Duk wani nau'i na dinosaur tare da lakabi, kwatancin

Masana kimiyya sun} iyasta cewa vertabrate zauna mu duniya game da miliyan 500. Years, 200 miliyan. Daga gare su a cikin mamayar na zamanin d dabbobi masu rarrafe kira dinosaur. A lokaci daya, da tsoho dabbobi masu rarrafe suna da kambi na halittar uwa yanayi, da kuma su offshoot - dinosaur - ko da wakilci pinnacle na ci gaban duk masu rarrafe cewa har abada zaune wannan duniyar tamu. Duk wani nau'i na dinosaur, kazalika da su hanya ta rayuwa, a daban-daban lokaci ya yi nasara juna, da kuma yanayi ya taimaka rayukansu duk da sabon sabawa.

Su wane ne burbushin halittu?

Kafin ka da na sani, abin da suke da irin dinosaur zaune a duniya a daban-daban sau, kana bukatar ka san inda shi duka ya fara. A binciken da na rayuwa da suka samo asali a cikin m epochs, kimiyya hulda da binciken burbushin halittu. Its sunan zo daga uku Greek kalmomi: "Palaios" - tsoho, "Ontos" - kasancewa "tambura" - kalmar. Mutane da hannu a cikin wannan kimiyya, kira burbushin halittu. Su aiki ne a bit kamar jami'in aikin: ta kekkẽcewa da burbushin burbushin halittu bukatar mu mayar da dukan hoto na bygone yanayi dazamani. A babbar rawa a wannan aka buga da su diraya, a hade tare da dabaru da hasashensu.

Ko da ya fi bai isa a kula facts bukatar nazarin. Masana binciken burbushin halittu tattara su bit ta bit. Wannan shi ne wani fairly painstaking kuma aiki tukuru, domin da yawa daga cikin abubuwan da suka faru na baya an tafi har abada, ba ko da da barin guda alama a kankara. Shi ne godiya ga kokarin da wadannan mutane, za mu iya koya game da abin da aka yarda da zarar zaune cikin duniyarmu, abin da irin dinosaur akwai, abin da suka kama, yadda suka rayu, suka nemi a yadda za a ajiye a kan waɗanda suke ko wasu hadura. Masana binciken burbushin halittu sun kasance iya sake hoton bit da bit na duniya na babban zamanin da dinosaur.

Yadda za ka ƙirƙiri da zamanin na dinosaur?

Hakika, duk wani nau'i na dinosaur, kuma jinsin sashe daga gare su, a lokacin babban shekaru na dabbobi masu rarrafe, dã ba ka zama haka da yawa da tartsatsi, idan duniya tamu ba ɓullo da kuma ba a kafa yadda ya kamata. Dinosaur zamanin za a iya raba da dama lokaci. A takaice dai look at kowane daga cikinsu.

