Cibiyar. A wannan shekara ya aure Sarah Barnard. Michael da matarsa zauna a institute mafi daga cikin na gaba shekaru 46, shi ne ba a cikin ɗaki ƙarƙashin marufi da kuma a cikin wani dadi dakin da aka zarar sun shagaltar da Hamfri Devi.

A 1824 biography na Faraday (kimiyyar lissafi) aka alama ta wurin zaben a matsayin memba na Royal Society. Shi ne mai fitarwa daga cikin hujjar cewa shi ya kasance wani sananne mashahurin malamin.

A 1825 Faraday likita ya zama darektan dakin gwaje-gwaje.

A 1833 ya zama wanki farfesa a fannin sunadarai na Royal Institution of Great Britain. Faraday, a matsayin da ya gudanar har mutuwarsa.

A 1848 da kuma 1858 da aka tambaye shi ya shugabanci Royal Society, amma ya ƙi.

kimiyya nasarori

Don bayyana gano Faraday a kimiyyar lissafi, bukatar fiye da daya littafi. Ba kwatsam Albert Eynshteyn a ofishinsa kiyaye hotuna kawai uku masana kimiyya: Isaaka Nyutona, James Maxwell da Michael Faraday.

Oddly isa, ko da yake a lokacin rayuwa da masanin kimiyyar fara amfani da kalmar "physics", shi da kansa bai son shi, da kuma ya ko da yaushe ya kira kansa a Falsafa. Faraday wani mutum, wanda ya tafi zuwa binciken ta hanyar gwaje-gwajen, kuma shi an san shi da cewa da ya taba barranta daga ideas wanda zo godiya ga kimiyya diraya.

Idan ya yi tunani cewa ra'ayin shi daraja, ya ci gaba da gwaji, duk da yawa setbacks, ya ba tukuna kai da ana tsammanin ko ba riga ya tabbata cewa Mother Nature ya tabbatar da shi ba daidai ba, wanda ya faru sosai da wuya.

Saboda haka Faraday gano a cikin kimiyyar lissafi? Ga wasu daga cikin mafi mashahuri nasarori.

1821: samu daga electromagnetic juyawa

Shi ne mai harbinger na abin ƙarshe haifar da halittar wani lantarki mota. Opening da aka bisa ga ka'idar Oersted Magnetic Properties na wayoyi ta hanyar abin da lantarki halin yanzu gudana.

1823: gas liquefaction da refrigeration

A 1802, Dzhon Dalton da shawarar cewa duk gas za a iya liquefied a low yanayin zafi ko high matsin lamba. Likita Faraday ya tabbatar da shi empirically. Ya farko juya chlorine da kuma ammonia a cikin ruwa.

Liquid ammonia ne har yanzu sha'awar da cewa, kamar yadda muka gani da Maykl Faradey, da kimiyyar lissafi na ta danshin sa sanyaya. A qa'ida ta sanyaya ta hanyar danshin wucin gadi da aka fili nuna ta William Cullen Edinburgh 1756 a The Scientific tare da wani famfo saukar da matsa lamba a cikin flask tare da Eter, wanda a cikin sa ta m evaporation. Wannan ya sa da sanyaya, kuma a bãyansa daga wajensa da flask daga yanayi danshi kafa kankara.

Muhimmancin da bude daga cikin Faraday ya cewa inji farashinsa iya maida gas zuwa ruwa a dakin da zazzabi. Sa'an nan ƙafe cikin ruwa, sanyaya kewaye, da samar da iskar gas iya tattara, da kuma matsa da wani famfo a cikin wani ruwa sake, maimaita sake zagayowar. Wannan shi ne yadda zamani refrigerators da freezers a guje.

A 1862 a World Nunin a London, Ferdinand Carre nuna duniya na farko kasuwanci inji don samar da kankara. A cikin na'ura a matsayin sanyaya ruwa ammonia da ake amfani, kuma yana samar da kankara a wani kudi na 200 kg awa.

1825: samu daga benzene

Tarihi, cewa benzene ya zama daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci abubuwa a cikin sunadarai, a wani m ji, watau aka yi amfani da su haifar da sabon kayan, da kuma ka'idojin - .. Ga wani fahimtar da sinadaran bond. Scientist gano benzene a wani m saura gas samarwa ga lighting a London.

1831: Faraday ta doka, dabara, kimiyyar lissafi na electromagnetic shigar da

Wannan wani musamman muhimmanci samu ga nan gaba kimiyya da fasaha. Faraday ta Law (Physics) bayar da cewa alternating Magnetic filin yanã da lantarki a kewaye, da kuma generated electromotive karfi ne kai tsaye na gwargwado ga kudi na canji na Magnetic juyi. Daya daga ta yiwu shigarwar | E | = | dΦ / dt |, inda E - EMF da kuma F - juyi.

