Hasken fitilu shine menene? Nau'i na fitilu

A watan Janairu na wannan shekara, kamfanin General Electric (GE) ya sanar da karewa na Amurka saki na m kyalli fitilu da karshen shekara ta 2016-th. A sabon LED fasahar da aka share daga ta hanyar da lokaci zuwa ya zama saba kyalli, kamar yadda da zarar ta hambarar da "zamanin" da Lagwani fitilu, ƙirƙira by kafa Thomas Edison GE.

To, abin da yake mai kyalli fitila?

Kyalli fitila - a Mercury sallama fitilu na low matsa lamba na'urori a cikin abin da bayyane haske radiation da ake amfani da haske. Electric halin yanzu a cikin gas murna Mercury tururi, wanda ya fara zuwa emit haske a cikin ultraviolet iyaka wanda ya haddasa luminescence ciki phosphor shafi.

Wadannan iri mai kyalli fitila: da sanyi cathode da electroluminescent zafi farko.

zafi farko

Mafi na kowa ne fitilar dumi farko. The haske Madogararsa na da irin wannan kunshi gilashin kwan fitila cika da wani inert gas (yawanci argon) na low matsa lamba. A kowane gefe na kwan fitila ne mai tungsten lantarki. A ballast iko da ikon wayoyin. A tsohon fitilar aka yi amfani da guje Starter. A zamani da yin amfani da wutar lantarki da ballasts.

Su da ɗan kama kwan fitila. Harufan luminescence samar daga wani mai tsanani tungsten nada, amma sai wani lantarki sallama a cakuda Mercury tururi da kuma inert gas ne ultraviolet radiation. Na musamman abun da ke ciki, wanda yake rufe ganuwar da flask, garwaya da riskar hasken ultraviolet da fitarda bayyane haske. Shi ne ake kira mai phosphor da kuma cakuda phosphorus-tushen mahadi. Godiya ga shi, haske fitarwa daga wadannan fitilu shi ne mafifici a ikon Lagwani haske sau da yawa. Filament ya ci gaba da haske da kuma a karshen da ƙonewa, amma kawai don kula da sallama.

Don ƙirƙirar lantarki sallama dole high ƙarfin lantarki. Colder fiye da kwan fitila, da hakan ɓacẽwarta. Amma saboda high matakan da m nufin "dumi-up" da flask don rage gajiya da aka ɓullo da.

Daya dumama hanya ne don amfani mai Starter. Lokacin da irin ƙarfin lantarki ne amfani da sallama fitilar aka lit, heats da bimetal lambobi. Lambobi rufe ta shunt, da kuma wani lantarki halin yanzu heats da tungsten wayoyin, wanda, bi da bi, shi ne mai tsanani da kuma ionized inert gas. Sanyaya sauka, da bimetal lamba buɗe, ciyar da duk ƙarfin lantarki da kuma ikon da wayoyin na maƙura. Idan sallama bai faru, sa'an nan kan aiwatar da aka maimaita. Bayan fitilar ƙonewa Starter kashe, tun bayan da juriya ne da ya fi yadda da jini juriya.

A zamani tsarin, da sauri fara wayoyin an kona ci gaba, da kuma baka an qaddamar na rasa reflector ko fara tsiri.

Kyalli fitila na sanyi cathode

Holodnokatodnye kyalli fitila - ne na'urorin cathode zafin jiki ba wucewa 150 ° C idan aka kwatanta da 900 ° C zafi-farkon fitilu. Operating ƙarfin lantarki - 600-900 V, kunama - 900-1600 V. A haske jefarwa da ionized gas, wanda wajibi ne a samar da wani babban ƙarfin lantarki. Sallama yakan faru a cikin rashin lafiya na sarari tsakanin wayoyin. A gas a cikin fitilar a al'ada yanayi ne mai dielectric, amma a cikin lantarki filin, electrons da ions fara motsa. Lokacin da wani babban ƙarfin lantarki lantarki filin accelerates da cajin barbashi don haka da cewa sun yi karo da gas kwayoyin, sun buga electrons fita. Sabon ƙirƙira ions da electrons kamar yadda ake amfani a cikin ionization: ambaliyar ruwa aiwatar zama.

