Annobar tsari. Halaye na annoba tsari

Kamuwa da cutar tsari ne m irin dauki a kan yawan jama'a da kuma nau'in matakan. An samu halartar iri-irin juyin-kungiyoyi dangantaka da juna pathogen, m kuma jikin mutum. Kamuwa da cutar aiwatar bayyana asymptomatic da bayyananna siffofin. Suna rarraba a tsakanin yawan jama'a da kungiyoyi da hadarin kamuwa da cuta, ko cuta, lokaci da kuma ƙasa.

tarihi bayanai

Irin wannan abu a matsayin "annobar tsari", fara yin amfani da tun da farkon karni na 19th. Daya daga cikin farko wakilci na wannan sabon abu da aka tsara Ozanamom a 1835. Bugu da ari, a yawan malamai tsunduma a cikin ci gaban ideas. Kalmar "annoba tsari" da aka gabatar a 1941 Gromashevskiy. Bugu da ari Belyakov ce kayyade ciki. shi kansa daga baya aka sa a gaba da matsayi na kai-tsari a cikin annoba tsari.

sassan

Na dukan uku. Akwai da wadannan sassan da ke da cutar tsari:

• Sharuddan kuma dalilin.
• The inji na ci gaba da cutar tsari.
• Bayyananen.

A farko sashe ya bayyana jigon da tsari. Yana nuna ciki Sanadin samuwar da yanayi a karkashin abin da ta auku. Amfaninsa bayanai a cikin wannan sashe ba wata dama a general sharuddan amsa tambaya na abin da su ne kayan yau da kullum na epidemiology. A asibiti magani - a wani yanki inda bincike ne da za'ayi pathological yanayi a kwayoyin matakin - irin wannan sashe da aka kira da "etiology". Na biyu mahada nuna ci gaban samuwar sabon abu. A wannan sashe, za mu amsa tambaya na yadda shi zai fara. A asibiti magani, a irin wannan filin da ake kira "pathogenesis". The uku sashe bayyana bayyananen cewa bi annoba tsari. systematised bayanai nuna fasali na sabon abu. A asibiti magani, irin wannan sashe kira semiotics. Next, la'akari da Categories a more daki-daki.

A yanayi da kuma dalilan

The hulda da pathogen da kuma jikin mutum yakan faru a cikin sarari da kuma lokaci ci gaba. Akwai daban-daban dalilai na annoba tsari. Wadannan sun hada da, misali, nazarin halittu. Wadannan dalilai samar da annoba aiwatar dalilai da zasu fara pathological hulda. Akwai kuma na biyu category. Muhalli da kuma zamantakewa abubuwan samar da tsari na yanayi a karkashin abin da aiwatar faruwa. Hulda mai yiwuwa ne kawai a gaban haddasawa da kuma yanayi.

A tuki sojojin na nazarin halittu yanayi

Wannan factor - parasitic tsarin a cikinsa akwai wani takamaiman hulda. Gefe yana da wasu fitattun siffofin. Saboda haka, parasites nuna pathogenicity, rundunar - laulayi.

zaman sojojin

Wadannan dalilai sun hada da wani hadadden na zamantakewa yanayi da inganta ko hana cikin shakka daga cikin annoba tsari. Daga cikin su akwai:

• Sanitary wuraren ƙauyuka.
• Active mazauna.
• Zamantakewa da ci gaban.

Active yawan

Yana a kaikaice da kuma kai tsaye rinjayar da kudi na kwarara daga cikin annoba tsari. A karfi zamantakewa aiki, da mafi pronounced hulda parasites da kwayoyin. Tarihi, ganiya a neman sauyi da kuma wartime. aiki na yawan iya bayyana kanta a matakin dukkan al'umma ko wani musamman iyali.

kiwon lafiya da inganta

Its matakin kai tsaye rinjayar da kudi a da annoba aiwatar gudana. A lokaci ya hada da mita kyautata tsafta tarin da kuma zubar da abinci sharar gida da kuma m. Har ila yau, ya aka bi da jihar muhalli da kuma samar da ruwa tsarin.

zamanto

A matakin na masana'antu da kuma zamantakewa da ci gaban yana da wani kai tsaye ba da tasiri a kan yanayin a cikin abin da annoba aiwatar gudana. A wannan yanayin, shi iya da biyu tabbatacce kuma korau effects. Misalai na tsohon za a iya gani a matsayin mafi abinci mai gina jiki da kuma ingancin rayuwa, saboda haka, kara mazaunan rigakafi, kazalika da canje-canje a cikin al'adun hali, kiwon lafiya da ilimi, fasaha ci gaba. The korau tasiri ne bayyanannu a cikin karuwar miyagun ƙwayoyi addicts da kuma shan barasa, canje-canje a cikin jima'i al'ada (yaduwar kwayar hepatitis, HIV), tabarbarewar muhalli da yanayi, yanã raunanar da jiki ta defenses.

yanayi

hada da abiotic da biotic aka gyara zuwa ga wadannan abubuwan. A karshen ne abubuwa a yanayi. A matsayin misali, yau da kullum tasiri na biotic aka gyara na iya haifar da wani canji a cikin tsanani da annoba aiwatar a guje a kan bango na daban-daban lambobin hakori a cututtuka na halitta mai da hankali irin. Idan vector-haifa zoonoses hijirarsa da kuma yawan arthropod da gudãnar sakamako a kan tsanani daga cikin sabon abu. By abiotic aka gyara hada landscaped Gwargwadon yanayin da sauyin yanayi. Alal misali, lokacin da gabatowa da ekweita qara da yawa nosological abokai pathologies.

