Jam'iyyun siyasa na Rasha a farkon karni na 20th. The kafa jam'iyyun siyasa a Rasha

The kalmar "jam'iyyar" ya zo daga Girkanci partio, wanda ke nufin duka biyu "kashi" da "yanayin" na iya samun wasu abubuwa a cikin na kowa. Jam'iyyar siyasa, haka, wakiltar ƙungiyar na kamar shiryayye mutane tare da kowa ideas da kuma burin cewa za a iya gane ta cikin samun ikon Tsarin domin wakiltar bukatun da wasu kungiyoyin. Jam'iyyun siyasa na Rasha a farkon karni na 20th, ci gaba a cikin maras tabbas yanayi ta sarautar Nicholas II. Wannan Rasha autocrat maye gurbin Alexander III, wanda aka sani a matsayin mai peacemaker ga rashi na yaki a zamanin mulkinsa. A Accession a kan karaga, kamar yadda Nicholas II tare da mutuwar dubban mutane a Khodynka, don haka mulkinsa ya kasance mai maye daga farko.

The tarihi abubuwan da ake bukata ga ayyuka na daban-daban jam'iyyun

A cikin mulkin Rasha Empire ta suna mugun shafi cikin yaki tare da kasar Japan, a 1904-1905., Wanda ya jawo gagarumin yankin da mutum hasarori. Kan bango na raunanar da ikon da sarki ya fara fadada m yanayi da cewa bayyana kanta da farko SRs da Black Daruruwan. Nicholas II don inganta halin da ake ciki bayan juyin juya hali ya shiga jerin sake fasalin harkokin, tsakanin wanda aka kafa jihar Duma. Har sai wannan lokacin, wakilin jiki na kasar bai wanzu ba. The kafa jam'iyyun siyasa a Rasha a lokacin da ya faru a fannoni uku: gurguzu, monarchical da kuma masu sassaucin ra'ayi. Kuma kowannensu yana da da halaye da kuma gagarumin bambance-bambance a siyasa da shirye-shirye, da yadda za a cimma burin.

Kishin kasa a cikin harkokin siyasa na lokaci

Monarchist Rasha jam'iyyun siyasa a farkon karni na 20th kasance quite yawa. Daga cikinsu akwai: "Rasha Collection", "Labor Union of the People", Monarchist Party, "Rasha Mutane ta {ungiyar {asashen su. Mihaila Arhangela "da sauransu. Wadannan siyasa ba uniform shirye-shirye, amma wa'azi pronatsionalisticheskie ideas sun da adana mai masauki mulki a cikin ƙasa. "Rasha - domin Rasha" - ya slogan na da yawa monarchist ƙungiyoyi, fifita su bar ikon Unlimited sarki, da kuma Rasha Empire - da autocratic daular mulkinsu. Amma kamar yadda m ba duk jam'iyyun siyasa a Rasha. Table ne su kamanta yi.

The Black Daruruwan sun monarchists

An yi imani da cewa yawan monarchists sau da yawa a hada kananan yan kasuwa, direbobin motocin haya, da cewa shi ne, da birane "mutane" na Rasha-magana asalin, su ma 'yan kasuwa, gonaki, sana'a, ƙanana da manyan bourgeois, Cossacks, har ma da' yan sanda, musamman sadaukar da tsarist tsarin mulki. Domin wadannan mutane, jam'iyyar taken, gwagwarmaya wa'azi assimilation na sauran al'ummai, tilasta muhallinsa, shirya tarzoma, ayyukan ta'addanci. Abin da kuma aka sani monarchist jam'iyyar siyasa na Rasha? A takaice - da samuwar kungiyoyin na Black Daruruwan, wanda a 1905-1914 gg. rayayye kora sama da manufofin Manzonsa, Rasha kishin kasa da kuma anti-Semitism. A shahararren adadi a cikin monarchist motsi ya Purishkevich, saki daga mai ƙasa da muhalli.

Mai suna girmama na tarihi daftarin aiki

Liberal jam'iyyun siyasa Rasha a farkon karni na 20th, yafi wakilta Cadets da Octobrists (Union of Oktoba wakilan 17). A watan Oktoba 1905, shi ne na goma sha bakwai na Nicholas II samu wani manifesto a kan kyautata na jama'a domin, wanda shared sarki hakkin ya mallaki (da tafin kafa) da jihar Duma. A farko majalisa na Cadets (Constitutional Democrats) ya faru a cikin wannan a 1905, lokacin da aka gyarawa da babban hanya na wannan jam'iyyar motsi.

A jihar a matsayin shugaban makaranta ya fara sake fasalin

Hagu-m Cadets (a karkashin shugabancin Miliukov) kunshi ilimi, zemstvos, 'yan kasuwa, masana kimiyya da kuma imani da cewa Rasha dole ne a kasuwar tattalin arziki, da matsayi na bin doka da oda, dimokuradiyya cikin sharuddan' yancin kowane mutum a general yanayin na gwamnati a majalisar daular mulkinsu. Complex baƙauye tambaya su samarwa a warware ta canja ƙasar daga gidan haya (ga barin su ɗari biyar zakar) domin amfani da (ba a kan) manoma domin fansa, wanda ya kamata ya biya jihar. A kauyen riƙe da baƙauye al'umma. Features na jam'iyyun siyasa a Rasha domin wannan reshe kunshi a gaskiyar cewa Cadets gani da babban tashar da sauye-sauye, a gaskiya, jihar da kuma son inganta halin da ake ciki na aiki aji da gabatarwar da wani 8-hour workday, ci gaban kwadago da kuma yiwuwar buga. Wakilai daga wannan jam'iyyar ba da fadada daga cikin 'yancin kai na Finland da kuma Poland, kazalika da mutanen Rasha da hakkin ya al'adu definition.