Alal misali, motsi tare da wani kofaton maganadisu waya samar da wani wutar lantarki, tun da motsi na da maganadisu sa Magnetic alternating filin. Kafin wannan kawai tushen ikon da aka baturi. Maykl Faradey, da bude a cikin abin da lissafin kimiyya sun nuna cewa motsi za a iya tuba a cikin wutar lantarki, ko, a mafi kimiyya sharuddan, da sanadin motsi makamashi za a iya tuba a cikin na'urar samar da makamashi, haka kãshi ga cewa mafi yawan makamashi a gidajenmu yau an yi kawai domin wannan manufa.

Juyawa (sanadin motsi makamashi) ne tuba zuwa cikin wutar lantarki ta hanyar yin amfani da electromagnetic shigar da. A juyawa, bi da bi, da aka samu da mataki na high-matsa lamba tururi inji mai farfela generated makamashi na ci, gas, ko kwayoyin halitta, ko da ruwa matsa lamba a cikin hydroelectric ko iska matsa lamba a cikin iska ikon shuke-shuke.

1834: dokokin electrolysis

Faraday likita sanya wata babbar gudummawa ga halittar wani sabon kimiyya na electrochemistry. Yana bayyana abin da ke faruwa a kan iyakar lantarki sashe da ionized al'amarin. Godiya ga Electrochemistry mu yi amfani da lithium-ion batura da baturi, ciyar da zamani hannu da fasaha. Faraday dokokin suna da muhimmanci a gare mu fahimtar lantarki halayen.

1836: da sabuwar dabara da kare jam'iyya

Likita Faraday gano cewa a lokacin da wani lantarki shugaba aka caje, wani wuce haddi da cajin accumulates a kan m gefe daga gare ta. Wannan yana nufin cewa a cikin dakin ko keji sanya daga karfe, an ƙarin cajin ba bayyana. Alal misali, wani mutum sanye da kwat da wando Faraday, t. E. Tare da karfe rufi, ba fallasa da waje da wutar lantarki. Bugu da kari ya kare mutane Faraday keji za a iya amfani da wutar lantarki, ko electrochemical gwajen kula waje tsangwama. Yi kariya jam'iyya kuma iya haifar da matattu zones ga mobile sadarwa.

1845 bude na Faraday sakamako - magneto-Tantancewar sakamako

Wani muhimmin gwaji a tarihin kimiyya an kwarewa a karon farko ya tabbatar da gamuwa da electromagnetism da haske, wanda a 1864 an bayyana cikakke da lissafai na James akawu Maxwell. Likita Faraday gano cewa, haske ne da wani electromagnetic kalaman na "Lokacin da m Magnetic sandunan ne a kan wannan gefe, shi yana da wani sakamako a kan polarized haske, wanda ta haka ne ya tsayar da alaka tsakanin Magnetic karfi da kuma haske ...

1845 gano diamagnetism kamar yadda Properties na duk al'amarin

Mafi yawan mutane suna sane da ferromagnetism a cikin misali na al'ada da maganadiso. Faraday (likita) gano cewa duk abubuwa ne diamagnetic - mafi yawansu ba su da dan kadan, amma akwai kuma karfi. Diamagnetism ne daura da shugabanci na amfani da Magnetic filin. Alal misali, idan ka sanya arewa iyakacin duniya da karfi diamagnetic abu, shi zai zama farkon. Diamagnetism a kayan jawo by sosai karfi zamani maganadiso za a iya amfani da su cimma levitation. Ko halittu masu rai kamar frogs, suna diamagnetic kuma iya Tsayar a wani karfi Magnetic filin.

karshen

Maykl Faradey, da likita wanda binciken kawo canji, a kimiyya, ya mutu a kan Agusta 25, 1867 a London ya na da shekaru 75 years. Saratu matarsa rayu tsawon. The biyu da 'ya'ya. A tsawon rayuwar shi ya kasance wani ibada Kirista da kuma mallakar wani kananan Protestant darikar sandemaniantsev.

A lokacin da rayuwar Faraday aka gayyace zuwa jana'iza a Westminster Abbey tare da sarakuna, banza na Burtaniya da kuma masana kimiyya kamar Isaac Newton. Ya ƙi ga mafi suna fadin bikin. Kabarinsa, wanda aka kuma binne Saratu, za a iya samu a Highgate hurumi a London.