Jerin shuke-shuke na nukiliya a Rasha. Yawancin tsire-tsire makamashin nukiliya a Rasha

Masanin kimiyya na nukiliya, wanda ya tashi a matsayin kimiyya bayan binciken da aka samu a shekarar 1986 na masana kimiyya A. Becquerel da M. Curie, sun zama tushen ba kawai na makaman nukiliya ba, har ma da masana'antun nukiliya.

Tunanin binciken nukiliya a Rasha

Tuni a shekara ta 1910 an kafa Radium Commission a St. Petersburg, wanda ya hada da masanin ilimin lissafi NN Beketov, AP Karpinsky, VI Vernadsky.

An gudanar da nazarin hanyoyin sarrafa rediyo tare da sakin makamashi na ciki a matakin farko na bunkasa masana'antun makamashin nukiliya na Russia, a cikin lokaci daga 1921 zuwa 1941. Sa'an nan, da shi ya tabbatar zai yiwu neutron kama protons rubuce substantiated yiwuwar nukiliya halayen da fission na uranium.

A karkashin jagorancin IV Kurchatov, ma'aikatan ofisoshin kungiyoyi daban-daban sunyi aiki a kan aiwatar da jerin maganganu a fission na uranium.

Lokacin da aka kafa makaman nukiliya a cikin USSR

A shekara ta 1940, an samo asali mai yawa na ilimin lissafi da kuma kwarewa, wanda ya sa masana kimiyya su ba da shawara ga jagorancin kasar da yin amfani da fasaha mai girma na makamashin intra-atom. A 1941, an gina cyclotron na farko a Moscow, wanda ya sa ya yiwu a bincikar sautin motsa jiki ta hanyoyi masu girma. A farkon yakin, ana kawo kayan aiki zuwa Ufa da Kazan, daga bisani ma'aikata suka biyo baya.

A shekara ta 1943, an kafa dakin gwagwarmaya na musamman ga kwayar halittu, karkashin jagorancin IV Kurchatov, wanda makasudin shi ne samar da bam din uranium na nukiliya ko man fetur.

Yin amfani da bama-bamai bam a Amurka a watan Agustan 1945 a Hiroshima da Nagasaki ya kafa wata mahimmanci don mallakar mallakar wannan kasa ta hanyar kwarewa kuma, saboda haka, ya tilasta USSR don hanzarta aikin da ya haifar da bam din bam din.

Sakamakon tsarin matakan shi ne kaddamar da farko a cikin rukuni na nukiliya na Uranium-graphite a kauyen Sarov (Gorky Region) a 1946. A lokacin gwajin gwaji na F-1, an fara gudanar da aikin nukiliya na farko.

An gina masana'antun masana'antu don inganta albarkatun plutonium a shekara ta 1948 a Chelyabinsk. A shekara ta 1949, an gwada cajin nukiliya na nukiliya a polygon a Semipalatinsk.

Wannan mataki ya zama babban shiri a cikin tarihin masana'antun nukiliya na kasa da kasa. Kuma tun a shekarar 1949, an fara aikin gina ginin makamashin nukiliya.

A shekara ta 1954, a Obninsk, an kaddamar da shirin nukiliya na farko (duniya) na farko tare da karamin ƙarfin (5 MW).

Industrial dual-manufa reactor, inda ban da samar da wutar lantarki tara more kuma makamai sa plutonium, aka sa a cikin Tomsk (Seversk) a Siberian sinadaran shuka.

Rashin Harkokin Kasuwanci na Rukicin Rasha: Nau'o'in Magana

Ma'aikatar wutar lantarki ta Rundunar Harkokin Kiwon Lafiyar Harkokin Nukiliya ta farko ce ta farko da aka tsara game da amfani da magungunan wutar lantarki:

• Hanyar mai tashar tashar tashar wutar lantarki RBMK (mai rikon tashar wutar lantarki); Fuel - dan uranium dioxide (2%) mai wadataccen abu mai yawa, mai jinkirin daukiwa - graphite, mai zafi - ruwan zãfi, deuterium da tritium tsarkake (ruwa mai haske).
• Rikicin VVER (Rashin ruwa na ruwa) a kan magungunan thermal neutron, wanda aka sanya shi a cikin gidaje mai matsa lamba, man fetur - uranium dioxide tare da haɓaka kashi 3-5%, ruwa mai laushi - ruwa, shi ma mai sanyaya.
• BN-600 shi ne mai tsarke mai tsaka baki, man fetur ya wadatar da uranium, mai sanyaya shine sodium. Abinda ke aiki ne kawai a cikin duniya. An shigar da shi a tashar Beloyarskaya.
• EGP mai mahimmanci ne na thermal neutron (nau'in makamashi na makamashi), yana aiki kawai a Bilibino NPP. Ya bambanta da cewa overheating na mai sanyaya (ruwa) faruwa a cikin reactor kanta. An san shi a matsayin mai ɓarna.

