Kristofer Tolkin, ƙaramin ɗan JRR Tolkien. Biography

Kristofer Tolkin (duba ƙasa photo.) - ƙaramin ɗan JRR Tolkien, marubucin wannan wurin hutawa ayyukansa kamar yadda "The Ubangijin Zobba", "The Hobbit, ko Akwai kuma Back Again" da kuma "The Silmarillion". Christopher ya ciyar monumental Editorial aiki a kan wanda ba a kare ayyukan mahaifinsa. Tare da wannan bugu fitar da "The Silmarillion", "History of Middle-duniya", haruffa da kuma makala, Tolkien Sr da wasu daga cikin sauran wallafe-wallafen ayyukansu.

biography

Kristofer Ruel Tolkien aka haife shi a Turanci birnin Leeds a 1924. A shekaru 19, a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, ya soja kurum marar a cikin sahu na sarauta jirgin sama da kuma wasu lokaci ciyar a aiki da sabis. Bayan nasarar da kawance sojojin da aka canjawa wuri zuwa ga ajiye.

Gama da aiki a matsayin wani soja pilot, Kristofer Tolkin kuwa shiga wurin mahaifinsa zambiyõyin. A shekarar 1949 ya sauke karatu daga Jami'ar Oxford da wani mataki a cikin "English". A 'yan shekarun baya da ya samu a karo na biyu digiri a wallafe-wallafe. A cikin 60 - 70s, ya gudanar da wannan post kamar yadda tsohonsa - shi ya kasance wani farfesa Turanci, a Jami'ar Oxford.

Editorial aiki a kan ayyukan da mahaifinsa

A gaskiya ma, aiki a kan ayyukan JRR Tolkien ta dan Christopher ya fara ne tun suna yara, sa'ad da yake da farko saurarõnsu da karatu na tãtsũniyõyin Bilbo Baggins, daga baya ya zama labari "The Hobbit, ko Akwai kuma Back Again." A lokacin shekara goma sha biyar na aiki a kan "Ubangijin Zobba," ƙaramin ɗan uban ya miƙa yafi sanyata zargi da taimaka wajen haifar da cikakken taswirar Middle-duniya, wanda ake amfani da su a wannan rana.

Lokacin da Christopher zo na shekaru - a Ingila da shi a '21 - babana ya gayyato shi ya dauki bangare a tarurruka na "Inklings" kulob din a Oxford. Sun Christopher halarci wallafe-wallafen tattaunawa a kan daban-daban batutuwa da irin wannan ƙattin na Genre na "high fantasy" kamar yadda Klayv Lyuis, Charlz Uilyams da Rodzher grin. High wallafe-wallafen akida na ubansa da mãtan aure a kan kulob din ya yi zurfi ra'ayi a kan Christopher kuma taimake shi ya fi fahimta da aiki na mahaifinsa, wanda a nuna ba shi damar tara, edit (da kuma a wasu lokuta don ƙara) da kuma sakin buga ba a kare ba ayyukan JRR Tolkien.

Hard aiki Christopher Tolkien magoya na "Ubangijin Zobba" suyi irin wannan wurin hutawa ayyukansa kamar yadda "The Silmarillion", "Bani Hurin" da kuma wani mai arziki tarin labaru cewa bayyanãwa da tarihi na Middle-ƙasa. Bugu da kari da aiki mai wuya a kan halittar maps, Christopher, a kan tushen da mahaifinsa rubuce-rubucen, tattara a arziki sosai ƙamus na harsuna magana da mazaunan wannan sihiri nahiyar.

"The Silmarillion"

Bayan rasuwar J. R. R. Tolkien kafadu da ɗansa Christopher tafi mai wuya aiki - don saki da buga ba a kare ba littafin cewa mawallafin "The Hobbit" da "Ubangiji" da aka asali ƙaryata. Christopher amfani da farkon aikin da mahaifinsa da ake kira "The Book of Lost Tatsũniyõyi," wacce ta duba mana "The Silmarillion" da kuma nuna bukatarsa na mahaifinsa game da ɗaba'ar.

"The Silmarillion" shine labarin Arda - duniya, ɓangare na abin da yake Middle-ƙasa. A littafin kunshi biyar sassa:

• "Song na Ainur, ko Ainulindale" - ya gaya game da halittar duniya da taimakon songs Ilúvatar da Ainur. Yana gaya game da halittar EA - a sararin samaniya a cikin abin da na farko m theme samarwa da Iluvatar (mahaliccin), da kuma tsince Ainur (sojojin) halitta Arda - bayyane da kuma gane duniya. Na biyu theme music ya ba da shaci wannan duniya, da kuma tunawa da karfi na kowane daga cikin Ainur. The uku theme aka sung by Iluvatar kadai da kuma ta haifi yara na Ilúvatar, elves (ɗan fari) da kuma mutane (mutãne).
• "Valakventa, ko tarihi na Valar" - wani tarin bayani dalla-dalla da kuma kwatancin da Valar, da Maiar, kuma Melkor. A cewar kashi na biyu na "The Silmarillion", wadanda na Ainur so ya tafi ya tarye na farko-haife na Arda, suka saki daga Iluvatar EA kuma samu jinsin halaye. Elves suna da kashi, ko a matsafai na kan elven - Valar. Suna da mataimakansa, baya a iko da ƙarfi - Maillard. Morgoth - daya daga cikin mafi iko Ainur, Ilúvatar ƙiya, suka yi wa dissonance a music kuma bar EA. A samfur na Littafi Mai Tsarki Lucifer, ya zama da progenitor na mugunta a Arda da kuma babban abokin gaba da Valar.
• "Quenta Silmarillion, ko tarihi na Silmarils" - da labari na lu'ulu'ai halitta da Feanor elven gwani, wanda aka kiyaye shi ta hasken Arda. Wannan shi ne girma daga cikin "Silmarillion", abin da ya bayyana duk farko Age.
• "Akallabêth ko fall na Númenor" - da labari, da mayar da hankali wanda shine na biyu yaro na Iluvatar - mutane. Da rubu'in ne game da halittar mafi girma na mulkinsa, Yuan, ƙi da kuma auka, wanda a cikin sa cikin hiding na Valinor - ƙasar Valar - bayan Arda.
• "A cikin Zobe na Power" - da karshe na littafin gaya game da abubuwan da suka faru na uku Age, partially bayyana a cikin "The Hobbit" da "Ubangijin Zobba."