• Archaea. Wannan shi ne na farko, na farko lokacin. Wannan shi ne batu na reference daga wanda shi ne ke fãra zamanin dabbobi masu rarrafe. A wannan lokaci, da duniya kawai fara bayyana rai, ya zo da juyin halittar guda-celled kwayoyin.
• Proterozoic. A wannan lokacin, da duniyar da ya fara bayyana kwayar dabbobi da kuma shuke-shuke.
• Cambrian. The Cambrian rayuwa a duniya suka fara samar rayayye, akwai algae da kuma na cikin ruwa kwaro.
• Ordovician. Yana da cewa lokaci ne alama ta bayyanar da farko vertabrate a duniya halittu.
• Silurian. A Silurian lokaci, kwaro da kuma wasu jinsunan matsawa daga ruwa zuwa kasa.
• Devon. Wannan lokaci ne halin da bayyanar gymnosperms, kazalika da dabbobi kamar halittar dabba mai kafafuwa, arachnids (gizo-gizo, mites), kwari.
• Karbon. Shi ne daga nan fãra zamanin na zamanin d dabbobi masu rarrafe. Dabbobi masu rarrafe, ya bayyana a wannan lokaci, zuwa kashi uku rassan: anapsid, Synapsid, Diapsid. A lokaci guda a duniya ya fara bayyana farko conifers kuma tashi kwari.
• Perm. Permian lokaci alama ta bayyanar da farko beetles, kwari, halittun Hymenoptera, na farko kananan kadangaru da kuma farkon archosaurs.
• Trias. Masana binciken burbushin halittu sun gano cewa a wannan lokaci duniya tamu fara populate na farko gardama, yayin da na karshe tsoho amphibian - stegocephalia - ya zama dadaddun. Muna mutuwa da kuma wakilan aji anapsid. A Triassic lokacin da aka fara crocodiles, kunkuru, tashi dabbobi masu rarrafe, dabbobi masu shayarwa da kuma, ba shakka, da dinosaur.
• Jura. Jurassic lokaci - a irin culmination na da shekaru dinosaur. Sai a wannan lokaci a kan Earth akwai angiosperms, fara tashi malam, haife wasu zamani halittar dabba mai kafafuwa (wannan kore rana), wani tsohon tsuntsu (Archeopteryx), kuma ba shakka, sabon nau'in dinosaur. A Jurassic lokaci ya zama dadaddun karshe wakilan wani aji Synapsid.
• Mel. Angiosperms karshe nasara ƙasar. Akwai zamani jinsunan tururuwa da sauro. Bugu da kari, da Cretaceous lokaci - wannan ne karshen babban shekaru masu rarrafe: a wannan lokacin akwai wani cikakken nau'i nau'i na dinosaur, marine dabbobi masu rarrafe, da pterosaurs. Yana Cretaceous lokaci alama ta bayyanar da wasu zamani dabbobi, mu duniya ta fara yin nasara da sabon fasaha da kuma kyau dabbobi - placental dabbobi masu shayarwa, marsupials da tsuntsãye.

subclass anapsid

Kafin duniyarmu fara shirya a daban-daban na dinosaur, shi ya wuce shekaru masu yawa, da nufin samuwar abin da ake kira asali itace mummunan kadangaru. A mafi tsoho da mafi m kungiyar an dauki wani subclass anapsid. Kamar lura cewa ba guda wakilin wannan kungiya bai zama a daya nau'i ko wata zuwa yau. Recent anapsid zama dadaddun game da miliyan 200. Shekaru da suka wuce. Haka ya faru a cikin Triassic.

subclass Synapsid

Daga tushen anapsid rabu biyu reshe na juyin nan gaba na dinosaur - Synapsid. Don wannan aji mallakar kakaninmu na dabbobi masu shayarwa. Amma suka ƙaddara ta nutse cikin abu wulakantacce. Saboda haka, da rashin alheri, ba tare da ganin ci gaba da zũriyarsu - zamani dabbobi masu shayarwa, wanda nasa ne da mu - da mutane. Haka ya faru a cikin Jurassic lokaci.

subclass Diapsid

Da yawa daga baya Synapsid daga tushe na ki game da kututturen wani tsoho ware sabon reshe - Diapsid. Its musamman da suka bambanta qarya a cikin gaskiyar cewa yana da wani subclass na Diapsid kasu kashi biyu rassan - a cikin archosaurs da lepidosauria. Lepidosauria - wani rukuni na dabbobi da cewa rayuwa a duniya da kuma a cikin kwanaki: tuatara (tsoho kadangaru), da macizai, kunkuru. Amma ba duk lepidosauria iya rayuwa sama da mu sau, daga gare su akwai sanannun dadaddun siffofin kamar plesiosaurs - marine da yara tare da dogon wuyõyinsu. Bisa ga labari, da Scottish Loch Ness har yanzu na zaune shi kadai a kan wata plesiosaur mai suna Nessie, amma shi ke wani labari.

