Dynamite - shi ne da sabuwar dabara Alfreda Nobelya

Dynamite - musamman m cakuda, wanda dogara ne a kan nitroglycerine. Shi ne ya kamata a lura da cewa wannan abu ne hadarin gaske musamman kamar yadda yake. Duk da yake impregnation na m absorbents nitroglycerin sa shi aminci ga ajiya da kuma yin amfani da, dace don amfani. Dynamite ma ƙila su ƙunshi wasu abubuwa. Matsayin mai mulkin, da kafa taro na da cylindrical siffar da aka kunsasshen a takarda ko roba.

Da sabuwar dabara na Dynamite

An muhimmin taron domin da sabuwar dabara na Dynamite ya gano nitroglycerin. Wannan ya faru a 1846. Ya zama majagaba na Italian sunadarai Ascanio Sobrero. Domin iko nakiyoyi nan da nan ya fara gina masana'antu a duniya. Daya daga cikin su da aka bude a kasar Rasha. Domestic chemists Zinin da Petrushevsky neman hanyar da yadda za a amfani da shi a amince. Daya daga su dalibai ne kawai Alfred Nobel.

A 1863 Nobel bude wani detonator hula, wanda ƙwarai rage wuya da m aikace-aikace na nitroglycerin. Yana gudanar a cimma wannan ta hanyar da kunnawa da wani fashewar da taimakon Mercury fulminate. Mutane da yawa a yau imani da wannan samu Nobel ya fi muhimmanci fiye da gano Dynamite.

Dynamite kansa Swedish sunadarai jadadda mallaka a 1867. Har tsakiyar karni na karshe da aka yi amfani a matsayin farko fashewar a wurin aiki daga duwãtsu, kuma, ba shakka, a cikin soja filin.

Dynamite na shara duniya

Domin da farko lokacin da yin amfani da Dynamite for soja dalilai ya miƙa kansa Nobel a shekara lokacin ya kuma jadadda mallaka. Duk da haka, yayin da ra'ayin da aka dauke a gazawar, domin shi ne ma m.

A cikin masana'antu-sikelin yi na Dynamite sun fara tun 1869. Daya daga cikin na farko da aka yi amfani Rasha industrialists. Tuni a 1871 da aka yi amfani a cikin hakar kwal da kuma tutiya tama.

samar da Dynamite kundin girma dabam dabam. Idan 11 ton da aka samar a 1867, sa'an nan kuma bayan shekaru 5 - 1570 ton, kuma ta 1875 shi samar da har zuwa 8000 tons.

Abin da Dynamite - yana da wani babban makami, da farko mu fahimci Jamus. Suka fara busa up gadoji da kadarkai, lamarin da shi don amfani da Faransa. A 1871, wannan fashewar ta bayyana a cikin aikin injiniya da sojojin na Austro-Hungarian Empire.

Mene ne Dynamite?

Da zaran industrialists da soja na duniya koyi cewa wani ɓangare na Dynamite, su nan da nan ya kafa ta samar. Ci gaba don samar da shi a yau. A zamanin yau shi ne harsashi da yin la'akari har zuwa 200 grams, wanda za a iya amfani da a cikin watanni shida. Akwai High-hujja da kuma low-sha'awa al'amari.

Ganin cewa abun da ke ciki na Dynamite daga daban-daban masana'antun shi ne da ɗan daban-daban, ta babban aka gyara, ba shakka, kasance canzawa.

Cif daga gare su - nitrosmes. Yana fara da za a yi amfani da su inganta sanyi juriya. Yana kunshi nitroglycerin da dinitrogikolya. Wannan shi ne babban bangaren da aka gudanar a 40% by nauyi. Wadannan aka gyara na da kundinta - ammonium nitrate (30%), kusan 20% aka kashe a sodium nitrate. Sauran gyara an yi amfani da wani yawa karami mataki - shi ne nitrocellulose, itace gari, Balsa da talc.

Dynamite a cikin sabis na laifi

Daga cikin na farko ya gane da abin da Dynamite, yin laifi, daga dukan nau'i, kuma kungiyoyin ta'adda. Daya daga cikin na farko laifi tare da yin amfani da wannan fashewar faru a Amurka a 1875. American ma'aikacin jirgin ruwa William Kong Thomassen kokarin rushe bayar a teku jirgin ruwa "Moselle" don samun inshora. Duk da haka, a ganga na gida Dynamite fashe da baya a tashar jiragen ruwa a lokacin loading. Tashin hankalin ya yi sanadiyar rayukan mutane 80.

Duk da haka, da farko gazawar bai dakatar da shugabannin laifi duniya da kuma 'yan ta'adda. Daga 1883 zuwa 1885 mambobi ne na tsauraran kungiyar, bayar da shawarar da rabuwa da Ireland daga Birtaniya, halshen jerin fashewar da Dynamite. Ciki har da wani fashewa a hedkwatar Birtaniya 'yan sanda da kuma Scotland Yard ƙoƙari rushe London Bridge.

Amfani da wannan abu da kuma mayakan da autocracy a Rasha. A musamman, jam'iyyar "Narodnaya Volya". A Turai, manyan yawa na Dynamite amfani anarchists.

Dynamite shahararsa da dama

A tsawon shekaru, mafi yawan masana'antun yi imani da cewa Dynamite - wannan shi ne babban fashewar a karafa ake gudanar da gano sabon ma'adinai adibas. Tsayayya gasar nitrate har cikin tsakiyar XX karni. A wasu ƙasashe - har zuwa tsakiyar 80s. Alal misali, a Dynamite dadin mai girma shahararsa a Afirka ta Kudu. Ana amfani da a cikin aikin hakar zinari. Shĩ ne mafi kusa ga 90 th shekara karkashin matsin da kwadago reshaped mafi yawan tsire-tsire to mafi aminci nakiyoyi akan ammonium nitrate.

A Rasha, da Dynamite da taro samar bayan yakin duniya na II. Musamman rare ya trudnozamerzayuschy abun da ke ciki. nakiyoyi daga m masana'antu dauki kawai 60.

Ga} asashe da dama, da Dynamite - yana da araha da kuma legkoproizvodimoe fashewar. Wannan Jihar harkokin dauki tsawon shekaru 100. A ranar, da Dynamite daukan ba fiye da 2% na jimlar yawa daga duk fashewar abubuwa a duniya.