Helikofta V-12: siffofin da kuma hoto

A tarihin saukar ungulu a cikin kasar yana da tushe mai zurfi faruwa har da baya kamar yadda farkon karni na karshe. Abin baƙin ciki, na farko a cikin tarayyar Soviet na musamman muhimmanci kan ci gaba da kuma gina jirage masu saukar ungulu ba su ba da sa a cikin wani gagarumin rata tare da Amurka. Duk abin canza bayan da Korean War. Sa'an nan kuma ya juya daga cewa Amirkawa da high dace ta amfani da jirage masu saukar ungulu domin bincike da kuma ɓarna da gangan ayyukan. Saboda haka, kasar jagoranci suka bayar da umarnin nan da nan tilasta ci gaban cikin gida da jirage masu saukar ungulu.

By tsakiyar 50s na karshe karni na almara MI-6 da aka halitta, kuma aka sani da suna "saniya". Har yanzu, wannan jirgin yana dauke zama zakara tsakanin jirage masu saukar ungulu a cikin size da kuma tonnage na kaya. Amma 'yan san cewa Tarayyar Soviet da aka halitta da wani jirgin sama mai saukan ungulu da kuma B-12 (aka kuma sani da MI-12), da damar da ya fi da cewa da almara "Shanu!"

Taƙaitaccen bayani game da halittar da na'ura

Bayan samar da wani gaske giant Mi-6, duk manyan injiniyoyi da kuma zanen kaya OKB karkashin jagorancin M. L. Milem ci gaba da ɗauka cewa da yiwuwar kara girman da kuma nauyin jirage masu saukar ungulu ba su ƙãre ba. Bugu da kari, sojojin da kasa tattalin arzikin kamar yadda iska da ake bukata sabon jirgin sama. Shugabanci na Take-kashe da ya zama a tsaye, da kuma ikon su safarar lodi - 20 ton ko fiye. Adari saman Mil da aka bai "keken shanu Blanche" wajen samar da wani sabon jirgin sama mai saukan ungulu, halittar wanda aka kaddamar a 1959.

A shekarar 1961 shi bayar da wani m sharuddan da tunani. Yana yakan haifar da halittar wani helikofta iya dagawa lodi yin la'akari ba kasa da 20 ko 25 ton. Amma ko da jirgi mai saukar ungulu V-12 - ba iyaka daga buƙatun na Soviet soja da kuma manoma. Saboda haka, a lokaci guda a cikin hukumar da aka yi aiki version na na'ura, iya dagawa 40 ton na kaya (B-16 / Mi-16). Ya kamata a lura da cewa irin wannan ayyukan da aka yi karatu da kuma jama'ar {asar Amirka, amma sun ci gaba da almara bai samu. Amma da aikin Mil karshe gamsu da kwamitin tsakiya na jam'iyyar kwaminis a gaskiya, halittar irin wannan jirgi mai saukar ungulu.

A 1962, wata fasaha manufa aka sake modified. Injiniyoyin da aka umurce ka mayar da hankali a kan halittar wani helikofta da kaya gida, irin wannan a cikin halaye da na OKB Antonov jirgin sama. Yana da aka zaci cewa, sabon inji Za a yi amfani, ciki har da na nesa sufuri na daban-daban soja kayan aiki, ciki har da ballistic intercontinental linzami model 8K67, 8K75 da 8K82. Wannan abin da ya halitta Mi-12 helikofta farko don soja dalilai.

A farko versions na layout

Kusan duk cikin gida da kuma kasashen yammaci manyan malaman helikofta batutuwa yi imani da cewa halittar irin wannan jirgi mai saukar ungulu mafi kyau dace da-karatu da kyau tabbatar tsaye makirci. Tare da Yak-24 da aka dauka don bincika ta yiwuwa a cikin sojojin. Kuma a Amurka musamman domin wannan samu "Boeing-E» V-44. Yana injiniyoyi a kan su misali a cikin real duniya sun bincika matsalar da juna sakamako a kan juna rotors. Wadanda daga fasaha da ake bukata domin gano yadda za a nuna hali kawai biyu mota a daban-daban jirgin yanayi da kuma aiki kamar yadda na iya zama mafi m ya dauki amfani da a tsaye kewaye, yayin guje wa manyan drawbacks. A siffa daga cikin B-12 ya zama aiki sukurori. Tun a cikin shakka daga cikin gwajin Hatsarin na zoba qazanta abubuwa da aka gano, suna da za a sanya tare da m zoba. Domin wannan ko da ya yi hadaya da wasu daga cikin nata irin halaye ne na sabon na'ura.

