Expressionism a adabi: definition, asali siffofin, marubuta Expressionists

M avant-garde shugabanci, expressionism, ya samo asali a cikin tsakiyar 90s na 19th karni. Magabacin ajalin da aka dauke su kafa na mujallar "Storm" - H. Walden.

Masu bincike expressionism yi imani da cewa shi ne mafi fili da aka bayyana a cikin wallafe-wallafe. Ko da yake babu kasa m expressionism bayyana a cikin sassaka, zane da kuma zanen.

A sabon salon da wani sabon duniya domin

Tare da canje-canje a cikin jama'a da kuma tsarin zamantakewa na farkon karni na 20th, akwai wani sabon shugabanci a art, wasan kwaikwayo da kuma music rayuwa. Ban jira da expressionism a wallafe-wallafe. Fassara wannan shugabanci bai yi aiki ba daga. Amma wallafe-wallafen expressionism bayyana yadda babban wani tsararru na bamban rates, kuma yayi masu tasowa a cikin tsarin na modernist Trend a Turai na karshe karni.

Da yake jawabi na expressionism, kusan ko da yaushe nufi ga Jamus. Tsororuwar wannan halin yanzu ake kira da 'ya'yan da kerawa na "Prague makaranta" (Jamus-magana). Yana kunshi K. Čapek, P. Adler, L. Perutz, F. Kafka da sauransu. Tare da babban bambanci a cikin m saituna daga wadannan marubuta da nasaba da amfani a halin da ake ciki m, idiotically claustrophobia, sufi, m hallucinogenic mafarkai. A Rasha, wannan Trend ci gaba da L. Andreev da E. Zamyatin

Mutane da yawa marubuta wahayi zuwa romanticism ko Baroque. Amma musamman da babban tasiri na Jamus da kuma Faransa symbolism (musamman C. Baudelaire da Rimbaud) jin da expressionism a wallafe-wallafe. Misalai na ayyuka da kowane marubuci bin nuna cewa da hankali ga hakikar da na rayuwa faruwa ta hanyar farkon na falsafa rayuwa. Known slogan mabiya expressionism - "Ba wani fadowa dutse, da kuma dokar nauyi."

Manzon Allah Sallallahu Alaihi pathos muhimmi Georg Heym, ya zama mai recognizable alama na wani hali farkon Expressionism matsayin motsi. Masu karatu a ayar "Akuma mai mutuwa ..." da "War" tsõkaci da hankali da annabci Hasashen kashedi game da bala'i a Turai.

Austria exponent na expressionist Georg Trakl da quite a kananan poetic al'adunmu ya na da wani tasiri a kan duk Jamus-harshen shayari. A Trakl waqe sun warin rikitarwa images, da bala'i dangane da rushewar duniya domin kuma mai zurfi wani tunanin richness.

Expressionism Dawn zo a cikin 1914-1924 shekaru. Yana da aka Franz Werfel, Albert Ehrenstein, Gottfried Benn da sauransu wanda suna da babbar asarar da a dandalinsu, a m gamsu pacifist imani. Wannan Trend ne mafi fili ya saukar a cikin ayyukansu na Kurt Hiller. Poetic expressionism a adabi, da babban fasali na wanda ya ci wasan kwaikwayo da kuma litattafan da sauri, sa a cikin shahararrun anthology na "The Twilight na xaya", wanda ya bayyana a kotu na karatu a 1919.

Wani sabon falsafa

Babban falsafar da kuma ado ra'ayin mabiya expressionists aka dauka daga "manufa jigon" - ka'idar ilimi na Husserl, da kuma a kan amincewa da diraya "cibiya na duniya" Bergson a cikin tsarin da "rayuwa" nasara. An yi imani da cewa wannan tsarin ne iya shawo kan obduracy falsafa al'amari a wani unstoppable rafi na juyin halitta.

Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa Expressionism a wallafe-wallafen bayyana a matsayin Nonfictional ji na gaskiya kamar yadda wani "haƙiƙa view".

The magana "haƙiƙa ganuwa" ya zo daga gargajiya ayyukan Jamus falsafa da kuma nufi da ji na gaskiya tare da cartographic daidaito. Saboda haka, domin zo ya zama "manufa abokai" a duniya, shi ne zama dole sake zuwa hamayya ruhaniya abu.

