Finno-Ugric mutãnensu, tarihi da kuma al'adu. A mutane na Finno-Ugric fadace-rabe-kungiya

Finno-Ugric harsuna suna da alaka da zamani Finnish da Hungarian. Mutanen da suka yi magana da su, yin sama da Finno-Ugric ethnolinguistic kungiyar. Su asalin, sake ma su matsugunni yankin, kamance da kuma bambance-bambance a waje sharuddan, al'adu, addini da kuma hadisai - batutuwa na duniya da bincike a fannonin tarihi, Anthropology, labarin kasa, harsuna, da kuma da dama wasu kimiyyar. A takaice haskaka wannan batu kokarin wannan review labarin.

Peoples kunshe a Finnish-Ugric kungiyar ethnolinguistic

Bisa ga digiri na kusanci da harsuna, da masu bincike shared da Finno-Ugric al'umma a cikin biyar subgroups.

Dalili na farko na Baltic, kuma Finnish, suna Finns da Estonians - mutane, suna da nasu jihohi. Suna zaune da a Rasha. Shitu - wani karamin rukuni na Estonians - Hijira a Pskov yankin. A mafi yawa daga cikin Baltic da kuma Finnish mutanen Rasha - Karelia. A gida da suka yi amfani da uku 'yan asalin yaruka, yayin da wallafe-wallafen harshen da suka dauke su Finnish. Bugu da kari, to wannan subgroup ne Vepsians da Izhors - kananan al'ummai cewa sun kiyaye su harsuna da Vod (da suka yi kasa da wata ɗari mutane rasa nasu harshen) da kuma Livs.

Na biyu - Sami (ko Lapps) subgroup. The girma na mutane, wanda ya ba shi wani sunan, zaunar a Scandinavia. A Rasha Saami rayuwa a kan Kola Larabawa. Da masu bincike bayar da shawarar cewa a zamanin da wadannan mutane sun shagaltar da mafi ƙasa, amma daga bisani aka kore baya zuwa arewa. Sa'an nan kuma akwai lokacin da aka canza daga harshen harshen su, daya daga cikin Finnish yaruka.

The uku subgroup bangaren na Finno-Ugric al'umma - Volga-Finnish - Mari da ya hada da Mordvinians. Mari - da girma da yawan jama'a na Jamhuriyar Mari El, sun kuma rayu a Bashkortostan, Tatarstan, Udmurtia kuma ko da wani yawan Rasha yankuna. Su gane biyu wallafe-wallafen harshen (da wanda, duk da haka, ba dukan masu bincike yarda). Mordvinians - 'yan asalin jama'ar na Jamhuriyar Mordovia. a lokaci guda a mahimmin juzu'in Mordvins zaunar cikin Rasha. Kamar yadda wani ɓangare na wannan al'umma - biyu kabilu, kowace tare da kansa wallafe-wallafen rubuta harshe.

A karo na hudu subgroup ake kira da Permian. Yana hada Komi, Komi-Perm, kuma Udmurt. Kafin Oktoba 1917 matakin rubuce-rubuce (ko da yake, a cikin Rasha) Komi gabatowa da mafi ilimi mutane na Rasha - Rasha Yahudawa da Jamusawa. Game da Udmurt, su yare ya kasance mafi yawa a cikin kauyuka na Udmurt Jamhuriyar. Rayuwa a cikin wannan birane, ayan manta da kuma harshe na asalin halitta, da kuma al'adu.

By na biyar, Ugric, subgroup hada da Hungarians, Khanty da Mansi. Ko da yake ƙananan kai na da Likitan mata da Severnyy Ural raba daga Hungarian jihar a kan Danube yawa kilomita, wadannan mutane da gaske ne mafi kusa dangi. Khanty da Mansi ne kananan mutanen Arewa.

Dadaddun Finno-Ugric kabilan

By da Finno-Ugric al'ummai da al'ummai da abin ya shafa, da tunani zuwa wanda yanzu kiyaye kawai a cikin tarihin. Saboda haka, Meria mutane rayu tsakanin Volga da Oka a farkon karni AD - akwai wani ka'idar cewa ya aka daga baya garwaya da gabashin Slavs.

A wannan abu ya faru tare da Moore. Wannan shi ne - ko da mafi tsoho mutane na Finno-Ugric fadace-rabe-kungiya, da zarar zaune Oka pool.

An dade kasance dadaddun Finnish kabilu suke zaune tare da kogin Onega da kuma Northern Dvina, da masu bincike kira Chud (bisa ga daya jarrabawa, sun kasance cikin magabatan na zamani Estonians).