A cikin Rasha, ƙwayoyin wutar lantarki guda goma suna aiki da raka'a wutar lantarki 33 tare da cikakken damar fiye da 2300 MW:

• Tare da VVER reactors - 17 raka'a;
• Tare da RMBK reactors - 11 raka'a;
• Tare da shinge na BN-1 masu magunguna;
• Tare da EGP masu tasiri - 4 tubalan.

Jerin tsire-tsire na makamashin nukiliya a Rasha da Jamhuriyar Tarayya: tsawon lokacin izini daga 1954 zuwa 2001.

1. 1954, Obninsk, Obninsk, yankin Kaluga. Manufar - zanga-zanga da masana'antu. Misalin nau'i mai nau'in AM-1 ne. Ya ƙare a shekarar 2002.
2. 1958, Siberian, Tomsk-7 (Seversk), Tomsk Region. Dalilin shi ne samar da makamai-sa plutonium, ƙarin zafi da ruwan zafi ga Seversk da Tomsk. Nau'in reactor - EI-2, ADE-3, ADE-4, ADE-5. A ƙarshe ya tsaya a 2008 ta hanyar yarjejeniya da Amurka.
3. 1958, Krasnoyarsk, Krasnoyarsk-27 (Zheleznogorsk). Nau'in reactors - ADE, ADE-1, ADE-2. Manufar - samar da kayan makamai masu linzami, zafi na Krasnoyarsk amarya da sarrafawa. Ƙarshen karshe ya faru a shekara ta 2010 ta hanyar yarjejeniya da Amurka.
4. 1964, Beloyarsk NPP, Zarechny, Sverdlovsk Region. Nau'in reactors - AMB-100, AMB-200, BN-600, BN-800. An dakatar da AMB-100 a 1983, AMB-200 - a 1990. A hakika.
5. 1964, Novovoronezh NPP. Nau'in reactor - VVER, guda biyar. Na farko da na biyu an tsaya. Matsayi - aiki.
6. 1968, Dimitrovograd, Melekess (Dimitrovograd tun 1972) na yankin Ulyanovsk. Nau'in kayan bincike masu bincike - MIR, SM, RBT-6, BOR-60, RBT-10/1, RBT-10/2, VK-50. Masu ba da shawara BOR-60 da VK-50 suna samar da wutar lantarki. An ƙayyade kwanakin ƙarshe. Matsayi - kadai tashar tare da bincike reactors. Da alama rufe shi ne 2020.
7. 1972, Shevchenkivska (Mangyshlak), Aktau, Kazakhstan. Rahotanni BN, ya tsaya a shekarar 1990.
8. Shekara 1973, Kola NPP, Polyarnye Zori, Murmansk yankin. Guda huɗun VVER. Matsayi - aiki.
9. 1973 shekara, Leningrad, Sosnovy Bor garin, Leningrad Region. Rikicin RMBK-1000 (kamar dai a tashar wutar lantarki na Chernobyl). Matsayi - aiki.
10. 1974 shekara. Bilibino NPP, Bilibino, yankin Chukchi na Yanki. Nau'ikan reactors - AMB (yanzu tsaya), BN da hudu EGPs. Aiki.
11. 1976 shekara. Kurskaya, Kursk Region, Kursk Region. An shigar da haɗin RMBK-1000. Aiki.
12. 1976 shekara. Armenian, Metsamor, Armenian SSR. Ƙungiyoyin VV guda biyu, an dakatar da na farko a 1989, na biyu yana aiki.
13. 1977 shekara. Chernobyl, Chernobyl, Ukraine. An shigar da haɗin RMBK-1000. An rushe kashi na hudu a shekarar 1986, an dakatar da na biyu a 1991, na farko - a 1996, na uku - a 2000.
14. Shekara 1980. Rivne, Kuznetsovsk, Rivne yankin, Ukraine. Raka'a uku tare da VVER reactors. Aiki.
15. Shekarar 1982. Smolensk, Desnogorsk Smolensk yankin, raka'a biyu tare da VVER-1000 RMBK. Aiki.
16. Shekarar 1982. Kudu Ukraine NPP Yuzhnoukrainsk, Mykolayiv yankin., Ukraine. Gyara guda uku na VVER. Aiki.
17. Shekarar 1983. Ignalina, Visaginas (wadda ita ce yankin Ignalina), Lithuania. Lambobin RMBK biyu. An dakatar da shi a shekara ta 2009 a kan bukatar Tarayyar Tarayyar Turai (bayan da ya dace da EEC).
18. Shekarar 1984. Kalinin NPP, birnin Udomlya, Tver yankin. Biyu VVER reactors. Aiki.
19. Shekarar 1984. Zaporizhzhya, birnin Energodar, Ukraine. Kashi shida tare da raccan VVER. Aiki.
20. Shekara ta 1985. Balakovo, birni na Balakovo, yankin Saratov. Guda huɗun VVER. Aiki.
21. Shekarar 1987. Khmelnytsky, Neteshin, Khmelnitsky yankin., Ukraine. Ɗaya daga cikin maɗaukaki na VVER. Aiki.
22. Shekara ta 2001. Rostov (Volgodonsk), Volgodonsk, Rostov yankin. By 2014, akwai raka'a guda biyu da ke aiki a kan masu amfani da VVER. Kashi biyu a cikin ginin.