Wannan ra'ayin shi ne sosai kama da akida da tunani Symbolists, yayin da expressionism a adabi mayar da hankali a kan Bergson ta intuitionism da haka neman ji na zama a rayuwa, kuma m. Rayuwa nasara da kuma zurfi ma'ana lamirinsu ayyana overriding makami a rapprochement tare da m cosmic gaskiya. A wannan yanayin, da expressionists da'awar cewa kayan duniya (ie da waje duniya) vuya a cikin sirri bugu zuwa ɗaguwar ruhaniya da kuma wuce yarda kusa zama bayani daga ƙarni-old "asiri" na rayuwa.

Expressionism a adabi na karni na 20th a fili daban-daban daga igiyoyin na Surrealism da Cubism cewa ɓullo da kusan a layi daya. Pathos, kuma, zamantakewa da m, yin m bambanci tsakanin ayyukan expressionists. A cike suke da rashin amincewa da rabo daga al'umma a cikin zaman jama'a azuzuwan da yaƙe-yaƙe a kan harried mutum jama'a cibiyoyin da kuma zamantakewa. Wani lokaci expressionist mawallafa yadda ya kamata fa, tã da hoton na neman sauyi gwarzo, da nuna mafi m yanayi, bayyana sufi eerie tsoro na rikice na kasancewa rinjãya.

duniya domin rikicin kamar yadda ake bayyana a cikin ayyukansu na Expressionists kansu a matsayin babban kashi na Apocalypse, wanda aka motsi a wani gagarumin gudun, da kuma alkawarin da ta yi ta mamaye mutãne da yanayi.

akida fitowan

Expressionism a wallafe-wallafen gano wani request ga duniya hali na annabci. Wannan shi ne abin da bukatar da kadaici da style: shi wajibi ne don ya koya, kuma gargadi da kuma bayyana. Kawai a cikin wannan hanya, ta hanyar yin kawar da hadin halin kirki da kuma stereotypes, mabiya expressionism kokarin yantar da kowane mutum bore na kwatanci, ji na ƙwarai to zurfafa da kuma karfafa janye zuwa dukan asiri.

Watakila wannan ne ya sa Expressionism kama asalin daga jam'iyya kungiyar na artists.

Masana tarihi na al'adu yi imani da cewa shekara ta asali na expressionism - 1905 th. Wannan shekara ya ƙungiyar na kamar shiryayye mutane a Jamus Dresden, wani rukuni wanda ya kira kansu "The Bridge". A karkashin ta converged gine dalibai: Otto Müller, Erich Heckel, Ernst Kirchner, Emil Nolde, da dai sauransu By farkon 1911, ya furta da kanta na almara band "Blue Rider" .. Yana kunshi m artists na farkon karni na ashirin: Franz Marc . Agusta Madsen, Paul Klee, Wassily Kandinsky da sauransu Group da aka buga da eponymous Almanac zuwa Maris 1912, wanda ya mayar da hankali a kan latest m samfurori da sabon makaranta, tsara a raga da kuma kalubalanci su shugabanci.

Wakilai daga expressionism a wallafe-wallafen mujallar a rufe a kan tushen da "Aktion" ( "Action"). A farko batun da aka buga a birnin Berlin, a farkon 1911. Yana da aka samu halartar kasida da kuma ba tukuna sanannun playwrights, amma mai haske 'yan tawayen wannan shugabanci: E. Toller, Frank L., J. Beker, da sauransu.

Features mafi m expressionism kawai ya bayyana a Jamus adabi, Austria da kuma Rasha. Faransa Expressionists gabatar da mawãƙi Perom Garne.

Expressionist mawãƙi

Mawãƙi wannan Trend ya samu da aiki "Orpheus." Wancan ne, dole ne ya zama mai sihiri ne, wanda, fafitikar da fitina kashi al'amari ya zo cikin ciki na gaskiya ainihin abin da ke faruwa. Babban abu ga mawãƙi - jigon abin da ya bayyana asali, da kuma ba da wani sabon abu real kanta.

Saboda haka - wannan shi ne mafi girman caste, babba aji. Ya kamata su dauki bangare a cikin "kula da harkokin jama'a." Kuma pragmatism da unprincipled kamata gaba daya rasa shi. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa, a matsayin wadanda suka kafa expressionism tunani saboda haka yana da sauki a cimma duniya clamping vibration "manufa abokai".

Musamman daba mabiya suak kangare yi na kerawa expressionism kira kadai gaskiya hanyar gyara kayan duniya da kuma iko da shi.