Branch archosaurs sun crocodiles da sauran tsoho dabbobi masu rarrafe, ciki har da duk wani nau'i na tashi dinosaur, kadangaru da ƙasa. Archosaurs - shi ke mafi muhimmanci dinosaur dukkan lokaci lokaci, wasu daga cikin mafi bambancin da kuma ban mamaki halittun da dabbobi masu rarrafe, da mafi m dabbobi masu rarrafe da lokaci. Abin farin, duk da dinosaur mutu fita, kuma bai rayu har zuwa yau, duk da haka, a halin yanzu a duniyarmu rayuwa da dama jinsunan tsoho kada, kiyaye tun mafi sau! Abin da suke wadannan almara dinosaur? Mun bayar da ku mafi daukan hankali jinsunan dinosaur, kuma siffarsu.

m Diplodocus

Wannan shi ne wakilin wata kungiya da ake kira sauropods. Kamar yadda aka kiyasta na masana binciken burbushin halittu, wadannan dinosaur iya isa a tsawon sama da 58 da mita da kuma weighs 113 tons. Ƙara, duk da haka, da zamani masana kimiyya ne karkata zuwa imani da cewa Diplodocus ba ƙetare tsawon na 27 mita da kuma wani nauyi na 20 ton. A farko burbushin lumana masu rarrafe da aka samu ta hanyar kimiyya, a 1877, a duwãtsu na Colorado, USA.

Dinosaur nau'in a wannan kungiya ya rayu a cikin Late Jurassic cikin abin da yake a yanzu North America game da 150 miliyan. Shekaru da suka wuce. Masana binciken burbushin halittu yi imani Diplodocus daga cikin mafi saukin tabbatarwa dinosaur. Bugu da ƙari, wannan nau'in shi ne mafi girma daga duk dinosaur sani sami cikakken hanyar skeletons. Diplodocus sun herbivores, kuma su babbar size ne na ishara zuwa predatory dinosaur na lokaci - Ceratosaurus da Allosaurus.

Allosaurus - Diplodocus a hadiri!

A cikin wannan labarin, za mu ba su iya la'akari da kowane irin dinosaur tare da sunayen, haka kawai juya zuwa ga mafi shahararren da sanannun wakilan wadannan almara Refayawa. Daya daga cikinsu - da Allosaurus. Wannan memba na HALITTAR na carnivorous dinosaur daga cikin rukuni na theropods. Kamar Diplodocus, Allosaurus wanzu a Jurassic lokaci game da 155 miliyan. Shekaru da suka wuce.

Wadannan halittu da aka motsi a kan su Hind kafafu da kuma yana da sosai kananan forelimbs. A kan talakawan, wadannan kadangaru kai 9 mita a tsawon da 4 mita tsawo. Allosaurus ne dauke da most biyu kananan kafafu, da yara na lokacin. Ragowar wadannan insidious halittun da aka samu cikin abin da yake a yanzu kudancin Turai, Gabas Afirka da kuma Arewacin Amirka.

Ichthyosaurs - almara kifi-lizard

Shin dadaddun detachment na manyan marine dabbobi masu rarrafe, isa a tsawon 20 mita. Azahiri, wadannan dinosaur kasance kamar zamani kifi da dabbobin ruwa. A rarrabe ne su manyan idanu, kare da fitar kasusuwan jikinsu zobe. A general, a takaice nesa ichthyosaurs iya da kyau zama kuskure domin kifi ko dabbobin ruwa.

Asalin wadannan halittu ne har yanzu a tambaya. Wasu masana binciken burbushin halittu yi imani da cewa su - ya zo daga Diapsid. Wannan version aka tabbatar da wani zato: yiwuwa tsere ko ta yaya ichthyosaurs branched daga babban tushe Diapsid ko kafin wannan subclass kasu kashi archosaurs da lepidosauria. Duk da haka, magabatan wadannan kifaye-lizard ne har yanzu ba a sani ba. Ichthyosaurs zama dadaddun game da miliyan 90. Shekaru da suka wuce.

Dinosaur ake tãyar da su sama

A ƙarshen Triassic duniya suka fara tashi dinosaur jinsunan nan da ya tashi a daftarin burbushin halittu kwatsam. Abin mamaki, suka riga an kafa cikakken. Direct kamar yadda kakanninsu daga abin da suka samo asali duk lokacin, ba a sani ba.