Ma'aikatar nukiliya bayan hadarin a tashar wutar lantarki ta Chernobyl

1986 ya kasance shekara mai mutuwa ga wannan masana'antu. Sakamakon wannan mummunan bala'in ya faru ne saboda dan Adam cewa dalili na asali shi ne rufe makaman nukiliya da yawa. Yawan adadin wutar lantarki a duniya ya ki yarda. Ba wai kawai tashoshin gidaje ba, har ma da kasashen waje, waɗanda aka gina a karkashin ayyukan USSR sun tsaya.

Jerin shuke-shuke na makamashin nukiliya a kasar Rasha, wanda aka gina shi ne:

• Gorkovskaya AST (dumama shuka);
• Harshen;
• Dokar Voronezh.

Lissafi na shuke-shuke na makamashin nukiliya a Rasha, an soke shi a mataki na zane da kuma yin gyare-gyaren shiri:

• Arkhangelsk;
• Volgograd;
• Far Eastern;
• Ivanovo Dokar (shakatawa);
• Karelian makamashin nukiliya da Karelian-2 da makamashin nukiliya;
• Krasnodar.

An Kashe Makaman Nukiliya Da Aka Kashe A Rasha: Dalilin

Gano wani gine-ginen gini a kan wani kuskuren tectonic - wannan dalili ya nuna majiyoyin hukuma don kiyayewa na gina gine-ginen nukiliya na Rasha. Taswirar yankuna na yanki na ƙasar suna raba yankin Crimea-Kavkaz-Kopetdag, da Baikalift, da Altai-Sayan, da Far-Eastern da Amur.

Daga wannan ra'ayi, an gina gine-gine na Crimean (shiri na farko - 80%) ya fara da rashin gaskiya. Dalili na ainihin dalili na kiyaye kayan aikin makamashi kamar yadda tsada shi ne yanayin rashin lafiya - matsalar tattalin arziki a cikin USSR. A wannan lokacin, yawancin masana'antun masana'antu sun bar ba tare da izini ba (a zahiri jefa su sata), duk da girman shiri.

Rostov NPP: sake komawa ga sababbin ra'ayoyin jama'a

An fara gina ginin a farkon 1981. Kuma a cikin 1990, a karkashin matsin lamba na jama'a, kwamitin yanki ya yanke shawarar adana shafin. Shirye-shiryen na farko a wannan lokacin ya riga ya kasance 95%, kuma na biyu - 47%.

A cikin shekaru takwas, a shekarar 1998, an gyara zane na farko, yawan adadin ƙididdiga ya rage zuwa biyu. A cikin watan Mayu 2000 aka sake gina aikin, kuma a cikin watan Mayu 2001 an fara ƙungiyar farko a cikin tsarin wutar lantarki. Daga shekara mai zuwa an sake gina aikin na biyu. An dakatar da shirin karshe a sau da yawa, kuma a watan Maris na shekarar 2010 an haɗa shi da tsarin makamashin Rasha.