Daga wannan shi ya bi da cewa gaskiya ne sama prettiness. Asirin, m ilimi expressionist adadi saye da wani fashewar expansiveness cewa an halicci hankali kamar yadda idan mãye ko hallucinations.

m bugu zuwa ɗaguwar ruhaniya

Ƙirƙiri ga adept a cikin wannan shugabanci - ne don ƙirƙirar Masterpieces a Jihar m gabar, wanda dogara ne a kan wani Jihar bugu zuwa ɗaguwar ruhaniya, improvisation kuma m yanayi na mawãƙi ne.

Expressionism a adabi - shi ne ba a kula, shi ne rashin da kuma m tunanin, shi ne ba da abu na kallo, kuma ecstatic wahayi images.

Jamus Expressionist, ta sharhi da kuma daya daga cikin shugabannin Casimir Edshmid yi imani da cewa a gaskiya mawãƙi siffanta da kuma ba ya gani gaskiya. Saboda haka, kamar yadda wani sakamako, wallafe-wallafen ayyukansu a cikin style of expressionism ne sakamakon cardiac turu da abu don ado ni'ima da rai. Expressionists ba nauyin da kansu tare da kula da tsaftacewa bayyana form.

Asalin darajar m magana ne da harshen a expressionist murdiya, kuma sau da yawa grotesque, wanda ya bayyana a matsayin sakamakon daji hyperbolism kuma m fadace-fadace da turjiyar da al'amarin. Irin wannan murdiya ba kawai ya tarwatsa yunkurin fahimtar da waje fasali na duniya. Yana bada m da kuma daukan hankali grotesque halitta images.

Kuma a nan ya bayyana cewa babban maƙasudin na expressionism - da maimaitawa na mutum al'umma da kuma cimma tare da hadin talikai.

"Expressionist shekaru goma" a cikin Jamus-harshen adabi

A Jamus, kamar yadda a wasu kasashen Turai, expressionism fito bayan tashin hankali juyi a cikin jama'a da kuma zamantakewa duniyoyin, ya firgita da kasar a farkon shekarun karni na karshe. A Jamus al'adu da adabi expressionism ya mai daukan hankali sabon abu daga 10 zuwa '20 karni na ashirin da.

Expressionism a Jamus adabi ya mai da martani ga matsalolin da kawo dukkan, suka kusantar da yakin duniya na farko, da Nuwamba Revolutionary Movement a Jamus da kuma kifar da gwamnatin Tsarist a Rasha a watan Oktoba. A tsohon duniya da aka halakar da kuma a kan ta kango bayyana sabon. Writers, wanda ya faru a gaban wannan canji, sa samun abinci ji da gazawar da data kasance domin kuma a lokaci guda zullumi da unenforceability na wani sabon ci gaba a cikin sabon al'umma.

Jamus expressionism aka saka da wata mai haske, m, protivoburzhuazny hali. Amma a lokaci guda, m da shortcomings daga cikin tsarin jari hujja, expressionist bayyana miƙa maimakon, shi ne m, m da m zamantakewa da siyasa shirin cewa zai iya rayar da ruhu na bil'adama.

Kada fahimci akidar da proletariat, da Expressionists ĩmãni a cikin zuwan karshen duniya domin. Halakar mutãne da yadawa bala'i - tsakiya jigogi na expressionist lokaci na yakin duniya na farko. Musamman mai haske da shi za a iya gani a lyrics na G. Trakl, Heym G. da kuma F. Werfel. J. Van Goddis karɓa kira zuwa ga abubuwan da suka faru a cikin kasar da kuma duniya, cikin ayar, "A karshen duniya." Kuma ko da satirical show da ban mamaki halin da ake ciki (Karl Kraus, "kwanaki na arshe na Mankind").

Ado akida na expressionism tattara a karkashin reshe na wani sosai daban-daban style of art, dandani da kuma siyasa ka'idodinta mawallafa: daga F. Wolf kuma J. Beker, sun soma da akida na neman sauyi canji na al'umma, to Mr. Jost, daga baya ya zama wani mawãƙi a cikin kotu na uku Reich.

Franz Kafka - more ta a maimaikon expressionism

Frantsa Kafku ne gaskiya kira synonymous expressionism. Da imani ne da cewa mutum yana rayuwa a cikin duniya da yake maƙiya a gare shi da cikakken, yanayin dan Adam ba zai iya shawo kan adawa ta cibiyoyi da haka cimma farin ciki ne ba zai yiwu, shi ne babban Expressionist ra'ayoyi a wallafe-wallafen da'irori.

