Frederic Joliot-Curie: biography da kuma nasarori

Frederic Joliot-Curie - sanannun zamantakewa himmar aiki da kuma Faransa likita. Ya kasance daya daga cikin shugabannin da suka kafa na Pugwash Taruka a kan kimiyya da Duniya Harkokin, da kuma zaman lafiya motsi. Tare da matarsa, Irene samu wani Nobel Prize a Chemistry. Wannan labarin zai gabatar wa short biography.

Shimfiɗar jariri, da kuma ilimi

Jean Frederik Zholio aka haife shi a Paris a shekarar 1900. Yaron ta uba Henri quite nasarar tsunduma a kasuwanci, kuma mahaifiyata Emilia zo daga wani iyali Protestant. Frederick shi ne auta a cikin iyali na Joliot, lambobi shida yara.

A 1910, da yaron da aka aika zuwa karatu a makarantar kwana Lakanal. Shekara bakwai daga baya, Jean koma zuwa Paris da kuma yanke shawarar sadaukar da rayuwarsu ne wajen kimiyya. A 1920, wani saurayi ya shiga High School of aiyuka Chemistry da Physics. A shekarar 1923 ya sauke karatu daga Joliot shi da mafi kyaun sakamakon a cikin ƙungiyar.

Service, kuma aikin

Frederick samu digiri a fannin aikin injiniya. A lokacin da ya yi karatu, ya samu mai kyau da basira a cikin m aikace-aikace na kimiyyar lissafi da kuma sunadarai. Ã'a, mafi yawansu duk, Jean sha'awar asali bincike. Dalilin da cewa ya rinjayar Paul Langevin (French likita). Yana yana tare da shi Frederick tattauna ya tsare-tsaren domin nan gaba, a lokacin da ya koma gida bayan aikin soja. Paul shawarci Joliot samun wani mataimaki a cikin Radium Cibiyar zuwa Marii Kyuri. A shekara ta 1925, Frederick fara aiki preparator a wannan ma'aikata. A cikin kayayyakin lokaci, saurayin ya tafi a kan yi nazarin kimiyyar lissafi da kuma sunadarai.

Personal rai

Cibiyar Joliot ya zama Mai ƙididdigewa Maria 'yar mai suna Irene. A shekara daga baya, matasa aure. Bayan da cewa Frederick dauki wani biyu-barreled surname - Joliot-Curie. Mata bi kwat da wando. Ba da da ewa biyu ya'ya biyu - a ɗansa da 'yarsa (duka ya zama masana kimiyya a nan gaba).

bincike

Bayan bikin aure, da gwarzo wannan labarin ya ci gaba da aiki a Radium Cibiyar. A 1930 ya samu doctorate lakabi da bincike bangaren na rediyoaktif polonium. Amma, ko da yake digiri, kusan babu daya a cikin kimiyya al'umma bai san yadda to suna Joliot-Curie. Wancan ne, ya aka kadan da aka sani.

Frederick kokarin samun wani ilimi matsayi, amma yunkuri kasance m. The masanin kimiyyar da aka riga tunanin yadda za a samu wani sunadarai yin aiki ga masana'antu da samar. Joliot-Curie taimake Zhan Perren. Godiya ga wani abokin aiki Frederick lashe gwamnati malanta, kuma ya yi iya zama a institute. A 1930, da Jamusanci likita Walter bothe bayyana cewa a lokacin da bombarded helium nuclei (kafa ta lalace na polonium) boron da beryllium, da karshen emit high iya shiga radiation.

Availability na aikin injiniya da ilimi ya yarda Joliot-Curie haifar da m injimin gano illa tare da gina-in condensing jam'iyya. Wannan na'urar rubuce iya shiga radiation. A farko samfurin da aka dauka polonium. A shekarar 1931, Frederick da matarsa soma nazarin. A lokacin gwaji, sai suka tarar da cewa idan boron tsakanin irradiated (da beryllium) da kuma injimin gano illa ne na bakin ciki farantin hydrogen-dauke da abubuwa, na farko matakin na radiation ne ninki biyu.

A samu na sabon abubuwa

Ƙarin gwajen bayyana yanayin da ƙarin radiation. Sai ya juya daga cewa shi ne ya yi sama na hydrogen atoms cewa a lõkacin da fuskantar radiation zama fairly high gudun, ko da yake ba Frederick kuma Irene ba da cikakken fahimci ainihin aiwatar. Duk da haka, godiya ga sakamakon da bincike Dzheyms Chedvik a 1932 ya gano neutron barbashi, wanda shi ne wani ɓangare na atomic tsakiya. A daidai wannan lokaci da American likita Carl D. Anderson rubuta game da positrons zama byproducts a lokacin wani harin da alpha barbashi aluminum ko boron.

Irene da Frederic yi su gudanar da bincike da kuma sanya wani sabon gwaji. A condensing jam'iyya samfurori ana sa aluminum da boron, kuma ta bude rufe da aluminum tsare. Sa'an nan biyu ya fara radiation alpha radiation. A positrons zahiri ya sami kasaftawa, amma kawai bayan da dama da minti ci gaba polonium tushen kashe su watsi.