A fitilu zafi fara fitarwa shi ne wani baka, da kuma sanyi sallama kafofin haske - haske. Mercury hankali ya musanya daga wani ruwa zuwa wani gaseous jihar. A electrons yi karo da Mercury kwayoyin halitta, fara sakin makamashi da kuma m radiation a ultraviolet yankin. Light jefarwa da phosphor rufi a cikin kwan fitila. Mercury fitarda photons wanda hankali phosphorus kwayoyin halitta, da kara samar da makamashi electrons. Lokacin da electrons komawa zuwa na farko Jihar phosphorus kwayoyin halitta haskaka haske da makamashi.

electroluminescent fitilu

Light watsi a electroluminescent fitilu ne saboda da nassi na wani wutar lantarki kai tsaye ta hanyar wani phosphorus-dauke da kayan da sakamako daga wadanda ba thermal tana mayar da wutar lantarki zuwa ga haske. Wannan sakamako ne ma a yi amfani da haske-emitting diodes (LED) da kuma Organic haske emitting diode (OLED). Electroluminescent fitilu ne daban-daban daga haske-emitting diodes cewa a karshe haske ne wanda ake jefarwa a pn maha? Ar - mahaɗar tsakãninsu biyu semiconductors, kuma a farko haske ne wanda ake jefarwa a kan Layer na activator.

Babban ƙarfin lantarki alternating wutar lantarki da aka wuce ta hanyar bakin ciki Layer na phosphorus ko semiconductor, wanda results a cikin haske watsi da su. Biyu yadudduka na daskararru, daya daga wanda shi ne m, aiki kamar wayoyin, kuma phosphor foda ko shugaba therebetween glows lokacin da electrons ratsa shi.

muhawara don

• Wadannan lighting na'urorin iya bauta wa dubun sau fiye Lagwani fitilu bayar a barga samar da wutar lantarki ba tare da gagarumin ƙarfin lantarki da hawa da sauka da kuma iyakance yawan inclusions. Lokacin da wayoyin su don ƙona fitar da crumble musamman abun da ke ciki da kare tungsten filament zafi fiye da kima da kuma samar da sallama da kwanciyar hankali, wanda rage rai na haske Madogararsa. kwan fitila ƙare duhu, da kuma fitilar blinks.
• The haske fitarwa na kyalli fitilu da Watt kamar 3-4 sau fiye Lagwani kwararan fitila.
• Sun bambanta a launi, da watsi bakan ne mafi cancanta ga rãnã.
• Warwatsa haske daga dukan surface na kwan fitila, maimakon a tungsten filament.

fursunoni

• A gwada da babban kudin.
• Kyalli fitilu - wani m tushen hadari, tun kowane kwan fitila ƙunshi 5 MG na Mercury, wanda shi ne mai guba, kuma na iya zama cutarwa ga kiwon lafiya da kuma muhalli.
• Fitarwa fitilu masu kula low kuma high yanayin zafi. Ba za a iya aiki a yanayin zafi a kasa -20 ° C da kuma sama da +50 ° C.
• Kula da zafi.
• A bata lokaci ba, tun yana daukan lokaci zuwa dumama da fitilar.
• Sabon abu ga bakan da haske, sakamakon wani murdiya na launi. Rawar da mita sau biyu da mains mita.

sharudda ga selection

1. A tsari da kuma girma. Gilashin kwalabe da kuma harsashi ne sosai daban-daban a cikin wadannan sigogi. A na kowa nau'i na kyalli fitilu ne mike tube. Its diamita ke ninkin daya bisa takwas na wani inch. Saboda haka, girman da fitilar 1 inch diamita - T8. Girman jeri daga T2 zuwa T17. Karamin mai kyalli fitilu, a matsayin mai mulkin, kai wani nau'i na U-dimbin yawa da kuma karkace. Hakika, da bayyanar da wani sakamako a kan fitilar aiki, amma karkace alamu ne a bit ya fi tsada, saboda su ne mafi wuya ga tsirar.

2. Fara. Zai yiwu Starter, lantarki, ko electromagnetic ballast.

3. Samar da Wutar Lantarki. Yana daga jeri 3 zuwa 85 watts. A luminous juyi na Lagwani fitilu ta 3-4 sau da ƙananan fiye da na kyalli, don haka zabi zama dole ikon da ya kamata a dangane da ake so haske. Kyalli fitilu wanda ikon ne daidai da 25-30 W, maye gurbin obychngye 100W lantarki. Don maye gurbin 75-Watt isasshen makamashi ceto haske Madogararsa 9 watts. A kyalli fitila wanda ikon ne 15 W, za a iya maye gurbin wani Lagwani fitilar na 60 watts.