A sakamakon haka, da fuselage gaba daya daina saduwa da fasaha bayani dalla-dalla, kamar yadda ya zama ma manyan kuma unwieldy. Amma ba ko da wannan al'amari shi ne babban hasara na wannan zane. Basic da m miscalculation injiniyoyi sa a gaskiyar cewa iska intakes na daya engine kungiyar sun kusan kusa da shaye kanti na sauran. Tuni a cikin gwaje-gwaje, an gano cewa injuna a wadannan yanayi kusantar wajen samar da karuwa. Kuma shi ne a cikin wani real jirgin fraught turke, yanzu-yanzu asarar iko. Saboda haka, Mi-12 - da helikofta, da Shirin zanen wadda designers fuskanci da yawa matsaloli.

Bugu da kari, kara bincike na tsaye makirci ya jagoranci wani m ƙarshe: ba da damar cimma mafi girma zai yiwu jirgin rufi. The gudu da kuma nauyi na kaya da za a dauke kuma ba su kasance har zuwa daidai. An kuma gano cewa, a cikin yanayin da gazawar da biyu daga cikin hudu da injuna inji dama a free fall. Kuma aka tabbatar da cewa a lokacin da jirgin sama, da kuma lokacin da tashi a low zazzabi yanayi, da ikon Motors da aka rage muhimmanci. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa a tsaye kewaye zanen kaya suka yanke shawara su qi.

ci gaba da bincike

Sam ML Mil samarwa zo Grips tare da la'akari da al'amurra ga sauran makircinsu na fuselage tsarin. Da farko, masana samarwa da amfani da wata da-karatu guda-na'ura mai juyi layout. Amma an gano cewa, makirci da jet-powered na'ura mai juyi da ya ba up (saboda unnecessarily manyan size) ga m gwaje-gwaje. Amma kuma wani inji drive juya a kira su da wani abin zamba. A lokacin da gwaje-gwaje da shi aka samu cewa kaya zane jũya overly rikitarwa. Da farko, da kalubale na kokarin jimre, shan biyu al'ada na'urorin na Mi-6 da kuma ajiye su a kan wani goyan baya shaft.

Domin su ne na daidai da injiniyoyi ko da amfani ga zane misali dunƙule ruwa na Ni-6. A wannan yanayin ne kawai amfani da inboard tips na mafi tsawon. Saboda haka cewa B-12 (helikofta) kokarin har zuwa yiwu ya jitu da sauran samfurori da art domin rage kudin da ta halitta da kiyaye. Alas, a dace hanya don ƙirƙirar wani abu kamar wannan shi ne kusan ba zai yiwu. An sa'an nan kuma ya yanke shawarar fara samar da yardar kaina positioned injin turbin da a tsaye shaft. Yana haka sanya kai tsaye a karkashin babban kaya. A gas janareta da alaka cikinta ta wajen wani musamman bututun.

A wannan embodiment, da inji mai farfela kanta sanyata suna da yawa Sauki, tun da shi ba a bukata don bevel giya more. Matsalar shi ne, samar da low-gudun gearbox tare da diamita kadan fiye da hudu mita - shi ne ma da aiki da wuya matuƙa. Lalle ne, karshen yana da hali ya kai-halaka. Zai yiwu, ta hanyar, cewa jirgin ya fadi a Siriya (04.12.16). Faru daidai saboda gazawar da mota reducer.

Zuwa na mai gangara juna na ƙwanso tsarin

Fuskanci duk wadannan na musamman da kalubale, a shekarar 1962 da OKB Mil masana karshe ya yanke shawarar watsi da ra'ayin wani "guda-engine gwaje-gwajen." Suka koma makirci da biyu injuna. Duk da haka, wannan lokaci da aka yanke shawarar zuwa aiki daga wani bambanci da mai gangara engine tsari. Yana haka ya zama mai saukar ungulu, "12", wanda yana da hotuna a cikin wannan labarin.

