Lignin - abin da yake da shi? Lignin hydrolysis. Aikace-aikace na hydrolytic lignin Properties

Lignin - abin da yake da shi? Ba kowa ba ne zai iya amsa wannan tambaya, amma za mu yi kokarin fahimtar. Lignin - wani abu da yake da wani ɓangare na da cikakken duk da shuke-shuke, a duniya. Har ila yau, ya kamata ma a ambaci kamar yadda amfani gyara irin yadda cellulose, kuma hemicellulose.

Babban manufar lignin - shi ne don tabbatar da mutunci da jirgin ruwa ganuwar, wanda matsawa ruwa da kuma narkar da na gina jiki. Lignin da cellulose ne tare a cikin cell ganuwar, su kara karfinsu. Ba duk tsire-tsire da wannan adadin na fili. Mafi yawa daga shi aka samu a conifers, game da 40%, amma a deciduous - kawai 25%.

Da kaddarorin lignin

Wannan abu ne mai halitta polymer duhu rawaya. Shi ne kusan insoluble a ruwa da kuma Organic kaushi. Lignin - abin da yake da shi tare da tsarin ra'ayi? A sarari amsar wannan tambaya zai yi aiki ba, saboda, kasancewa memba na daban-daban shuke-shuke, da abu na iya zama ma daban-daban a cikin tsarin.

Bayan bazuwar na lignin aka kafa gina jiki arziki humus, wanda ke taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin yanayi. Processing na lignin a cikin yanayi ya kasance dakaru na kwayoyin cuta, fungi da wasu kwari.

Babban amfani da wannan abu ne cewa ba lallai ba ne, don samar da ko samu. Haka ne, shi ne kusan yiwu ba, lignin ne don haka tabbaci hade da shuka Kwayoyin, cewa wucin gadi rabuwa ne wani hadadden tsari.

A lignin, da samar da abin da aka za'ayi zuwa ranar, fãce kamar yadda talakawa sharar gida a ɓangaren litattafan almara aiki. A manyan taro na shi ne rasa, amma qara reactivity.

Hanyar na isolating lignin

Kan aiwatar da extracting da abu daga katako ne da za'ayi tare da daban-daban dalilai:

• nazarin da kaddarorin al'amari.
• kayyade adadin lignin a daban-daban shuke-shuke.

Hanyar na hakar wakili an zabi dangane da manufar da amfani. Idan m aiki ne don yin karatu, da hanyoyin da kadaici da akalla yiwu tasiri a kan tsarin da kuma ingancin lignin. Ko da yake akwai kusan babu irin hanyoyin da zai bada tabbacin samun da abu canzawa.

Bayan rabuwar lignin ƙunshi dama impurities:

• extractives a kan hydrolysis ba insoluble mahadi.
• humification kayayyakin na sugars.
• trudnogidrolizuemyh cakuda polysaccharides.

Matsakaicin dace da yanayi na kadaici da lignin ne waɗanda karkashin wanda a mafi girma da adadin abu. A wannan yanayin, da lignin an samu kusan free of impurities, da kuma lura da kananan hasarori.

Mafi na kowa Hanyar aka dauke su sulfuric acid, amma solyanokislotny amfani da yawa kasa akai-akai saboda rashin jin dadin da aiki tare da mayar da hankali acid.

irin lignin

Babban tushen lignin ne masana'antu samar da cellulose. A daban-daban shuke-shuke da wannan shugabanci za a iya amfani da daban-daban samarwa fasahar da haka lignin samu haka, shi yana zalunci inganci da abun da ke ciki.

A samar da tsari ko Alkali sulfate lignin sulphates samu a samar da acid - sulfite.

Bambanci tsakanin wadannan iri juna, ba kawai da abun da ke ciki amma kuma Hanyar dashi. Sulphate lignin aka incinerated, kuma sulphite aika zuwa ajiya a musamman ajiya yankunan.

A hydrolysis Enterprises ake lignin hydrolysis.

Kadarorin hydrolytic lignin

Wannan powdery abu da yawa daga 1,45 g / cm³. Its launi dabam daga haske m zuwa anin launin ruwan kasa. A lignin abun ciki a cikin irin wannan abu na iya Range daga 40 zuwa 80%.

Hydrolytic lignin yana mai guba Properties kuma high iya aiki domin adsorption, wannan dogara ne a kan yin amfani da magani.

Idan ka fesa wani abu wanda lokacin da bushe zama man fetur, akwai iya zama wani hadarin fashewar. Dry lignin a lokacin konewa fitarda yawa zafi isa. ta ƙonewa zafin jiki ne 195 darajõji, kuma da lalata fara a zazzabi na 185 ° C.