Epidemiology cututtuka

A farko dokar Gromashevskiy kayyade hanya na hulda tsakanin m da jikin mutum domin triad. Saboda haka, akwai da wadannan links na annoba tsari:

• Source na wakili.
• The watsa inji.
• Mai saukin kamuwa kwayoyin.

A karshe mahada da ke da cutar aiwatar da nasu rarrabuwa.

Source na wakili

Yana da wani kamuwa da mutum, dabba, ko shuka kwayoyin. kamuwa da cuta daga saukin kamuwa mutane za a iya samu daga gare ta. Complex kafofin Forms tafki. Domin anthroponoses a mutum ya aikata a matsayin causative wakili, wanda shi ne yanzu asymptomatic ko bayyananna siffofin Pathology for zoonoses - dabba (daji, synanthropic ko gida). Kuma shi zai zama ga sapronoses abiotic abubuwa da muhalli.

Canja wuri da pathogen

A epidemiology da cutar ya shafi wani takamaiman hanyar motsi parasites a cikin lafiya jiki daga shafa. Kamar yadda na biyu dokar Gromashevskiy, pathogen watsa ne dangane da primary sarrafawa. Wannan na iya zama jini, fata flakes, gamsai, faeces. Kamar yadda sufuri hanyar hidima bi da bi, kuma a jam'i na canja wuri factor, da wanda ginshikai ne a aiwatar.

parasites shigar azzakari cikin farji hanyoyi

1. The aerosol hanya. Yana hada da wadannan hanyoyi:

- iska maniyyi (as daukar kwayar cutar SARS, meningococcal kamuwa);

- Airborne turɓãya (wannan hanya ne Mycobacterium da tarin fuka, da mulufi zazzabi).

2. fecal-baka hanya. Yana hada irin wannan hanyoyi kamar:

- lamba-Baiti.

- ruwa.

- abinci.

3. Contact hanya. Yana hada kai tsaye da kuma kai tsaye ba hanyoyin watsa.

4. transmissible hanya. Wannan category hada da irin wannan hanyoyin kamar:

- wucin gadi (hade da likita jan: hade tare da tiyata, allura, dasawa, transfussion, saboda bincike hanyoyin).

- halitta (excreted tumbi transporter, tare da inoculation tare da pathogen kontaminatsionnom irin - An gabatar da yau).

Janar rarrabuwa

Akwai dalilai da dama na watsa. A musamman, da ya zama ruwan dare m, da farko da kuma matsakaici. Transfer dalilai ma yanaye kasu kashi na asali da kuma ƙarin. Don matsar da kasoshin lokatan m hada da:

• Kadaici da m jiki.
• Zauna a waje muhalli.
• Shigar azzakari cikin farji predisposed zuwa da cutar kwayoyin.

laulayi

Shi ne iya infecting wata rundunar pathologies tsokane ta parasites. Wannan yana bayyana a cikin nau'i na pathological da m martani takamaiman (rigakafi da tsarin) da kuma nonspecific (kwanciyar hankali) halayen. Bambanta da wadannan iri ƙwarai:

• Mutane daya-daya (phenotypic da genotypic).
• Species.

Rigakafi abubuwa a matsayin wani takamaiman mayar da martani ga shigar azzakari cikin farji daga wani waje wakili. Resistance (juriya) ne mai hadaddun tsaro halayen nonspecific irin.

Halaye na annoba tsari

Hulda da m da mutum bayyana kanta a cikin nau'i na samu na karshen. Daga bisani, a mai saukin kamuwa rundunar iya zama rashin lafiya ko zama m na pathogen. A yawan takamaiman-matakin bayyanuwar gabatar a matsayin harben cuta, gaban da annoba (epifitoticheskogo, epizootic) ko na halitta mayar da hankali, flash, annoba ko cutar AIDS.

tsanani

Harben rarraba peculiar zuwa musamman tawagar, kakar, yankin. Annobar cutar ta wucin gadi karuwa a matakin na infestation. M rarrabuwa a cikin wannan hali ya yi daidai da na boko da kuma na yankin sigogi. Annobar fashewa ne a gajere riba cuta a cikin musamman kungiyar. Ya ci gaba for daya ko biyu shiryawa lokaci. Ke da cutar na karuwa da abin da ya faru zuwa yankin ko yankin. Matsayin mai mulkin, da ya rufe daya kakar na shekara. Cutar AIDS characterizes matakin kamuwa da cuta yana for 'yan shekaru ko shekarun da suka gabata. Rarraba Pathology a cikin wannan hali a nahiyar.