Hakika, shi bai yi a cikin wannan hali ba tare da kalubale. Duka wannan yana ninkawa da cewa da jirage masu saukar ungulu na wannan size a duniya babu wanda ya taba gina. Haka kuma, da Soviet injiniyoyin da ya dauki a kan aiki na majagaba. Duk da haka, masana kimiyya a kasashen turai sun sha kokarin haifar da wani rotorcraft ga wannan makirci. Amma su suna da maimaitawa annoba da kasawa.

Ko a yawan m masana daga TsAGI imani da cewa shi ba daraja messing tare da mai gangara tsari na Motors. Na Mile da kuma abokan aiki da shi ba tsorata. M masana amincewa halitta a farko daftarin kuma sun tabbatar da viability kafin gwamnati hukumar. Bayan haka, babbar helikofta a duniya Mi-12, ya "a farkon a rayuwa."

Yaqi tare da vibration

Sake, da tawagar da cikakken la'akari da invaluable kwarewa tsiwirwirinsu da ma'aikata na OKB I. P. Bratuhina. A mafi wuya ya zane isasshen haske da karfi Consoles propeller kungiyoyin. Option da classic rectangular reshe jirgin sama kawai da za a jefar da, tun lokacin da ake bukata girma na helikofta wannan ɓangare na zane samun kuma nauyi da kuma amfani da tsauraran matakan. Yana da ya wajaba don ƙirƙirar wani wasan bidiyo da za a gaba daya da aka kebe matsalolin tasowa spontaneously kau- vibrations da sauran instabilities. Amma mafi hatsari ya yiwuwar tasowa a tsauri iska rawa, wanda aka musamman da fallasa sukurori a kan na roba harsashi. Saboda wannan, da helikofta V-12, da halaye na wanda muka bayyana, ya kowane damar fada baya a cikin iska.

Lokacin aiki tare da na farko prototypes da aka kammala, na farko gwaje-gwaje, an yanke shawarar gudanar da wani kai tsaye, a cikin shagon, don haka wasu m shortcomings, idan akwai wani, to gyara nan da nan, ba tare da bata lokaci. Don cimma sakamako daga cikin jirgin, da musamman tsauri igiyoyinsu da vibrators cewa mimic resonant majiyai tasowa daga juyawa daga cikin dunƙule aka yi amfani. Ya kamata a lura cewa, ko da ga cewa shi kadai da sabuwar dabara na duk ma'aikata zai iya sauƙi sãka, kamar yadda babu wani abu kamar shi a duniya da jirgin sama masana'antu sun ba da aka gudanar. Ba da da ewa bayan gwajin sakamakon tabbatar da correctness lissafin. Kuma ta 1967 da helikofta aka samu cikakken shirye don real jirgin gwaje-gwaje.

Baseline halaye na helikofta

Saboda haka, helikofta V-12 da aka hudu-da-kai da inji, gina a kan juyin juya halin Musulunci giciye-sashe zane. Na'ura mai juyi da aka aro daga MI-6. Suna haɗe da dogon ƙarshen cantilever. Abin baƙin ciki, wannan shawarar da aka ba gaba ɗaya daidai, saboda Mi-6 dunƙule, wanda shi ne ma ba sosai kananan size, ya nuna a sarari kasa. Na yi ka tilasta wa injuna. More daidai, Edo Solov'eva halitta raba jinsunan A motor-25F, wanda ikon aka ƙara nan da nan har zuwa 6500 lita. wani. Na yi matsala da fuka-fuki, da samar da mafi kyaun nata irin yi ya ba da V-dimbin yawa giciye sashe.

Kai tsaye, a tsakiyar sashe scripting reducer neman sauyi zane, amfani ga watsa shaft karaya. Its musamman da suka bambanta ta'allaka ba a cikin cikakken aiki tare da duk sukurori, da kuma kyakkyawan aiki na da swash da ikon raba danniya a ko'ina don haka da cewa shi damar jirgin ko da lokacin da biyu injuna kasa a gefe daya! Fuel aka pumped biyu a reshe da kuma a raba tankuna saka. A tasiri na wannan mafita da aka tabbatar a matsayin babbar mai saukar ungulu a duniya Mi-12 sanya wani daya-lokaci jirgin daga Moscow zuwa Ahtubinsk.