Table dangantaka mai bayyanãwa juyi da kuma ikon amfani da daban-daban na fitilu zai taimaka fahimci duk nuances.

4. Cap. Kowa iri ne:

• bayoneti B;
• dunƙule (Edison) socle E;
• single-gefe biyu-ƙare G.

Yawan bayan da haruffa nuna diamita na tafiya irin B ko E, ko da nisa tsakanin lambobin sadarwa a mm pedestals rubuta G.

M, a chandeliers da fitilu amfani da wani m kyalli fitila da wani E27 tushe diamita na 27 mm da kuma EPS E14 diamita na 14 mm.

5. Light launi. Yana yayi dace da zazzabi mai baki jiki haskakawa tare da wasu chromaticity. Tare da kara yawan zafin jiki, da blue ɓangare na bakan ƙaruwa, da kuma rage-rage ja. Auna a kelvins. A ɗauki ji na wani mutum neman zuwa ga haske da wani launi, da ake kira mai launi abin mamaki. Babban launi haske da kuma m launi ji:

• 2700 K - sverhtoply fari.
• 3000 K - Dumi White haske.
• 3,500 K - fari ga haske.
• 4000K - sanyi fari ga haske.
• 5000 K, kuma mafi - hasken rana.

6. The launi rendition. Ya nuna yadda halitta look abubuwan dake kewaye a cikin lamplight. Auna coefficient Ra launi. Light kafofin tare da daidaita chromaticity iya samun daban-daban launi haifuwa saboda wani daban-daban bakan haske jefarwa. Domin hasken rana factor ne 100.

alama

Masana'antun na luminaires alama da samfurin a cikin hanyoyi daban-daban.

Amurka mai kyalli fitilu yawanci alama da template FxxTy, inda F suturta da irin (Engl mai kyalli, luminescent.), The farko yawan xx - ko wattage ko tsawon inci a, T -form (Engl tubular, tubular.) Kuma karshe y yawan - diamita na 1/8 inch (3.175 mm).

A wadannan ne harafi na launi:

• WW - Dumi White, Dumi White.
• CW - Cool White, Cool White.
• N - baruwan, tsaka tsaki.
• D - Hasken Rana, hasken rana.
• WWX - Deluxe Dumi White, dumi fari da high launi ma'ana daidai.
• CWX - Deluxe Cool White, sanyi fari da wani babban launi ma'ana daidai.
• BLB - Blacklight, ultraviolet.

A ƙarshen alama kaddamarda fasali na na'urar:

• RS - Rapid Fara, a yi azumi a fara.
• NE - Instant Fara, nan take tashi.
• HO - High Output, high dace.

A halaye na mai kyalli fitilu

Ado haske General Electric Candle T2 9W aka sallami tare da iyakoki da E14 da E27, da maras muhimmanci luminous juyi na 405 lumen, dumi fari da kuma hasken rana launi zazzabi (2700 K, kuma 6500 K), 82 launi ma'ana daidai index Ra. Ana amfani da a chandeliers da sauran lighting maras motsi da wani bayyane kwan fitila a dakuna, farfajiyoyi da kuma lobbies na kasuwanci dakunan, hotels, gidajen cin abinci, gidajensu.

Philips kayayyakin

Jagora TL-D 90 De Luxe - mai kyalli da fitilar G13, T8, 93 tare da wani launi ma'ana daidai index Ra8, wani launi zafin jiki na 65000 K - sanyi hasken rana. Samuwa a cikin uku versions:

• 18W / 965 1SL - 18 W mai kyalli fitilu tare da maras muhimmanci luminous juyi na 1150 lumens da maras muhimmanci luminous inganci na 63.9 LM / W.
• 58W / 965 1SL - 58-Watt haske kafofin tare da maras muhimmanci luminous juyi na 4550 lumens da maras muhimmanci luminous inganci na 77,8 LM / W.
• 36W / 965 1SL - 36 W mai kyalli fitilu tare da maras muhimmanci luminous juyi na 2800 lumens da maras muhimmanci luminous inganci na 77,8 LM / W.

