Dakin ajiye gawa na Haikalin Fir'auna Mentuhotep II: da shekara na tushe, photos, bayanin

Tako Fir'auna Mentuhotep II haikali m daga XI daular na Misira sõyayya a karshen Na miƙa mulki, located a kan West Coast na Luxor (tsoho Thebes). Yana da aka gina a zamanin da na kasar Masar pyramids, kuma ya hada da mutane da yawa daga cikin abubuwa. Zai yiwu coci ko da yana da wani pyramidal superstructure. kabarin da sunan - "wuraren ibada Nebhepetra haskaka blissfully."

Tarihi na gudanar da bincike

A fannoni da dama, da funerary haikali Fir'auna Mentuhotep II (ga photo. A cikin labarin) shi ya samar da tarihi binciken, shi ne ba abin mamaki ba cewa na bincike da hannu da dama da umarnanka. Ya na farko Haikali a yammacin Thebes, inda daba na allahiya Hathor, kuma ya kasance da harbinger na wani sabon tauhidin manufar "Ibada miliyoyin shekaru", wanda zai zama mashahuri a lokacin New Kingdom.

Haikali Fir'auna Mentuhotep II, shekarar kafuwar wanda - 2000 BC. e., shi aka gano a cikin rabi na biyu na karni na 19th da Ubangiji Dufferin. Eduar Navil da Genri Holl a watan Mayu ya zama na farko na zamani masana kimiyya ya yi nazarin shi a cikin shekaru 1903-1907 tare da goyon bayan da Research Foundation of Misira. Daga 1911 zuwa 1931 ya yi karatu da hadaddun kungiyar na New York ta Metropolitan Museum of Art karkashin shugabanci na Herbert Winlock. Duk da haka, babu cikakken rami gaza, don haka da coci da aka ba da cikakken nazari kafin Jamus archaeological Institute a birnin Alkahira, a karkashin shugabanci na Dieter Arnold bai sanya tono a 1968-1971, bi da bi.

Ina ne haikalin Fir'auna Mentuhotep II?

Fir'auna ya zaɓi shafin a kan wani m gangaren dutse a wani zamani Deir el-Bahri, inda wasu daga magabata na farko gina mika mulki-Saff kabarin. Saff a Larabci tana nufin "da lambar" don haka ya kira kabarin layuka ginshikan a kusa da su facades. Mai Egyptologists yarda da cewa dakin ajiye gawa na Haikalin Fir'auna Mentuhotep II hada da gine-gine da abubuwa da suke cikin kaburburan da dala gidaje, ko da yake kawai 'yan sun zo a yarjejeniya game da asalin bayyanar.

A hadaddun kunshi kwarin haikali, kango na wanda kwanta a karkashin filayen a gefen Kogin Nilu kwarin, da kuma, mai yiwuwa, kuma a karkashin kango na Haikalin Ramses IV. Deben, tako, da baranda Fir'auna Mentuhotep II haikali (photo gani. Mataki na ashirin da) partially saka a cikin dutse, da wani boye binne jam'iyya. Winlock yi imani da cewa ta yi ya faru a 3, saukarwa, yayin da Arnold yi magana da hudu bulan. A hadaddun an fuskantar gabas-west, amma deviates dan kadan da arewa.

shirin na cikin Haikali

Ko da yake ba yawa da aka sani game da Valley na Ibada, sharewa hanya a gare shi, sabanin mafi kama da Tsarin sun bude, tare da mutummutumai da Osiris tare da bangarorin a sababbu jinkiri. Yana ƙare a cikin babban Haikali m tsakar gida kewaye da wani farar ƙasa bango.

A baya yadi a kan gefen yamma tsaya mai kauri, terraced funerary haikali Fir'auna Mentuhotep ii. Facade ƙananan shafi kunshi wani portico zauren gina na farar ƙasa tubalan. Wannan portico da biyu jere ginshikan, ya kasu kashi biyu gangara manyan zuwa na biyu terrace. Da farko, da portico ganuwar da aka yi wa ado da al'amuran da yaƙi.