"The History of Middle-duniya"

The most aikin Editorial aikin Christopher Tolkien karkashin lakabi "History of Middle-duniya" ya hada da 12 kundin. A posthumously buga tarin hada da dukan farkon ayyukan Dzhona Tolkina, kazalika da ya zayyana, bayanin kula, makala da kuma haruffa edited by Kristofer Tolkin. Christopher matar da aka tsunduma cikin haruffa zuwa Editocin-in-doka.

A jerin aka ba da goyan bayan wani takamaiman storyline da kuma mai haƙuri da Genre, ciki har da wani waka, song, shayari kuma aikin jarida. A farko biyu kundin na "Tarihin" sa farkon da kuma marigayi ayyukan Tolkien Sr., ya tattara a "The Book of Lost Tatsũniyõyi."

"Lost Tatsũniyõyi"

Bayan da littafin da "The Silmarillion" a cikin hannãyenku daga Christopher samu 'yan mafi zayyana da kuma rubuce-rubucen na aiki lokaci tare da labarun, riga saki a cikin littafin. A cewar Tolkien, Jr., ko wadannan rubuce-rubucen kalkashinsa yayin aiki a kan "The Silmarillion", da littafin dã ya kasance wani mabanbanta.

A ta core, na farko biyu kundin na "Tarihin Middle-duniya" yana game da wannan events a matsayin "Silmarillion", amma tare da gagarumin tarawa da kuma a wasu wurare ma tare da bambance-bambance. Dzhon Tolkin sau da yawa canza sunayen wuraren da al'umman Middle-ƙasa da Arda, saboda haka, da aka buga a "The Book of Lost Tatsũniyõyi" zayyana gauraye na shekara-shekara storyline da kuma almara talikai. Shi ya sa Christopher ya m aiki ta samar da farkon halittun tare da ubansu ta bayani da kuma nassoshi daga baya ayyukansu.

"Bani Hurin"

Kiyasta labari a kan wanda Tolkien mahaifin ya fara aiki a cikin matasa da kuma zauna ba a kare ba. The ban tausayi labarin na Turin Turambar da Nienor ya ba a kare ba Christopher Tolkien zuwa girma na labaru da kuma fito da a buga a 2007. Kamar yadda Christopher, wasu abubuwa na mãkirci ya yi gina a kan kanta.

Copyright da allo versions na

Kamar yadda Christopher ne kawai yaro Dzhona Tolkina, ya kasance babban jami'in na Asusun Tolkien kadarori, mallakan hakkin mawallafi zuwa ga ayyukan marubuci. A wannan batun, shekaru da yawa akwai matsaloli da matsaloli, musamman game da karbuwa "The Hobbit" da "Ubangijin Zobba", wanda yamar Tolkin Kristofer. A hakkokin da embodiment na tarihi a kan fuska, duk da haka, an sayar da a lokacin rayuwar mahaifinsa.

Da farko magana game da fim karbuwa daga "Ubangiji" tafi har a lõkacin da rai ya kasance marubucin littafi, wanda yake shi ne daraja ambata, ya ba a cikin wata na musamman m game da ra'ayin yin wani fim, duk da haka, da bai guje. Dzhon Tolkin wasu lokaci ko halarci aiki a kan rubutun ga staging fim, amma kuma ya mutu, kuma ba da ciwon lokaci zuwa gama aiki har zuwa karshen.

Marubucin, duk da haka, gudanar da sayar da fim, da mutuncinsu, da kuma bayan mutuwarsa da asusun ya saya daga cikin sunayen da haruffa, dangane da wanda Kristofer Tolkin yana da wani tasiri a kan abun ciki na fina-finai a biyu ayyukan da aka buga a lokacin rayuwar mahaifinsa.

Ana shayar da adaptations Peter Jackson

Duk da cewa da trilogy "Ubangijin Zobba" Peter Jackson ne fāɗin duniya gane kamar yadda mafi kyau na data kasance adaptations, Tolkin Kristofer, wanda yara yi aiki tare da ma'aikatan jirgin, quite mummunan Allah wadai da erroneous fassarar da aiki. A wata hira da jaridar LeMonde ya koka da cewa "Ubangiji" - shi ne ba kawai wani samfurin a cikin "mataki" Genre, ba kyau rubuta mai ban sha'awa, amma da wani hadadden al'amarinsu cewa zai iya shafar ji na duniya. Piter Dzhekson trilogy cire daga duk mafi bayyanawa da hadaddun kuma juya shi a cikin wani sauki movie ga matasa.

Irin wannan hali da aiki na darektan da kuma bambance-bambance game da fim kamfanin zargin ya kai ga wani Lagwani rigingimu da kai kara, wanda muhimmanci ragae "The Hobbit" yin fim, kuma ba Yunƙurin zuwa wani irin adawa "da Kristofer Tolkin, Peter Jackson."