A unevenness na nuni

Yana iya shafar yankunan lokaci, kungiyoyin. A farkon yanayin, da rarrabuwa dogara ne a kan yaduwar yanki na tanki. A musamman, ware:

• Global yankin. A wannan yanayin, da dauki yana da za'ayi tsakanin mutum da tafki anthroponoses.
• A yankin mazauninsu - wata halitta mai da hankali zoonoses.

Karkacewar tsari na lokaci:

• Cyclicity.
• Seasonality.
• Karkacewar tsari rubucen kamuwa da cuta.

Non-uniformity na yawan kungiyoyin classified da epidemiologically muhimmanci da kuma m siffofin. A karshen hada da kungiyar:

• Age.
• Professional.
• Dangane da mazaunin (birane ko karkara).
• Unorganized da kuma shirya.

Rarraba daidai da epidemiologically muhimmanci siffofin ne da za'ayi a kan tushen da ma'ana hasashe kwararru. Yana iya hada wani iri-iri dalilai, kamar grafted.

Rayuwa-muhalli ra'ayi

Ya dogara ne a kan matsayi na tsarin m. Ta hanyar wannan kayan aiki ra'ayi bayyanar da wani tsari na wani matsayi tsarin. Ya kuma nuna da aikin hulda tsakanin mamaki peculiar to kowane matakin. A daidai da ra'ayi na annoba tsari da aka gabatar a cikin nau'i na wani hadadden Multi-mataki tsarin. Yana tabbatar da wanzuwar, haifuwa da kuma rarraba parasitic kwayoyin samar da tsakanin maza. Level 2 da aka kasaftawa a cikin tsarin: eco- da sotsekosistemny.

parasitic tsarin

Ya bambanta increments. Wannan yana nufin cewa shi ne hada da wasu mutane a cikin rundunar jama'a. A wani kwayoyin progresses dauke da kwayar cutar tsari, bayyana, a cikin wani nau'i na karusa, ko mai tsanani daga asibiti Pathology. Lokacin da ake aiwatar da watsa hanya da kuma hulda da pathogen a wani saukin kamuwa kwayoyin sāke interpopulation. A dangane da wannan parasitic tsarin ƙunshi wani matsayi na da yawa dauke da kwayar cutar tafiyar matakai. A ra'ayi na annoba aiwatar zama m, ba tare da fahimtar ma'anar watsa inji.

matsayi tsarin

An bambanta da Multi-matakin hali da kuma hada da dama ƙarƙashin yadudduka:

• Organismic. Jawabin a wannan yanayin ne kai tsaye a kan cututtuka tsari. Yana hulda tsarin da ake gabatar a cikin nau'i na organismic subpopulation na pathogen da kuma kungiyar na nazarin halittu balance na kananan kwayoyin.
• Cell. A wannan matakin akwai wani tsarin kunshi mutum guda daga cikin m da sel da manufa kwayoyin.
• Nama-sashin jiki. A wannan matakin, a gida tsarin cikin tsari na m interacts tare da wani takamaiman shiri na wasu kyallen takarda da kuma gabobin da rundunar.
• Subcellular (kwayoyin). Ga kwayoyin na'ura hulɗa tare da nazarin halittu kwayoyin na m da kuma rundunar.

Higher a cikin tsarin sotsekosistemny dauke da cutar aiwatar matakin, a cikin abin da yanayin kasa da aka hada a matsayin daya daga cikin ciki wanɗannan ƙananan rukunoni. A na biyu da aka wakilta a cikin nau'i na zamantakewa kungiyar. Kamar yadda haddasawa na ci gaba da kuma kara annoba aiwatar aikin daidai da hulda da biyu subsystems. A wannan sabon abu a ekostrukture kayyade ta zamantakewa rarrabuwa.

misali

A watan Fabrairu, 2014 a Guinea (West Africa), wani barkewar cutar Ebola. Ta ci gaba da wannan rana. A wannan yanayin, cutar Ebola ta koma bayan da jihar da kuma yada zuwa sauran kasashe. The shafa yankin hada da, musamman, Sierra Leone, Liberia, da United States, Senegal, Mali, Spain, Najeriya. Wannan harka shi ne musamman saboda cutar ta fara karo na farko a Afirka ta Yamma. Likitoci a cikin kasashen inda yaduwar Pathology, ba su da kwarewa wajen kula da shi. A halin da ake ciki ne ya dada tabarbare shi da alama na tsoro a tsakanin yawan jama'a a sakamakon misinformation. Don taimakawa kasar Guinea gwamnati da aka aika zuwa wurare da kuma ma'aikata a daban-daban na duniya da kuma kungiyoyin kasarsu. A musamman, taimako da aka bayar da: Amurka Center for Epidemiology, Rasha, Rospotrebnadzor, Turai Hukumar. Taimako aika da tattalin arzikin kasashen Amurka da yammacin Turai. A Guinea aiki Epidemiology Laboratory. Kwararru tattara da kuma bincika bayanai game da cutar. Epidemiology Cibiyar bayar da tallafi ga mutanen da, ya ware daga lafiya da kamuwa da mutane. Kamar yadda muka gani ta WHO darektan janar Keiji Fukuda, wanda ya faru fashewa zama da karfi na duk a yi.