Haikali Fir'auna Mentuhotep II a Deir el Bahri kamar yadda daga baya Ibada located nan da wani gangara daga cikin farar ƙasa tubalan da kuma dasa a layi daya layuka Platanus tamarisks da kuma bayar da damar yin amfani da biyu babban matakin. Terrace za a iya zuwa kashi uku sassa - da matsanancin zauren tare da portico kuma colonnade kewaye da cloister daga arewa, kudu da gabas, a tsakiya a tsakiyar gallery.

A m rabo daga portico wannan matakin kamar yadda ƙananan, kunsa na biyu layuka na ginshikan farar ƙasa. An sau da yawa ake kira "babba pillared zauren." A gaban wani ɓangare na shafi da aka yi wa ado da al'amuran da suke nuna Mentuhotep II da kuma daban-daban alloli, da inscriptions a kan low low taimako. The raya bango na Hall ginshikan a kusa da ciki galleries aka dan kadan angled kuma ado ciki da waje. Za mu iya ɗauka cewa da zarar sun sanya waje facade na gallery. Wannan da sauran shaida jagoranci Egyptologists a kammala da cewa columned zauren da aka gina daga baya.

Ƙofar gabas reshe na Hall of ginshikan da portico located a kan babban axis na hadaddun da take kaiwa zuwa ciki gallery. A karshen, daga ra'ayi na zamanin d Masar gine-gine, za a iya kira wani ɓangare na rufin tsarin da gefen ambulaf da kuma goyan bayan da ginshiƙai. Mafi sau da yawa, galleries kewaye wani waje baranda, amma a wannan yanayin da ya rufe ciki core na ginin. A wannan gallery a jeri biyu a wajen yamma, da uku layuka daga hayin tsaya 140 octagonal ginshikan. Gallery dimly hasken ta ramin a cikin matsanancin bango a kusa da matsanancin portico.

Haikali Fir'auna Mentuhotep II: tarihin halittar

Ciki da gallery aka located, bisa ga Egyptologists, m version na asali binne mounds. An yi imani da cewa shi da aka yi na m lãka wajen cubical yiwuwa kewaye farar ƙasa slabs. Ta iya aiki a kan babba terrace ta cikin gallery. Amma duk da haka shi ne wani al'amari na muhawara.

Naville, na farko suka bincika Fir'auna Mentuhotep II Haikali a Deir el-Bahri, imani da cewa shi ne ainihin dala gina a kan m kasa. A yawan masana kimiyya ta rushe masa jarrabawa. Alal misali, Arnold Naville ƙaryata shawara, yafi saboda shi rasa wata shaida wanda zai iya ba dama da shi don tabbatarwa. Babu halakar karkata ganuwar daga cikin dala da kuma ta saman, don haka shi ya bi shi a matsayin fiye ko žasa rectangular lebur terrace da kuma rufin da wani stylized misali na asali tudun ƙasa. Shtadelmann Arnold yayi zaɓi na mai yashi tudu, dasa tare da itatuwa. Yana svyazyvet tsoho tudun tare da bangaskiya a cikin Osiris.

Dala ko ba?

Muhawara a kan wadannan al'amurra sun taso ba kawai ya rinjayi babu wani tsarin kango daga cikin manya terrace, amma kuma dangane da kawo rigima shirin gaskiya kafofin. Alal misali, Abbott Papyrus shakka kira yi na dala. Arnold kaiwa 2 gutsure c sunayen bugu Tsarin da ba a dala. American Egyptologist L. Bull fahimci sunan kamar yadda "truncated dala ko obelisk, tanã fita a sama da sauran gine-gine." A obelisk bayyana a cikin hasken rana faifai, wanda Bull ya ce daga gare shi "kamar yadda mai mulkin, suna dogara ne a kan biyu bim daga kowane daga cikin jam'iyyun." Rubutu a kan stele XII daular Tutu ne mafi girma haikali Fir'auna Mentuhotep II a Deir el Bahri hieroglyphic alamar dala. Kusa da haikali na New Mulkin zamanin rubutu a bango da aka samu, wanda ya bi da kabarin matsayin terrace da wani obelisk, ya kammala da dala koli.