A na kowa harshe da kuma al'adun

Sanar da Finno-Ugric harsuna kamar wata kungiya, da masu bincike jaddada cewa al'umma a matsayin babbar factor cewa haɗa kan bangaskiya mutanen da suka yi magana da su. Duk da haka Ural kabilu, duk da kama a cikin tsarin da harsuna, har yanzu fahimci juna ba ko da yaushe. Saboda haka, Finn, ba shakka, a iya bayyana ga Istoniyanci, erzyanin - tare da mokshaninom da Udmurtia - Komi. Duk da haka, wannan rukuni na al'umma geographically m daga juna, ya kamata su sa mai yawa kokarin tantance cikin yarurrukansu kowa siffofin da cewa zai taimake su su yi hira.

Rabe-raben harsuna zumunta na Finno-Ugric al'ummai za a iya gano farko da kama na ilimin harsuna Tsarin. Wannan muhimmanci rinjayar da samuwar tunani da kuma duniya view of mutane. Duk da bambancin al'adu, wannan al'amari na taimaka wa wani fahimtar juna tsakanin kabilun.

A lokaci guda wani irin tunani, saboda da tunani tsari a cikin wadannan harsuna wadãtar duniya al'adun su na musamman hangen nesa daga cikin duniya. Saboda haka, da bambanci ga Indo-Turai, Finno-Ugric mutane karkata tare da girmamawa ga kwarai yanayi. Finno-Ugric al'ada a mutunta mutane da yawa ma da gudummawar da so daga cikin wadannan mutane zuwa ga daidaita lumana zuwa ga makwabta - suka kullum fĩfĩta ba su yi yaƙi, amma da yin hijira yayin da tsare su ainihi.

Har ila yau halayyar mutanen wannan kungiya - da gaskiya, kabilanci da kuma al'adu ta Amurka. A search for hanyoyi don ƙarfafa dangantaka da related mutanen da suka kula da al'adu da lambobi tare da dukan waɗanda suke kewaye da su. Amma, da Finno-Ugric al'ummai gudanar da adana su harshe, da asali al'adu abubuwa. Sadarwa tare da kabilanci hadisai a wannan yanki za a iya gano a cikin kasa songs, raye-raye, music, abincin gargajiya, tufafi. Har ila yau, mun tsira da yawa abubuwa na zamanin d bikin: bikin aure, jana'iza, tunawa.

A Brief History na Finno-Ugric mutãnensu

The asalin da kuma farkon tarihin Finno-Ugric mutane zuwa wannan rana da ya rage wani batu na kimiyya da muhawara. Daga cikin masu bincike mafi yadu yi imani da cewa a zamanin da akwai guda rukuni na mutane, magana guda Finno-Ugric proto-harshe. Magabatan da Finno-Ugric al'ummai kafin karshen uku Millennium BC. e. kiyaye zumunta da hadin kai. Su sun riga sun zauna a cikin Urals da kuma Yammacin Urals yankin, da kuma watakila ma a wasu kewaye.

A wancan zamanin, da ake kira Finno-Ugric da kuma iyalansu a lamba tare da Indo-Iran, wanda aka nuna a camfin da harsuna. Tsakanin uku da na biyu millennia BC. e. rabu da juna da kuma Finnish ugric Perm-reshe. Daga cikin mutanen da karshen, wanda zauna a yammacin shugabanci, hankali ya tsaya fitar da suka ware m subgroup na harsuna (Baltic-Finnish, Finnish-Volga, Perm). A sakamakon miƙa mulki na 'yan asalin jama'ar na Far Arewa a kan daya daga cikin Finno-Ugric Sami adverbs kafa.

Ugric kungiyar na harsuna raba tsakiyar na Millennium BC. e. Da rabo daga cikin Baltic-Finnish faru a farkon mu zamanin. Perm dade kadan ya fi tsayi - har ƙarni na takwas. A babban rawa a cikin raba ci gaban da wadannan harsuna sun taka lambobi na Finno-Ugric kabilu, tare da Baltic, Iran, Slavic, Turkic, Jamus al'ummai.

Yankin ƙasar da shiri

Finno-Ugric al'umma a cikin kwanaki mafi yawa rayuwa a Arewa-yammacin Turai. Geographically, sai suka zauna a cikin sararin ƙasa daga Scandinavia da Urals, da Volga-Kama yankin, da ƙananan kuma tsakiyar Tobol. Hungarians - kawai mutane na Finno-Ugric fadace-rabe-kungiya, wanda ya kafa nasu jihar baya daga sauran danginsa, kabilan - a cikin Carpathian-Danube yankin.