Ba su so su rage aiki rana

A tarihin Rasha jam'iyyun siyasa hada da cewa sunan kamar yadda Guchkov, wanda ya jagoranci jam'iyyar Octobrists. Wannan motsi ya m amma ra'ayin mazan jiya, cibiyar-dama. A da zuciya su ne wakilan da bourgeoisie (ƙungiyar na kasuwanci da masana'antu bourgeoisie na manyan birane) da kuma matsakaici reshe na 'yan adawa Zemstvo samarwa a gudanar da sauye-sauye ta hanyar majalisar dokokin kasar ba tare da gwagwarmaya da makamai. Octo ya ga ya indivisibility na Rasha, da adana domin a cikin nau'i na Duma daular mulkinsu, da mafita daga baƙauye tambaya a kudi na mãsu bukãta zuwa ga ƙasar a Siberia, bayar da manoma guda hakkin a matsayin sauran azuzuwan al'umma, da adana daga cikin gidan haya 'ƙasar a su yiwu fansa ga manyan fee, sayar da manoma jama'a asashe . Tun da jam'iyyar da aka karkashin jagorancin industrialists, sun kasance a kan 8-hour aiki rana (maimakon 11-12 hours), domin an yi imani da cewa mutane shakata da isasshen saboda addini holidays.

SRs so ta samar da wata kafar da jama'arsu

Socialist jam'iyyar siyasa na Rasha a farkon karni na 20th da aka gabatar da Social yunkuri da kuma Social Democrats (RSDLP). Da farko ya jagoranci Chernov V. M. SRs kafa yafi tsakanin neopopulists da kuma kasashen waje baƙi, wanda ya yi ĩmãni da cewa mutane bukatar wani juyin juya halin da abolition na autocracy. Su ne ake sa ran kafa ikon da mutane, to kira a majalisar da aka kafa, to ba Rasha a matsayin Tarayya al'umma da dama na al'ummai a kai-warware wasu batutuwa. A gidan haya zai dauke ƙasar, wuce da shi cikin jama'a da yin amfani da baƙauye al'ummomi. SRs fĩfĩta dabara ta'addanci, jawo wa da darajõji masana -. Dalibai da malamai, da likitoci, da dai sauransu A jam'iyyar shi ne mafi shahara tsakanin manoma.

A tuki da karfi na juyin juya halin - shi ne proletariat

Jam'iyyun siyasa a Rasha a 1905 a hada biyu sa "rassan" na Social-Democrats. Da samuwar na jam'iyyar da aka wa dai a 1903, a} asashen waje, a Brussels, inda shatan da aka soma, matsakaicin kuma m shirin na jam'iyyar kanta. The Social Democrats sun dogara da aiki aji, ba manoma (daga wanda a wancan lokaci ya kasance 80% na jahilci). Suna so su kifar da daular mulkinsu, don gabatar da 'yancin kada kuri'a, su raba tsakanin coci daga jihar. Domin ma'aikatan sa ran shiga lokacin babu fiye da awowi takwas shirya fensho, inshora, zai kau da gumin yara, kuma don rage yin amfani da mace iko. The manoma sun yi maka su allotments, wanda suka gano a cikin shakka daga cikin gyare-gyare na 1861. A lokacin tattaunawa a kan babban al'amurran da suka shafi a cikin jam'iyyar fito sabani, kuma ta membobinsu fara shigar da Bolshevik Party (shugaban - V. I.Lenin) da kuma jam'iyyar Mensheviks (gangarawa ta Martov).

A Mensheviks yi imani da cewa su jam'iyyar zai zama samuwa ga jama'a, da neman sauyi matakai ya kamata kai da bourgeoisie a ƙawance da proletariat. A peasantry Mensheviks dauke da wani relic na baya, ya kai ƙasar daga gidan haya da kuma canjawa wuri zuwa birni ikon mallakar, yayin da rike kananan mãkirci a aiki a ƙasa.

Da asiri na kungiyar da kuma ƙulli daga cikin jam'iyyar

Bolshevik Party kuma ji cewa su jam'iyya ya kamata a rufe conspiratorial kungiyar. A tuki da karfi na juyin juya halin Lenin magoya bayan su ne proletariat a ƙawance da peasantry da bourgeoisie aka dauke a relic na baya. Canza domin suke so a gudanar da wani tashin hankali hanyar da kai zuwa ga canji na tsarist gwamnatin mulkin mallaka na proletariat. Agrarian jam'iyyar shirin hada da kawar da coci, landlordism da kuma canja wuri na ƙasar ga jihar. Ba dole ne a ce, irin wannan ideas Bolshevik Party a 1917 (Afrilu - da sanarwa na Lenin ta "Afrilu theses") ya ba rare a fagen siyasa da kuma mutane. Saboda haka, jam'iyyar jamiái kaddamar da wani m farfaganda a cikin soja, manoma, ma'aikata, da sauransu., Don ƙara yawan magoya baya. Kuma suka yi nasara, tun da shi ne wannan siyasa karfi gudanar da Great Oktoba Socialist juyin juya halin. Wakilai na siyasa motsi kafa jam'iyyar kwaminis.

Ba dole ne a ce cewa shirye-shirye na jam'iyyun siyasa na lokaci sun da ɗan kama da juna. Alal misali, Cadets samarwa mika 'yancin kai na biyu yankuna, yayin da Bolsheviks ya so ya ba da dukan al'umman da hakkin ya kai kafiya, ciki har da yiwuwar rabuwa. Amma, kamar yadda tarihi ya nuna, jam'iyyar kwaminis a matsayin magaji zuwa Bolsheviks, a akasin haka, kawo tare kusan dukan ƙasa na Rasha Empire cikin guda naúrar, amma tare da wani daban-daban na zamantakewa tsarin.