Duk da wannan, yawancin Egyptologists ne karkata zuwa zaton cewa saman na dala Forms da superstructure da. Alal misali, a cikin Abbott Papyrus sauran kaburburan, wanda a fili ba pyramids, wanda kuma ake kira pyramids. Saboda haka, Egyptologists yi imani da cewa dakin ajiye gawa na Haikalin Fir'auna Mentuhotep II yana da irin binne pyramids. Mafi m, hadisin na alfarma da kaburburan da aka haka da dangantaka da dala a wannan lokacin da cewa ta halin da aka yi amfani da su koma ga duk irin Tsarin. Duk da haka, wannan shawarwari ne da nisa daga kan. Zai yiwu sabon archaeological binciken za su iya bayyana wannan tambaya.

binne Consort

A gefen yamma na biyu matakin terrace aka gano a yawan shida shaft makabarta a cikin dutse. Suka baro-baro batutuwa a cikin Haikali, a lokacin da fadada daga cikin wuraren zuwa yamma. Ta boye tashoshin da aka gina da farar ƙasa tubalan, da ƙarya kofofin da mutummutumai ibada. A fili, a cikin kaburbura suka binne shi a gidan sarauta ta mace members. Abin sha'awa, suka duka sun mutu matasa, mafi tsufa na su ya na shekaru 22 da haihuwa da kuma matasa - kawai 5 years old. Egyptologists bayar da shawarar cewa su iya mutuwa a game da wannan lokaci saboda wani hatsari ko annoba. Kawai hudu na riƙe da muƙamin na sarauta jima'i. Arnold ya yi imanin cewa wasu iya zama priestesses daga allahiya Hathor, ko da yake Callender ikirarin cewa su "diplomasiyya" Mentuhotep II na maza, dole domin karfafawa da kuma daidaituwa na kasar bayan da m shekaru na farko tsaka lokaci.

Akwai mata biyu tsakanin Consort, musamman daban-daban. Daya daga cikinsu, nubiyka, wanda muhimmancin aka tabbatar da wani ado katako, akwatin gawa, aka mai suna Ashayet. Wani, Cavite, wani sarcophagus sanya na farar ƙasa da lafiya reliefs, wanda shi ne a halin yanzu a kasar Masar Museum of Antiquities a birnin Alkahira.

hypostylus

Dakin ajiye gawa na Haikalin Fir'auna Mentuhotep II aka mika zuwa yamma jim kadan bayan shi da aka gina. Wannan tsawo ya hada da wani bude filin tare da ginshiƙai, da farko a Misira manyan hypostylus, Chapel for daban-daban alloli, da kuma hewn a cikin dutse Haikalin, kira a matsayin Speos. Sandstone aka yi amfani a cikin aikin gina yadi. Daga kudu, gabas da arewa yadi kewaye octagonal shafi. Bugu da kari, da hypostyle ya 82 ginshikan. Hall kasa da aka yi na farar ƙasa, da ganuwar - Ya sanya daga sandstone.

Speos

A Speose a yanzu yammacin karshen hadaddun ne mai dogon vaulted dakin da alkuki don wani mutum-mutumi a sosai karshen. Ga dabe sanya na sandstone da farar ƙasa katangu. Akwai wani low gangara da ya kai ga bagaden farar ƙasa a bãyansu (yammacin ɓangare), ya kafa a gaban alkuki, kuma Ya ƙãra mutum-mutumi Fir'auna. Wannan bagaden bisa ga Mark Magnes ita ce cibiyar Haikalin. A dakin da aka asali ƙarya kofa. Daga cikin sauran addini abubuwa samu a Speose - zaune mutum-mutumi na Allah Amon. Kananan ɗakin sujada, located a gabashin kusurwar yammacin tsawo daga cikin yadi aiki a matsayin wani wuri na ibada ga da dama daga cikin babba alloli, ciki har da Amun, Monta, Osiris da Hathor, wanda mutummutumai da aka samu da kuma aika don ajiya zuwa Masar Museum of Antiquities.