Production lignin shirye-shirye

Lignin daga itace ware domin ya sami sa'an nan kuma ya magunguna ga wani iri-iri na karatu. La'akari da lignin dawo mataki:

• chopping itace kwakwalwan kwamfuta zuwa jihar, kuma a wasu lokuta, da lallausan gari.
• magani na barasa-toluene cakuda su rabu da mu da extractives.
• da yin amfani da acid catalysts, wanda hana nassi na lignin a wani narkewa jihar.

A cikin masana'antu tsari, wasu daga cikin narkewa siffofin da mahadi, wanda precipitated, tsarkake da kuma bushe, inda wani foda.

Aikace-aikace na hydrolytic lignin

Duk da cewa abu ne quite wuya a maimaita saboda da hadaddun yanayi da rashin zaman lafiya, yana yiwuwa domin lissafa abubuwan da daban-daban sassa inda lignin da ake amfani. Aikace-aikace na abu yana da wadannan yankunan:

• samar da man fetur briquettes.
• kamar yadda a tukunyar jirgi man fetur.
• samar da rage jamiái ga wasu karafa da silicon.
• filler a cikin robobi masana'antu.
• Production na man fetur da gas.
• tsirar da takin.
• samar da herbicides.
• kamar yadda albarkatun kasa domin samar da phenol, acetic acid.
• samar da kunna carbon.
• a matsayin sorbent domin lura da birane da kuma masana'antu effluents.
• samar da magunguna.
• samar da tubalin da yumbu kayayyakin.

Dalilan da karuwa a bukatar lignin

Lignin hydrolysis ne mai kyau man fetur wanda, bisa konewa, samar da wani babban adadin kuzari. Bugu da kari, da albarkatun kasa domin samar da wannan makamashi hanya ne quite m da kuma sabunta.

Ba wai kawai a cikin kasar amma a duniya a halin yanzu Topical batun na madadin makamashi kafofin. Don yin wannan, akwai wani yawan dalilai, daga cikinsu za mu iya lissafa da wadannan:

1. Halitta makamashi dako - kwal, man fetur da kuma iskar gas bukatar ta samar ta amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban na kudin. Wannan ba zai iya amma shafar kullum kara da darajar.
2. Energy kafofin da suke a halin yanzu a amfani, ne exhaustible albarkatun, don haka akwai wani zai zo lokacin da kayayyaki suna kusan amfani up.
3. Production na madadin kafofin samar da makamashi da aka kara kuzari da jihar a kasashen da dama.

Lignin kamar yadda man fetur

Kamar yadda na yau, fiye da kuma mafi sau da yawa a matsayin madadin man fetur amfani lignin. Mene ne shi da kuma yadda yake kama?

The abu ne sawdust tare da danshi abun ciki na har zuwa 70%, wanda ya bambanta a abun da ke ciki dangane da albarkatun kasa. Kila ne sosai kama da gawayi, wanda kuma yana da babban yawan kankanin pores. A Properties na wannan abu ba da damar ya bijirar da ta briquetting da pelletizing. Idan high-matsa lamba aiki a kan irin wannan cake, shi ya jũya a cikin wani danko sosai roba taro.

A katsin sanya daga irin wannan lignin, da high zafi masha'a, amma shi ba ya nuna yawa hayaki. Fuel briquettes kuma katsin ne high quality-kayan, wanda konewa mai yawa zafi, da kuma kusan babu toka. Yana iya ƙarasa da cewa lignin ne mai kyau albarkatun kasa domin samar da man fetur briquettes.

A amfani da lignin a foda siffan

The abu a cikin foda jihar sami yin amfani matsayin ƙari a samar da kwalta kankare. A amfani da hydrolyzed lignin ba ka damar:

• kara da ƙarfi, ruwa juriya da kuma juriya ga fatattaka.
• ajiye hanya-kayan gini.
• muhimmanci inganta muhalli halin da ake ciki a yankunan inda sharar da aka adana.
• mayar da takin gargajiya na asashe, wanda ake amfani da a karkashin ruwan wukake.

A hanya kansu isasshe m don amfani lignin. Da kaddarorin ne irin wannan cewa ba ka damar muhimmanci inganta ingancin ginin abu. Bugu da ƙari, lignin ba da damar maye gurbin m Additives.

lignin Kalam

Kalam na abu ne lignosulfonates, wanda aka kafa ta sulfite Hanyar itace aiki. Lignosulfonates da high aiki, kunna su don nemo su aikace-aikace a cikin daban-daban masana'antu:

• masana'antun man fetur (gyara Properties na hakowa muds) .
• Foundry (aiki a matsayin m, a cikin garwayayye).
• samar da kankare.
• yi masana'antu (as emulsifiers a emulsions na hanya).
• albarkatun kasa da shiri na vanillin.
• noma (sha'anin shũka a hana yashewa).

