Coal: samarwa a Rasha da kuma a duniya. Location kuma Hanyar ci hako ma'adinai

A ci hakar ma'adinai masana'antu ne mafi girma a kashi na man fetur masana'antu. Ko'ina cikin duniya, shi ne mafifici a kan wani a kan yawan ma'aikata da kuma adadin kayan aiki.

Mene ne kwal masana'antu

A ci-ma'adinai masana'antu na nufin ci samarwa da kuma ta m aiki. Works suna da za'ayi biyu a kan surface kuma karkashin kasa.

Idan adibas ne a zurfin babu fiye da mita 100, da aikin da za'ayi rami Hanyar. Domin filin ci gaba a zurfin mahakar ana amfani.

Classic hanyoyin ci hako ma'adinai

Aiki a kan ci mahakar da kuma cikin karkashin kasa - babban hanyoyin da ma'adinai hakar. Mafi yawa daga cikin aikin a Rasha da kuma a duniya da aka gudanar da bude hanyar. Wannan shi ne saboda kudi riba da kuma high samarwa kudi.

A tsari ne kamar haka:

• Tare da taimakon musamman kayan aiki cire babba Layer na duniya rufe filin. Shekaru da dama da suka wuce, da zurfin jama'a ayyukan da aka iyakance zuwa mita 30, da fasahar ta zamani ya mika ta 3-Musulunci. Idan topsheet ne taushi da kuma kananan, aka cire ta da wani excavator. A lokacin farin ciki da m Layer na kasar gona baya niƙa.
• Kwal hana da kuma kawar da taimakon musamman kayan aiki ga ma'aikata domin kara aiki.
• Ma'aikata mayar da na halitta ƙasa don kauce wa cutar da muhalli.

A hasara wannan hanya ne cewa kwal, wanda suke a m zurfin, dauke da impurities na datti da sauran jinsunan.

CLEANER da kuma ingancin da aka dauke su ci mined ta karkashin kasa hanyoyin.

Manufar wannan hanya ne zuwa safarar ci daga mafi zurfin zuwa surface. Don yin wannan, haifar da tafarkin da: adit (kwance) da shaft (karkata ko a tsaye).

A Tunnels musamman hadawa ci seams an yanke, kuma ɗora Kwatancen uwa wani abinda, kiwon su zuwa surface.

Karkashin kasa Hanyar damar samu wani babban adadin m, amma yana da muhimmanci drawbacks: high kudin da ya karu hadarin ga ma'aikata.

Unconventional hanyoyin da samun ci

Wadannan hanyoyin su ne tasiri, amma ba su da taro rarraba - a lokacin babu wani fasaha don fili kafa tsari:

• Na'ura mai aiki da karfin ruwa. An mined a tawa a zurfin. Coal kabu crumbles da aka tsĩrar da su da surface karkashin wani karfi matsa lamba na ruwa.
• A samar da makamashi na matsa iska. Yana abubuwa a matsayin mai hallakaswa da dagawa ikon, matsa iska ne a karkashin karfi matsa lamba.
• Vibroimpulsny. Ƙasansu akwai waɗansu inuwõwi halaka su da iko vibrations, kafa da kayan aiki.

Wadannan hanyoyin da aka yi amfani da ko da a cikin Tarayyar Soviet, amma bai zama mashahuri saboda bukatar manyan zuba jari. Kawai dintsi na karafa kamfanoni ci gaba da yin amfani da wadanda ba na gargajiya hanyoyi.

Su Babban amfani - da rashin ma'aikatan yiwuwar rai-barazanar yankunan.

A kasar shugabannin a ci hakar ma'adinai

Bisa ga statistics na Duniya Energy fito da wani rating na kasashen, mamaye wani abu matsayi a ci samarwa a duniya:

1. Sin.
2. Amurka.
3. India.
4. Australia.
5. Indonesia.
6. Rasha.
7. Afirka ta Kudu.
8. Jamus.
9. Poland.
10. Kazakhstan.

Domin shekaru masu yawa, kasar Sin ne a cikin gubar cikin sharuddan girma na ci hakar ma'adinai. Kawai 1/7 na samuwa filayen da ake ci gaba a kasar Sin, wannan shi ne saboda gaskiyar cewa ci ba fitar dashi wajen kasar, da kuma data kasance reserves zai šauki akalla shekaru 70.

Amurka filin yanki ko'ina yada a fadin kasar. Su kaya za su samar da kasa domin akalla shekaru 300.

kwal a Indiya sosai arziki, amma kusan dukan girma samar da ake amfani a cikin ikon masana'antu, watau. wani. data kasance hannun jari ne na sosai matalauta quality. Duk da cewa Indiya ne daya daga cikin manyan mukamai a kasar suna ci gaba makeshift hanyoyi na samun ci.

Coal reserves a Australia, isa ga game 240 shekaru. Mined kwal na da mafi ingancin kima, da yawa daga shi ƙaddara ga fitarwa.

A Indonesia, kwal samar iya aiki ne na girma kowace shekara. A 'yan shekaru da suka wuce, mafi samar aka fitar dashi zuwa wasu kasashen, da kasar yanzu motsi daga yin amfani da man fetur, sabili da haka da girma bukatar ci for gida amfani.

Rasha yana da 1/3 na duniya reserves na ci, yayin da ba tukuna Masana duk kasashe na duniya.

Afirka ta Kudu yana da m don hawa sama a cikin martaba - a karshe shekaru 30 da matakin na ci samarwa a kasar ya karu da sau 4.

Jamus da Poland da kuma Kazakhstan hankali rage girma na ci samarwa saboda da wadanda ba m halin kaka na raw kayan. Mafi yawa daga cikin ci ne aka yi nufi ga gida amfani.

Babban ci hakar ma'adinai shafukan a Rasha

Bari mu bincika. Coal samarwa a Rasha ne yafi bude rami. A adibas aka warwatsa unevenly fadin kasar - mafi yawansu ba su located a gabashin yankin.

A mafi muhimmanci adibas na ci a Rasha ne:

• Kuznetsk (Kuzbass). An dauke da most ba kawai a Rasha amma a ko'ina cikin duniya, an located in Western Siberia. Akwai ne da za'ayi da kuma samar da coking kwal.
• Kansk-Achinsk. A nan, hakar ne da za'ayi lignite. Ajiya da aka located tare da Trans-Siberian Railway, mamaya ɓangare na ƙasar Irkutsk da Kemerovo Region, Krasnoyarsk Abuja.
• Tunguska Coal Basin. Wakilta ruwan kasa da wuya kwal iri. Yana maida hankali ne akan wani ɓangare na ƙasa na Jamhuriyar Sakha, Irkutsk yankin da kuma Krasnoyarsk Abuja.
• Pechora ci tasa. A wannan filin hakar aka yi coking kwal. Works suna da za'ayi a cikin mahakar, wanda damar don samar high quality-kwal. Located a kan ƙasa da Komi Jamhuriyar kuma Yamal-Nenets cin gashin kanta District.
• Irkutsk-Cheremkhovo ci tasa. Located in Upper Sayan. Coal samar da kawai a nan kusa kasuwanci da ƙauyuka.

Don kwanan wata, an da ake ci gaba 5 more filayen cewa zai iya ƙara shekara-shekara girma na ci samarwa a Rasha ta 70 ton miliyan.

Yiwuwa ga ci masana'antu

The duniya da aka bincika mafi yawan kwal, daga wani tattalin arziki da ra'ayi, mafi alamar ciki 70 ƙasashe. ci samar da matakan girma cikin sauri: fasahohin kyautata kayan aiki. Saboda wannan ya karu riba na masana'antu.