Rostov NPP: 3 tubalan

A 2009, an yanke shawarar samar da wutar lantarki ta Rostov tare da shigarwa da wasu raka'a hudu da suka dogara da VVER reactors.

Da yake la'akari da halin da ake ciki yanzu, Rostov NPP ya zama mai samar da wutar lantarki zuwa cikin teku ta Crimean. Block 3 a watan Disambar 2014 an haɗa shi da tsarin wutar lantarki na Rasha a yayin da yake da iyakacin damar. Ya zuwa tsakiyar shekara ta 2015, an shirya shi ne don fara aiki na masana'antu (1011 MW), wanda zai rage yawan hadarin wutar lantarki daga Ukraine zuwa Crimea.

Atomic makamashi a zamani Rasha

By farkon 2015 duk nukiliya ikon shuke-shuke Rasha (data kasance da kuma karkashin gini) ne rassa na "Rosenergoatom" damuwa. Cutar a cikin masana'antu da matsaloli da asarar da aka samu. A farkon shekarar 2015, akwai tashoshin makamashin nukiliya 10 a kasar Rasha, da ƙasa 5 da kuma tashar jiragen ruwa guda daya.

Jerin kamfanonin makamashin nukiliya na Rasha da ke aiki a farkon shekarar 2015:

• Beloyarsk (farkon aiki - 1964).
• Novovoronezh Makamin Nukiliya (1964).
• Kola Nuclear Power Plant (1973).
• Leningrad (1973).
• Bilibinskaya (1974).
• Kursk (1976).
• Smolenskaya (1982).
• Kalinin Nuclear Power Plant (1984).
• Balakovskaya (1985).
• Rostov (2001).

Tsarin makamashin nukiliya na kasar Rasha da aka gina

• Rashin wutar lantarki na Baltic, Neman, Kaliningrad Region. Rabin guda biyu da aka dogara da nauyin VVER-1200. Ginin ya fara a shekarar 2012. Farawa a shekara ta 2017, ya isa aikin da aka tsara a 2018.

An shirya cewa NPP na Baltic zai fitar da wutar lantarki ga ƙasashen Turai: Sweden, Lithuania, Latvia. Za a yi amfani da wutar lantarki a Rasha a cikin tsarin makamashin Lithuania.

• Beloyarsk NPP-2, Zarechny, Sverdlovsk Region, a kan shafin yanar gizon. Ɗaya daga cikin ɗayan yana dogara ne akan raunin BN-800. Da farko an shirya shi domin shekarar 2014, an sake kaddamar da shi saboda rashin wadata daga Ukraine dangane da abubuwan siyasa na 2014.
• Leningrad NPP-2, Sosnovy Bor, Leningrad Region. Gidan taswirar hudu wanda ya dogara da magunguna VVER-1200. Za a maye gurbin Leningrad NPP (Leningradskaya). An shirya shirin farko don gabatarwa a shekarar 2015, na gaba - 2017, 2018, 2019. Mai daraja.
• Novovoronezh NPP-2 a Novovoronezh, Yankin Voronezh, ba da nisa ba daga yanzu. Za a maye gurbinsa, an tsara shi don gina raka'a huɗu, na farko - bisa maɓallin VVER-1200, waɗannan masu biyowa - VVER-1300. Farawa na fitarwa a kan samfurin ƙira - a 2015 (a kan toshe na farko).
• Rostov (duba sama).

Makaman nukiliya na duniya: An Bayyanawa

Kusan dukkanin tsire-tsire na makamashin nukiliya a Rasha an gina su a kasashen Turai. Taswirar tsari na duniya na tashar wutar lantarki na nukiliya ya nuna nuni abubuwa a yankuna hudu masu zuwa: Turai, Far East (Japan, China, Koriya), Gabas ta Tsakiya, Amurka ta tsakiya. A cewar IAEA, a shekara ta 2014 akwai kimanin 4400 na makaman nukiliya.

Ma'aikatan wutar lantarki na nukiliya sun fi mayar da hankali a kasashe masu zuwa:

• A {asar Amirka,} arfin wutar lantarki na samar da kWh / shekara biliyan 836.63;
• A Faransa - Naira biliyan 439.73 kWh / shekara;
• A Japan - biliyan biliyan 263.83 kWh / shekara;
• A Rasha - biliyan 160.04 na kWh / shekara;
• A Koriya - KWh / shekara biliyan 142.94;
• A cikin Jamus - KWH / shekara dubu 140.53.