Sulphate lignin yana da wani high yawa, da kuma sinadaran juriya. A bushe jihar - mai ruwan kasa foda wanda dissolves a ammonia, Alkali, ethylene glycol, dioxins.

A sulphate lignin ba mai guba, ba hatsari, kuma an fesa daga ra'ayi na wuta Hazard. Ana amfani da:

• a matsayin plasticizer a yi na yumbu articles, kankare.
• kamar yadda albarkatun kasa domin samar da robobi da kuma phenol-formaldehyde resins.
• kamar yadda wata mahada a yi na paperboard, takarda da kuma itace tushen kayan.
• kamar yadda wani ƙari a yi na roba da kuma latex.

Yana yanzu ya bayyana yadda amfani da yadu lignin. Mẽne ne a yanzu babu daya ba ya haifar da matsaloli, tun saboda da halaye na wannan abu ne sosai a bukatar a duniya a yau.

Magunguna dangane lignin

Kamar yadda muka gani, da yin amfani da hydrolyzed lignin da yiwu a kiwon lafiya filin. Za ka iya lissafa da wadannan kwayoyi bisa shi:

• "Lignosorb" da aka nuna ga cututtuka na gastrointestinal fili, abinci mai guba.
• "Polifan" yana da guda shawarwarin game da aikace-aikace.
• "Polyphepan" ya kawo taimako ga zawo da kuma dysbacteriosis.
• "Filtrum-STI".
• "Entegnin".

Da amfani da "Polyphepan"

Wani sunan wannan shiri - lignin hydrolysis. An samar a cikin nau'i na granules, suspensions, powders, da kuma kwayoyi. Na ganye miyagun ƙwayoyi, shi dogara ne a kan lignin. Umarnin a kan aikace-aikace ya furta cewa, da miyagun ƙwayoyi ne da iya dauri kwayoyin da su na rayuwa kayayyakin.

Bugu da ƙari, a karkashin aikin da miyagun ƙwayoyi detoxified guba abubuwa na daban-daban yanayi: nauyi karafa, rediyoaktif isotopes, ammonia. Lignin daukawa hydrolytic detoxification na kwayoyin, kazalika da bayar da antioxidant da kuma sia-ragewan sakamako.

Ga wani dogon jerin nasarori da aka lignin! Umarni ma ya nuna cewa, shan wannan magani, ba za ka iya rama domin rashin na abin da ake ci fiber a cikin hanji, wadda ake rayayye da hannu a cikin tsari na narkewa, normalize microflora da kuma inganta rigakafi.

Alamomi ga m "Polyphepan" su ne:

• kullum ko m gastrointestinal cuta.
• abinci mai guba.
• zawo.
• kwayar hepatitis.
• kwalara.
• hanji dysbiosis.
• salmonellosis.
• colitis.
• rashin lafiyan halayen.
• cuta mai metabolism a cikin jiki.
• dawo da lokaci bayan jiyyar cutar sankara ko radiation.
• gynecological matsaloli: candidiasis, vaginosis.

A wajen m jerin alamomi yana da irin wannan magani, kamar yadda lignin. Umarnin ma Notes wasu contraindications:

• Hypersensitivity da miyagun ƙwayoyi.
• kullum maƙarƙashiya.
• gastritis.
• ciwon sukari.

A lokacin liyafar lignin illa iya faruwa: wani rashin lafiyan dauki ko maƙarƙashiya.

Hanyar da ake ji magani da kuma ta sashi an saita likita dangane da wuya daga cikin ganewar asali da kuma yanayin. Yawanci wajabta ci daga lignin a lokacin da ya gabata, amma tare da wasu matsaloli na tsawon na far za a iya ƙara har zuwa wata daya.

Lafiyar Qasa da lignin

Wannan abu da aka samar a cikin manyan yawa a ɓangaren litattafan almara aiki. An folded a manyan tara, wanda taimakawa wajen gurbatawa. Bugu da kari, akwai lokuta kwatsam konewa na lignin.

Don kwanan wata, shi ne wani batu da abu amfani kamar man fetur, tun bayan da konewa da babban adadin sharar gida, wanda sa lalacewar yanayi. Lignin sami aikace da yawa a cikin masana'antu, don haka na farko na duk yana da muhimmanci a magance matsalar muhalli aminci daga cikin yanayi.