High launi ma'ana daidai index ba ka damar ganin arziki, luscious da halitta launuka, wanda ya sa da fitilar ba makawa a asibitoci, Buga shagunan, shagon na gyaran gashi, gidajen tarihi, da likitan hakora ofishin da kuma Stores. A fitilu bambanta high quality phosphor shafi yin amfani da wani uku-band phosphor da kusan cikakkiyar rashin rage haske matakin.

Jagora TL-D Xtreme 36W / 840 1SL - kyalli fitila 36 Watt ikon, biyu-fil, sanyi-farin launi da wani launi ma'ana daidai index of 85 Ra8, wani maras muhimmanci luminous juyi na 3250 lumen haske fitarwa fuska 90 LM / W. Its alama ne da ya karu da sabis na rayuwa na 66 000 hours, wanda yana da muhimmanci ga wuraren da babban kudin maye fitilu saboda da tsawo daga cikin dakin, shiga tsakanin zumunta aiki, ko inda haske ne a kan dukan lokaci - a Tunnels, man jihar Kano, a ci gaba da samar.

Jagora PL-C 18W / 830 / 2P 1CT - biyu-ƙare mai kyalli fitila 18-Watt ikon da G24d-2-soket, dumi farin launi na 3000 K, wani launi ma'ana daidai index of 82 Ra8, wani maras muhimmanci luminous juyi na 1200 lumen, rated luminous ingancinsu 67 LM / W. Tsara don janar sama lighting a dama kamfanoni, kiri da kuma ofishin gine-gine. Kyalli fitila Philips Jagora PL-C yana amfani da asali gada fasahar da ya tabbatar da mafi kyau duka cika, mafi ɗaukar hoto da kuma high dace. A biyu-model yana da wani m tushe da kuma ake amfani da tare da EMPRA.

Makamashi-m haske kafofin daga Osram

Osram samar karami mai kyalli da fitilar 18 W DSST FCY 18 W / 825 E27 dumi launi 2500 K, wani launi ma'ana daidai index of 80, da wani mai bayyanãwa juyi na 1050 lumens da harsashi E27. The na'urar zai iya yin tsayayya da manya-manyan yawan fara hawan keke - kafin 1 Mill.

Osram Lumilux T9 C - 29 mm tare da wani harsashi wani annular fitilar G10Q, rated ikon 22 W, launi da zazzabi 2700 K, launi ma'ana daidai index of 80-89, wani maras muhimmanci luminous juyi na 1350 lumens da maras haske fitarwa 61 LM / W. An tsara don jama'a gine-gine, gidajen cin abinci, da masana'antu, da shaguna, manyan kantunan, hotels. An halin yadda ya dace, mai kyau ingancin haske kyau kwarai haske fitarwa, ko da lighting ba tare da inuwa. Yarda haske gyara.

L 36 W / 840-1 - 1 mikakke mita fitilu, mai kyalli, 36W, soket G13 tushe, launi zafin jiki na 4000 K, wani maras muhimmanci luminous juyi na 3100 lumens, 80 launi ma'ana daidai index Ra, da maras muhimmanci luminous ingancinsu 86 LM / W. Tsara don lighting na jama'a kai.

Endura 70 W / 830 - electrodeless haske Madogararsa Osram 70W, a rated luminous juyi na 6200 lumens dumi farin launi da zazzabi 3000 K, launi ma'ana daidai index da luminous 80-90 Ra 80 LM / W. Ana amfani da rami lighting, shuke-shuke, tituna, wasanni filaye. Halin high karko (har zuwa 100 000 h.), Dace, high lumen fitarwa, instantaneous farko-up.

Electrodeless kyalli fitila - a na'urar a cikin abin da sallama yakan faru a cikin high-mita electromagnetic filin generated da Magnetic tsakiya a kan flask. Magnetic play rawar da wani primary Tuddan na gidan wuta, da kuma iskar gas sallama - sakandare. Halaye na kyalli fitilu na da irin wannan an rage wa sledyuschemu: na'urorin ne barga, su ne na dogon lokaci saboda babu collapsing wayoyin.

DSST haska CL A 15 W / 827 E27 - mai kyalli da fitilar ikon 15 W, da luminous juyi na 870 lumen, dumi fari haske da yawan zafin jiki na 2700 K. Shin high dace saboda wani atomatik tasha a hanya da rãna. Yana ne aka yi nufi ga waje amfani kawai.