A marubuci ya yi imanin cewa akwai dalilin da fata a cikin mutum da kuma yiwu haka ba rai hangen zaman gaba. Duk da haka, a cikin ayyukansu na Kafka ya yi kokari samun wani abu na canzawa, "haske", ko kuma "indestructible".

Author daga cikin shahararrun "tsari" Saboda haka ya kira hargitsi. A duniya a kusa da shi ya eerily ban tsoro. Franz Kafka ya ji tsoron sojojin na yanayi, wanda aka riga mallakar bil'adama. Ya rikice da kuma tsoro ne sauki fahimta: da mutane, subjugating hali, ba zai iya magance da dangantakar dake tsakanin su. Bugu da kari, suka yi yaƙi da kashe juna fita, suka hallakar da kauyuka da ƙasarka, kuma bai ba da damar juna ya zama farin ciki.

Daga cikin zamanin da camfin da na asalin marubucin karni na ashirin da camfin na duniya rabu da kusan 35 ƙarni na wayewa. Myths Kafka cika da tsoro, yanke ƙauna kuma kayi. Makoman mutum ba riga mallakar kowa da kansa, amma ta wasu otherworldly karfi, kuma shi ne sauƙin rabu da mutum da kansa.

Mutumin ya yi ĩmãni da marubuci, - halittar zamantakewa (in ba haka ba kuwa zai iya ba), amma shi ake dimbin yawa na'urar jama'a gaba daya ya tarwatsa yunkurin fahimtar yanayin dan Adam.

Expressionism a adabi na karni na 20th a fuskar Kafka fahimci da kuma gane yanayin shigewa da feebleness mutum kafa ta shi da kuma ba a kula da jin dadin jama'a da kuma zamantakewa cibiyoyin. A hujja ne bayyananne: wani mutum ba zato ba tsammani da dama a karkashin sakamako (da za a kare ba tare da kasancewa dama!), Ko kuma su ba zato ba tsammani zama sha'awar "m" mutane, tare da wanda shiryar da m da m na duhu sojojin. Wani mutum a ƙarƙashin rinjayar da zamantakewa da kuma zamantakewa cibiyoyin ne mai sauki isa ga jin ya powerlessness, sa'an nan sauran saƙo na zama yin ata yunkurin izinin zama, kuma ka kasance a cikin wannan zãlunci duniya.

Kafka mamakin ga kyautar m. Musamman a fili ya bayyana a (da aka buga postmortem) "Tsari". A da shi marubucin foresees sabon hauka na karni na ashirin, da girma a cikin ta hallakarwa. Daya daga cikinsu - da matsalar burokrasi, ne samun karfin matsayin wani hadari girgije, taqin dukan sararin sama, yayin da mutum ya zama m inconspicuous kwari. Gaskiya saurare mafadaci maƙiya, gaba daya ya halaka a cikin mutum da mutum, kuma, saboda haka, duniya ne masu wanzuwa.

Ruhun expressionism a Rasha

Manufa Turai al'ada, wanda ci gaba a farko kwata na karni na ashirin, ba amma shafar Rasha wallafe-wallafe. A mawallafa, wanda aka buga ayyukan ƙwarai daga 1850 zuwa karshen 1920, sharply amsa zuwa ga bourgeois rashin adalci da kuma zaman rikicin na wannan zamanin, wanda ya tashi a sakamakon yakin duniya na farko da kuma m reactionary juyin mulki ne.

Mene ne Expressionism a adabi? A takaice - tawaye. Haushinka tashi gāba da dehumanization al'umma. Shi, tare da wani sabon bayani na asali dabi'u na mutum ruhu, ya congenial, hadisai da kuma al'adun gargajiya Rasha wallafe-wallafe. Ta rawa kamar yadda Almasihu a cikin al'umma ya bayyana ta cikin m ayyukan NV Litattafan Gogol da kuma FM Dostoevsky, ta hanyar mai ban mamaki zane-zane MA Vrubel da NN Ge, wadãtar da dukan duniya V. F. Komissarzhevskuyu kuma AN Scriabin.

Yana za a iya gano a fili sosai a nan gaba mai girma damar domin haihuwar Rasha expressionism a "The Dream of a m Man" by Fyodor Dostoevsky, "waka na bugu zuwa ɗaguwar ruhaniya" Scriabin, "Red Flower" V. Garshin.