The binne jam'iyya

A colonnade axis yadi a cikin wannan yammacin Annede ne arched downward nassi da farko ado da farar ƙasa, wanda aka ba zato ba tsammani yanke, da kuma saura aka hada da m dutse. Yana take kaiwa saukar a cikin dakin, da ake kira binne jam'iyya na Fir'auna. Naville nazari corridor kuma binne jam'iyya a shekarar 1906, IA Arnold - a 1971. A maharibai tare ganuwar da corridor, akwai game da shida katako Figures, wanda kasance wani ɓangare na bitar model, Bakeries da jirage. The binne jam'iyya ne game da 12 mita saukar daga mashiga. An yi dutse tare da wani rufi a cikin nau'i na wani sirdi. A jam'iyya ne kasu kashi biyu, daya daga wanda - alabaster ɗakin sujada shugaba guda giant dutse slab, ƙofar wanda aka tsara a matsayin biyu katako kofa, bautar wani babban yanki. Naville ƙarasa da cewa wannan dakin ya ga m binne "ka" na sarki, ko da rai, saboda akwai wani sarcophagus. Duk da haka, mafi yawan Egyptologists ake yanzu ba su yarda da karshe. Sun yi imani da cewa sarcophagus ya a alabaster dakin.

mai haɗari samu

Daya Dalilin haka shi ne cewa a cikin 1899, sanannen discoverer na Tutankhamen kabarin, Howard Carter, ko kuma wajen, ya doki, a zahiri sanadin tuntuɓe, a kan wani sabon wuyar warwarewa a cikin hadaddun na Mentuhotep II. Lokacin da tuki a kan yadi a gaban hadaddun ya doki sanadin tuntuɓe. Ya sauka, don ganin idan ta ji ciwo, da kuma samu ƙofar karkashin kasa na Haikalin. Saboda hanyar da cikar wannan samu, kamar wasu da dama, wani rukuni na yi Carter ya kira Bab al-Hassan, wanda yake nufin "ƙofa na doki."

Login ya fara a matsayin wani bude tare mahara, amma nan da nan ya wuce a cikin vaulted corridor. A zurfin game da 17 m, Carter ya gano ƙofar hudu-hananna shãfe haske Adobe. Wannan shi ne kawai shãmaki corridor ci gaba zuwa yamma, kuma a karshe ya juya zuwa ga arewa. Wannan shafin an samu a cikin bene na nawa. Ko da yake ta kasance kawai biyu zurfin mita, shi ya kasance wani katako kirji da aka samu mai rufi da shi da sunan m. Na biyu shaft a real binne jam'iyya.

Kenofant

Ga tawagar Carter gano ragowar wani komai a katako, akwatin gawa nenadpisannogo, tukwane da ƙashi na hadaya. Amma, mafi muhimmanci samu shi ne yanzu shahara mutum-mutumi na Mentuhotep II Fentin sandstone, a nade a cikin fari lilin, tare da wani kambi na Lower Misira a kansa. Wannan abu ne ma a yanzu a cikin Museum of Antiquities. Watakila saboda wannan mutum-mutumi Arnold yi imanin cewa, a karkashin kasa tashar ne m, t. E. Shin wani cenotaph, da kuma ake dangantawa da bukukuwa Seda Mentuhotep II. A fili, da sauran yanzu yi imani, cewa an binne ɗaki a sama na Haikali ya mai real kabarin Fir'auna.