Saboda haka, Frederick da kuma Irene gano cewa wasu irradiated samfurori ne boron da aluminum aka canza kama zuwa sabon sinadaran abubuwa. Bugu da kari, sun zama rediyoaktif. Boron isotope yana tuba zuwa nitrogen da aluminum - phosphorus.

The Nobel Prize

A 1935, Irene da Frederic aka bayar da Nobel Prize for kira na sabon rediyoaktif abubuwa. Kamar wancan ne da sunan Joliot-Curie aka har abada rubũtacce a cikin tarihi na sunadarai. A cikin Nobel magana masanin kimiyyar ya lura da cewa, wucin gadi rediyoaktif abubuwa da ya kamata a yi amfani da matsayin tracers. Wannan ƙwarai simplifies matsalar na gano da kuma cire daban-daban aka gyara wanda suke a cikin kwayoyin halittar.

m aiki

A 1937, likita Joliot-Curie ci gaba da aiki a Radium Cibiyar. Har ila yau, ya aka nada farfesa ne, a Kolejin de France, Paris. A nan masanin kimiyya bude wani bincike cibiyar nukiliya sunadarai da kimiyyar lissafi. Kuma duk da haka Frederick kafa wani dakin gwaje-gwaje, inda kwararru na daban-daban profiles iya aiki a hankali tare domin cimma sakamako mafi kyau. Bayan gina likita sarrafawa farko cyclotron a Faransa, inda tushen alpha barbashi kada shirya rediyoaktif abubuwa.

yaki

A 1939, da Jamusanci sunadarai Otto Hahn sanya wani samu. Ya ce da kimiyya al'umma game da yiwuwar fission na uranium kwayoyin halitta. Bayan wannan, Joliot-Curie ya nuna cewa shi ne m. Likita yi gagarumin adadin makamashi sake a lokacin fission zarra. Don amfani da shi, Frederick saya daga Norway kusan dukan samuwa samar da nauyi ruwa. Amma bincike masanin kimiyya ta katse fashewa a lokacin yakin duniya na II. France sun shagaltar da Jamus sojojin. Risking yawa, Joliot-Curie daukar duk nauyi ruwa zuwa Ingila, inda masana kimiyya da amfani da shi a lokacin cin gaban atomic makamai.

siyasa

A lokacin zama na Frederick zauna a cikin Paris. Duk da cewa masana kimiyya ya a Faransa Socialist Party da kuma yana da anti-farkisanci ra'ayoyi, shi ya sa su a matsayinsu a kwalejin de France, da kuma Cibiyar Radium. Har ila yau, Joliot-Curie wani memba na juriya motsi da yake a kai na "National Front" (boye kungiyar). Kuma dakin gwaje-gwaje Frederick amfani ga yi na rediyo kayan aiki da kuma bama-bamai, wanda aka tsĩrar da su da mayakan na Resistance. A tsakiyar yakin, da masanin kimiyyar bi da misali na malaminsa, Langevin da kuma shiga cikin jam'iyyar kwaminis.

Bayan kwata 'yanci na Faransa babban birnin kasar na gwarzo da wannan labarin da aka nada da post na Director na National Research Center. Frederick ya rayar da kasa ta kimiyya m. A karshen shekarar 1945 da masanin kimiyyar sanya wani request ga shugaba Charles de Gaulle. Joliot-Curie a Faransa so ya haifar da wani Atomic Energy Hukumar. Bayan shekaru uku, likita gangarawa kaddamar kasar na farko nukiliya reactor. Wannan ƙwarai ƙãra masa suna a matsayin masanin kimiyya da kuma gudanarwa. Duk da haka, Frederick wakilinsa a cikin jam'iyyar kwaminis ta sa mai yawa na rashin biyan bukata. A 1950, ya aka saki daga gidan na darektan na Commissariat.

mutuwa

A karshe shekaru na rayuwa na Frederic Joliot-Curie, wanda biography da aka gabatar a sama, sadaukar da koyarwa da kuma gudanar da bincike. Ya kuma jagoranci Duniya majalisar da kuma gudanar da harkokin siyasa aiki. A shekarar 1956, Irene ya rasu. The mutuwar matarsa for Frederick nauyi duka. Amma ya na da a cire kaina tare da gangarawa Cibiyar Radium. Joliot-Curie ma dubawa gina wani sabon jami'a a Orsee da kuma sanar a Sorbonne. Ba da da ewa, duk da haka, jikinsa ya raunana da hannu-gaba na baya hepatitis da kuma danniya, ya kasa. A watan Agusta, shekarar 1958, masana kimiyya ya rasu a Paris.

Interests da lambobin yabo

Abokan aiki fahince Frederick matsayin haƙuri, da kirki, kuma m mutum. Ya so ya karanta, to fenti shimfidar kuma yi wasa da Piano. A 1940 Joliot-Curie, da ta lashe lambar zinare a Barnard na Jami'ar Columbia ya ga fice kimiyya nasarori. Kuma a cikin Tarayyar Soviet Frederick bayar da da Stalin Prize, mika fita a shekara "ga zaman lafiya tsakanin mutane."