Features na fuselage

A fuselage ne kerarre bisa ga na ra'ayi makirci monocoque. Kamar yadda aptly sa daya daga cikin kasashen waje da kwararru da suka yarda ka duba da helikofta, a ciki, shi ya kasance kamar wani "giant Gothic babban coci." Na shagaltar da dukan gaban da cabin ƙungiya, wadda ta kasance biyu-labarin, da kuma samar da irinta ta'aziyya a lokacin da matukan jirgi. A cikin duka, akwai ma'aikata shida chelochek. Kuma hudu daga cikinsu suna located a kan ta farko bene, da kuma sauran - a kan na biyu. A wutsiya kashi da aka saukowa ikon tsani da kuma rufe m.

Wannan zane damar (ta amfani da iko da wutar lantarki winches) ya tãyar da a kan jirgin ko da haske tankuna, ba da ake ji wannan babban kokarin. Bayan duk, da helikofta V-12, wanda ganawa ne zalla soja, da samun da cewa damar. A babbar tsakiyar daki iya saukar da game da 200 sojoji a cika kaya da 158 suka ji rauni (da proviso cewa akalla ¾ kasance a kan gadon ɗauka maras lafiya). Yana da aka located a karkashin fuselage wutsiya, Ya sanya daga jirgin sama type, sanye take da lif. Musamman muhimmanci shi ne rada, za a iya muhimmanci inganta daidaito na kula da jirage masu saukar ungulu a cikin jirgin. Ya yi aiki ta hanyar da synchronizer a tare da tare da inji iko da farar na sukurori.

A general, kula da da'ira B-12 tun zauna da misali ga duk masu saukar ungulu da giciye zane. Saboda haka, da daga aka kayyade daidai m-farar rotors. Shi ne kuma zai yiwu don sarrafa nuna bambanci da helikofta. Inji sun alhakin kwaikwayon na tsaye daidaita, cyclic farar (da canji a cikin wasan kwaikwayon) zai iya daidaita da shugabanci na motsi na saukar ungulu.

Safety - Da farko!

All helikofta iko da wayoyi tsarin da aka tsara shan la'akari da yiwu hadarin murdiya da kuma high matakan na gogayya. Wancan ne, da girmamawa da aka sanya a kan hakkin ya ci juriya. Yana da aka tsara a matakai biyu. Saboda haka, su ne na farko da na biyu na'ura mai aiki da karfin ruwa amplifiers, kuma a rundunar atomatik synchronizers, ƙwarai simplifies da iko da helikofta da hudu injuna. Babban na'ura mai aiki da karfin ruwa tsarin ne housed a cikin wannan daki a matsayin babban gearbox. A mafi muhimmanci amplifiers, a Bugu da kari, ya ƙara rura wutar ta baya-up tsarin, located a dama da hagu nacelles. A total akwai uku na'ura mai aiki da karfin ruwa tsarin. Kowace daga cikinsu ya ba kawai gaba daya m, amma kuma ninninkuwa dabam. A takaice, babbar helikofta a duniya Mi-12, ya kuma mafi m.

A shasi na na'ura tun farko almara samarwa tricycle. A karkashin hagu da dama gonaki, bi da bi, ya nasu tsayawar. A karkashin Matuka jirgin ya na asali. A karo na farko a cikin gida jirgin sama amfani buga absorbers "matasan" type: a cikin Hydraulics da Pneumatics. Bugu da ƙari, akwai karin wutsiya tana goyan bayan, wanda suke da hannu a lokacin loading da nauyi kayan aiki. A sabon helikofta fundamentally sabon kewayawa tsarin da aka ɓullo da cewa ba da damar mãkirta a cikin mafi m yanayin yanayi. Bugu da kari, akwai wani autopilot da tsarin ta atomatik adjusts gudun juyawa daga cikin sukurori. Saboda haka cewa helikofta V-12, da gina abin da muka bayyana, za a iya amince kidaya daga cikin mafi m fasahar swatches.