Rasha Expressionists nemi kyawun, a cikin ayyukansu nemi ya kawo "sabon mutum" wani sabon sani fiye da taimaka hadin kai a kusa da al'adu da kuma m al'umma na Rasha.

Literary sukar nuna cewa, ba expressionism dauki siffar matsayin mai zaman kanta, raba hanya. Ya kawai bayyana ne kawai ta hanyar da kadaici da poetics da kuma salo, a cikin nascent matsakaici ya riga ya kafa daban-daban ƙungiyoyi fiye da ya yi iyakar mafi m, kuma ko da na al'ada.

Saboda haka, misali, expressionism, haife cikin hakikanci, sa a cikin halittar Leonida Andreeva, Andrei Bely tsere daga symbolist shugabanci acmeists Michael Zenkevich Vladimir Narbut saki tarin waqe-waqe da wani haske ekspressionistkoy theme, kuma Vladimir Mayakovsky, kasancewa a futurist, kuma ya rubuta a cikin Expressionist hanya.

Expressionism style a Rasha ƙasa

A Rasha karo na farko da kalmar "expressionism", "ƙaho" a Chekhov ta labarin "The fara". A heroine ba daidai ba ne, yin amfani da wani "expressionist" maimakon "Impressionists." Masu bincike Rasha expressionism yi imani da cewa shi ne a hankali hadedde tare, da kuma kowane irin expressionism na haihuwa Turai, wanda aka kafa a kan tushen da Austria, kuma amma mafi yawan Jamus expressionism.

Jerin baƙaƙe, wannan Trend a Rasha zo da yawa a baya, kuma zo da kõme ba yawa daga baya "shekaru goma Expressionism" a cikin Jamus-harshen adabi. Expressionism Rasha adabi ya fara da littafin da labarin Leonida Andreeva "The Wall" a 1901, kuma ya kammala da wani wasan kwaikwayon "Moscow Parnassus" da kuma kungiyar emotsionalistov a shekara ta 1925.

Leonid Nikolaevich Andreev - 'yan tawayen Rasha expressionism

New shugabanci sosai da sauri ya dauki kan Turai, ba bar a yayin da Rasha da wallafe-wallafen milieu. Da kafa uba na Expressionism a Rasha an dauke Leonid Andreev.

A farkon aikin, marubucin ya warai na nazarin ban mamaki gaskiya kewaye da shi. Sosai a fili wannan da aka gani a cikin farkon ayyukan: "Garas'ko", "Bargamot", "City". Riga nan wanda zai iya gano da babban muradi na marubuci.

"Rayuwa Vasiliya Fiveyskogo" da labarin "The Wall" zana a daki-daki, marubucin shakka a cikin zuciyar dan Adam, kuma matsananci shakka. A lokacin da ya fi sha'awa, bangaskiya, da kuma spiritualism Andreev rubuta sanannen "Yahuza Iskariyoti."

A farkon juyin juya halin Musulunci da ƙungiyoyi na marubucin tsanani m zuwa neman sauyi motsi, da kuma yadda wani sakamako akwai labaru "Ivan Ivanovich," "Gwamnan" da kuma play "Don da Stars".

Bayan mun gwada gajeren lokaci, kerawa Andreeva Leonida Nikolaevicha sa kaifi nuna. Yake da alaka da farkon juyin juya halin Musulunci motsi a 1907. Marubuci reconsiders ya views kuma fahimci cewa taro tarzoma, sai dai manyan azabar da taro jikkata, ya zo kome gubar. Wadannan abubuwan da suka faru da aka bayyana a cikin "The Bakwai da aka gicciye".

A labarin "The Red dariya" ya ci gaba da bayyana marubucin ra'ayoyi a kan abubuwan dake faruwa a jihar. The aiki ya bayyana munin yaki kan abubuwan da suka faru na 1905 Rasha-Japanese yaki. M tare da kafa duniya domin heroes suna shirye su kuskura anarchic tawaye, amma kamar yadda sauƙi zai iya ninka da kuma zama m.

More kwanan nan ayyukansa na marubuci imbued tare da manufar nasarar sojojin allahntaka da kuma manyan ciki.

post scriptum

Bisa ga ƙa'ida, da Jamusanci expressionism matsayin wallafe-wallafen Trend iri na tafi da tsakiyar 20-ies karni na karshe. Duk da haka, shi ne, ba wani, ya yi wani gagarumin tasiri a kan wallafe-wallafen al'adun da gaba zamaninsu.