Yawan na Finno-Ugric mutãnensu

A total number of al'ummai waɗanda, magana Uralic harsuna (wannan ya hada da Finno-Ugric da Samoyed), shi ne 23-24 miliyan. A mafi yawa ne wakilan da Hungarians. Su ne duniya ta fiye da 15 da mutane miliyan. Suna biye da Finns da Estonians (5 da miliyan 1, bi da bi). Mai sauran Finno-Ugric kabilun da suke zaune a Rasha.

Finno-Ugric kabilun a kan ƙasa na Rasha

Rasha natsuwa rũgũguwar fita en sun mayar da ƙasar Finno-Ugric mutãnensu a XVI-XVIII ƙarni. Mafi sau da yawa, da aiwatar da magance su a cikin wadannan sassa dauki wuri cikin lumana, amma wasu 'yan asalin mutane (misali, Mari) tsawo da kuma nacewa tsayayya da Accession daga cikin baki da Rasha jihar.

A addinin Kirista, rubuce-rubuce, a birane, al'adu, adscititious Rasha, ya fara ƙarshe da maye gurbin gida imani da kuma adverbs. Mutane mayar da su cikin gari, ya koma Siberia da Altai ƙasar - inda babban da na kowa harshe ya Rasha. Duk da haka, ya (musamman ta arewacin yare) ya tunawa da yawa daga cikin Finno-Ugric kalma - galibi haka a cikin filin daga wuri sunayen da sunayen na halitta mamaki.

Places na Finno-Ugric mutanen Rasha gauraye da Turks, tuba zuwa ga Musulunci. Duk da haka, da yawa daga shi har yanzu aka assimilated Rasha. Saboda haka, waɗannan al'ummai ba sa sama da rinjaye - ko da a cikin wadanda jamhuriyoyin cewa kai su sunan.

Duk da haka, bisa ga ƙidaya a 2002, a Rasha akwai manya-manyan a yawan da Finno-Ugric kungiyar. Yana Mordvinians (843 dubu mutane), Udmurts (kusan 637,000), Mari (604 000), Komi mutane (293,000), da Komi-Permian (125 dubu), Karels (93,000). Yawan wasu mutane bai wuce dubu talatin mutane: da Khanty, Mansi, Veps. Izhors asusu na 327 mutane, da kuma mutane na Vod - kawai mutane 73. Suna zaune a Rasha da kuma Hungarians, Finns, Estonians, Saami.

Development of Finno-Ugric al'ada a Rasha

Goma sha shida na Finno-Ugric mutanen da suke zaune a Rasha. Biyar daga cikinsu suna da nasu al'umma-jihar samuwar, amma biyu - kasa da kasa da cikakken yankin. Sauran zaunar tarwatsa a fadin kasar.

A Rasha sarrafa babba da hankali ga adana gargajiya al'adunsu da mazaunan kabilun. A kasa da kasa da na gida matakin, shirye-shirye suna ci gaba da goyon bayan da nazarin al'adun Finno-Ugric al'umma, da al'adu da kuma yaruka.

Saboda haka, Sami, Khanty, Mansi aka sanar a makarantar firamare, da kuma Komi, Mari, Udmurt, Mordovian harsuna - a makarantun sakandare dake yankin, inda akwai manyan kungiyoyin na Game da kabilun. Akwai musamman dokokin a kan al'adu, harshe (Mari-El, Komi). Saboda haka, a cikin Jamhuriyar Karelia, da doka a kan ilimi, ya tsayar da dama daga cikin Veps da Karelian koyarwa a mutuniyarsu harshen. Fifiko ci gaban da al'adun gargajiya na mutanen dokar ma'anar da al'adu.

Har ila yau, a cikin Jamhuriyar Mari El, Udmurtia, Komi, Mordovia, a cikin Khanty-Mansi cin gashin kanta Area na da Concepts da kuma ci gaban} asa da shirye-shirye. Kafa da kuma aiki Development Asusun al'adu na Finno-Ugric mutane (a cikin ƙasa na Jamhuriyar Mari El).