Da farko flights da kuma farkon na gwajin

A karshen watan Yuni 1967 a karon farko da na'ura tashi a cikin iska. Ya kamata a lura cewa a cikin farkon jirgin, an gano cewa, akwai wani, musamman tsarin na vibration idan vibration daukar kwayar cutar kai tsaye zuwa gwamnatoci. Yana da alaka da kasawa na designers, wanda ta kai tsaye sanadin motsi mahada tare da kula da kuma mota tafiyarwa. Saboda wannan, kawai kawai shan kashe giant aka tilasta yin gaggawa saukowa. All lahani da aka sauri bincikar da kuma warware ta kara overall stiffness na tsarin. Saboda haka, B-12 saukar ungulu, wanda ya ga amfani da nauyin kayan iya aiki, da aka gaba daya gyara.

Ya kamata a lura da cewa ci-gaba hudu-giciye kewaye da cikakken kubutar da kanta a cikin shakka daga m gwaje-gwaje. Total saukar ungulu ya tashi 122 sau. Wani 77 sau for dogon sun rataye a cikin iska. Tsarin AMINCI da high quality na matukin jirgin, wanda aka asali rajista a lissafin, aka cikakken tabbatar. Matukan jirgin, an yarda da sauƙi na kula da wata babbar na'ura. Amma da soja mamaki low voracity Motors.

Akwai shaida da cewa jirgin gwaje-gwaje da aka gudanar a ranar biyu injuna da cewa na'ura ma nasarar wuce. Amma babban rabo, mai girma ga zanen kaya ne cewa a lokacin da nauyi girma kusa da Mi-6 saukar ungulu yana da wani dauke da damar ya karu da 7.2 sau! Saboda haka, helikofta V-12 (manufacturer - Mil) da duk chances wani nasara "aiki" a cikin Soviet Air Force. A shekarar 1970, ya tashi daga birnin Moscow zuwa Ahtubinsk da baya, sa'an nan jihar gwaje-gwaje sun kasance anã nasara. A karshen, musamman hukumar shawarar da ƙaddamar da jerin saukar ungulu. Saboda haka me ya sa shi ne sama na zamani Rasha babu B-12? Helikofta, da rashin alheri, ya juya ga zama unclaimed.

Karshen labarin

A tabbaci tsari saukar wasu zane flaws, wanda shi ne dalilin da ya sa ta fara aiki ci gaban da aka yawa jinkiri. Bugu da kari, na biyu da helikofta misali daga shekarar 1972 zuwa 1973 ya tsaya a rumfar ajiye jiragen sama, kamar yadda kaya zuwa jinkirta samar da injuna. Ya sãɓã wa jũna daga ɗan'uwansa da yafi m tsarin da kuma ƙarfafa controls. Abin baƙin ciki, ga wani adadin dalilai a shekara ta 1974, shirin na da halittar kuma da karewa na musamman saukar ungulu da aka gaba daya rushe.

Duk da musamman fasali, da helikofta V-12 bai shiga serial samar da aiki. Da farko, asali halitta da kai da nauyi ballistic makamai masu linzami, shi ya rasa ta "manufa alkuki." nauyi kai-propelled tsarin da aka ɓullo da. Abu na biyu, ra'ayi na tushen makami mai linzami kanta saboda kaifi karuwa a cikin ikon da aka ma canja da cika fuska. Ban yi jawo su kusa da yankin wani m maƙiyi.

Na uku, wasu daga cikin MDBs, ci gaba a tare da tare da B-12 da kuma musamman "a karkashin shi", sun kasance m, kuma frankly dauka a cikin sabis ba. A wasu lokuta, inda ya mai rahusa don aika soja kaya a ƙasa. Huxu, da ma'aikata a Saratov, da daya ne kawai da zai iya zama maza maza da ya tura tooling domin samar da jirage masu saukar ungulu tun shekarar 1972 "a kai" da aka uploaded da sauran kwangilolin gwamnati. Samar iya aiki a can ne kawai da wani zabi.

sakamakon

Saboda haka, B-12 - jirgi mai saukar ungulu, da yawa gaba da lokaci, amma ya kasance "a cikin kuskure wuri." Idan irin wannan na'ura halitta a farkon 60s, sa'an nan mafi m, da aiki, haƙĩƙa, dã sun sãmi mata. A cikin 1970s, manyan al'amurra sun canza, kuma musamman zane ya unclaimed. Amma da helikofta V-12, tarihin abin da muka bayyana, aviators ya invaluable kwarewa.