Hada dukan Triassic pterosaurs da kungiyar rhamphorhynchus: wadannan halittu suke babbar kai, toothed jaws da kuma dogon, kunkuntar fuka-fuki, sosai tsawo da kuma na bakin ciki wutsiya. A size daga cikin wadannan "dasu tsuntsaye" bambance bambancen. Pterosaurs - kamar yadda suka kira - yi mafi yawa size kamar yadda gulls da shaho. Hakika, akwai kuma 5-mita Refayawa. Pterosaurs zama dadaddun game da miliyan 65 da suka wuce.

Tyrannosaurs - cikin shahararrun dinosaur jinsunan

List of tsoho dinosaur dã ya kasance bai cika idan muka bai ambaci m dinosaur dukkan sau da yanayi dazamani - Tyrannosaurus Rex. Shi ne insidious da m dabba zaune har zuwa da sunan da. Wannan halitta ne mai irin carnivorous dinosaur daga kungiyar coelurosaurs da suborder theropod. Sun hada da daya kawai jinsin - Tyrannosaurus Rex (tare da "Rex" Latin harshe - shi ne sarki). Tirannozavr kamar yadda allosaurus sun kafa biyu da yara tare da m tsarin kwanyarsu da kuma hakora masu kaifi. Tyrannosaurus Rex wata gabar jiki ne a ci gaba da physiological musu: m Hind kafafu da kuma wani kankanin ƙugiya-kamar gaban paws.

Tyrannosaurus shi ne mafi girma nau'in a cikin nasu iyali, kazalika da daya daga cikin mafi girma a terrestrial carnivorous dinosaur a cikin tarihi na duniya tamu. Ragowar wannan dabba da aka samu a yamma da ba-rana Arewacin Amirka. A cewar masana harkokin kimiyya, da suka rayu game da miliyan 65. Shekaru da suka wuce, t. E. Shi ne a kan su shekaru zo da mutuwa na dukan daular na zamanin d dinosaur. Yana tyrannosaurs lashe dukan mai girma zamanin na dinosaur, wanda ya ƙare a lokacin Cretaceous lokaci.

feathered al'adunmu

Ga mutane da yawa, shi ne ba wani asirin da cewa tsuntsaye - su ne kai tsaye zuriyar dinosaur. Masana binciken burbushin halittu sun gani a waje da kuma ciki tsarin tsuntsaye da dinosaur da yawa a cikin na kowa. Ka tuna cewa tsuntsaye - Zuriyar terrestrial dinosaur - dinosaur, maimakon tashi dabbobi masu rarrafe - pterosaurs! A halin yanzu, biyu subclasses na zamanin d dabbobi masu rarrafe "rataya a cikin iska", kamar yadda kakanninsu, da kuma ainihin asalin ba kafa ta burbushin halittu. Da farko Division - shi ne ichthyosaurs, da kuma na biyu - kunkuru. Idan ichthyosaurs da muka tattauna a sama, da kunkuru kome ne bayyananne!

Kunkuru - shi ne wani amphibian?

Kuma saboda shi ne bayyana a fili cewa, a la'akari da wani topic kamar "dinosaur", ba a ma maganar game da wadannan dabbobin. Origin kunkuru subclass ne har yanzu tana tattare a cikin asiri. Duk da haka, wasu Dabbobi har yanzu yi imani da cewa sun zo daga anapsid. Duk da haka, suna yi tsayayya da sauran malamai, waɗanda suka yi ĩmãni da cewa kunkuru - Zuriyar wasu tsoho halittar dabba mai kafafuwa. Kuma shi ne ba da dogara a kan wasu dabbobi masu rarrafe. Idan wannan ka'idar aka tabbatar, sa'an nan da kimiyya na ilmin dabbobi babbar nasara da zai faru: zai iya faruwa da cewa kunkuru kullum ba su da 'yar alamar dangane da dabbobi masu rarrafe da dabbobi, saboda sa'an nan bã zã su yi ... halittar dabba mai kafafuwa.