Finno-Ugric mutãnensu, bayyanar

Magabatan da Finno-Ugric al'ummai sun faru a sakamakon hadawa paleoevropeyskih da Paleo-Asiatic kabilu. Saboda haka, a waje cikin dukan al'ummai daga wannan kungiyar akwai biyu Turai da kuma Mongoloid fasali. Wasu malamai sun yi ko da sun ci gaba da ka'idar kasancewar raba jinsi - Urals, ne "tsaka-tsakin" tsakanin Turawa da kuma Asians, amma wannan version yana da 'yan magoya bayan.

A Finno-Ugric mutane ne iri-irin a anthropological sharuddan. Duk da haka, da halayyar "Ural" fasali a cikin ko ta wani hanya yana da wani memba na Finno-Ugric al'ummai. Shi ne, kamar yadda mai mulkin, matsakaici tsawo, wani mai haske gashi launi, "snub" hanci, m fuska, wajen bakin ciki game. Amma wadannan halaye an bayyana a cikin hanyoyi daban-daban. Saboda haka, Mordvins-Erzya - tsayi, da kambun da farin gashi gashi kuma blue idanu. Mordvins-moksha - a kan m, guntu, high-cheeked, tare da duhu gashi. A Udmurts da Mari nadiri halayyar "Mongol," da ido tare da wani na musamman da naɗi a ciki kusurwa na ido - epicanthus sosai m fuskoki, wani ruwa gemu. Amma yayin da su gashi ne yawanci mai farin gashi da kuma ja, da kuma idanunsa - blue ko launin toka, wanda shi ne na hali na Turawa, amma ba Mongoloids. "Mongolian Musulunci 'kuma samu a Izhora, en, Karel kuma ko da Estonians. Komi duba daban-daban. Inda akwai gauraye aure da Nenets, da wakilan na wannan al'umma Katakon da kuma baki-masu gashi. Sauran Komi, a daya hannun, ya bayyana more kamar Scandinavians, amma mafi m-fuskanci.

Finno-Ugric gargajiya abinci a Rasha

Mafi yawa daga cikin jita-jita na gargajiya abinci na Finno-Ugric mutane na Urals da Trans-Urals, a gaskiya, ba a kiyaye su, ko aka materially kuskuren fahimtar ilmin. Duk da haka, ethnographers kulawa don gano wasu janar alamu.

Kifi shi ne babban samfurin na Finno-Ugric al'ummai iko. An ba kawai bi da a hanyoyi daban-daban (gasashen, vyalili, brewed, daga, bushe, ci raw), amma kuma shirya kowane irin a kansa hanya, wanda zai zama mafi alhẽri ya isar da dandano.

Kafin zuwan bindigogi da babban Hanyar farauta a cikin dazuzzuka suka tarko. Mun kama yafi gandun daji tsuntsu (takaddamarsu, takaddamarsu) da kuma kananan game, yafi zomo. Nama da kaji stewed, Boiled da kuma gasa, da yawa kasa - soyayyen.

Kayan lambu da amfani turnips da radishes, ganye - girma watercress a cikin gandun daji, saniya parsnip, horseradish, albasa, matasa goutweed. Yammacin Finno-Ugric al'ummai wuya ci namomin kaza. a lokaci guda ga m, su ne wani muhimmin ɓangare na rage cin abinci. A farkon iri na hatsi da aka sani ga waɗanda al'umman - sha'ir da alkama (rattaba kalma). Daga su shirya porridge, zafi jellies da toppings ga na gida tsiran.

Modern dafuwa sharhin na Finno-Ugric al'umma yana da matukar 'yan kasa da halaye, kamar yadda aka karfi da ya rinjayi Rasha, Bashkir, Tatar, Chuvash da kuma sauran abincin. Duk da haka, kusan a kowace al'umma ya tsira daya ko biyu gargajiya, bukukuwan ko celebratory abinci cewa sun tsira. A Naira Miliyan Xari, sun bayar da wani janar ra'ayin Finno-Ugric dafa abinci.

Finno-Ugric al'ummai: addini

Mafi yawa daga cikin Finno-Ugric al'ummai da'awar da bangaskiyar Kirista. Finns, Estonians da kuma Yammacin Lapps ne Lutheran. Daga cikin Hungarians mamaye Katolika, ko da yake ba za ka iya ma saduwa da Calvinists kuma Lutherans.

A Finno-Ugric mutanen da suke zaune a Turai na Rasha, - yawanci Orthodox Kiristoci. Duk da haka, Udmurt da Mari mutane sun gudanar kiyaye tsoho shafukan (animistic) addini, kuma Samoyed mutanen da mazaunan Siberia - shamanism.