All hatsi ajiya dokoki

A amfani da wata sabuwar fasahar da hatsi namo iya muhimmanci inganta yawan aiki na karshen. млн тонн, что на 13 % больше, чем в 2015 г. Однако важно не только получить хороший урожай зерновых. Kawai a shekarar 2016 da babban girbi na alkama, da sha'ir, hatsi, hatsin rai da kuma masara a Rasha amounted zuwa 116.118 tan, wanda shi ne 13% fiye da a 2015. Duk da haka, yana da muhimmanci a ba kawai samun mai kyau girbi hatsi. Kana bukatar kuma ka gwada ba su rasa shi har na gaba shekara. должно, конечно же, производиться правильно. Hatsi ajiya kamata, ba shakka, a za'ayi daidai.

iri lif

A mafi yawan lokuta, da tattara amfanin gona na alkama, da hatsin rai, da sha'ir da sauransu. E. Adana a musamman granaries. Irin wannan gidaje suna kira lif. Species irin granaries akwai da dama:

• samuwa.

• asali;

• transhipments.

• masana'antu;

• stock.

• tashar jiragen ruwa.

• realizable tushe.

Next, bari magance abin da a zahiri wadannan kamfanonin domin ajiya da kuma aiki na hatsi.

Procuring lif

Wadannan granaries daban-daban hatsi-kira. Gina su yawanci akan kusanci zuwa manyan m gidaje. Wannan ne yake aikata to rage kudin da harkokin sufuri na amfanin gona. A lif na da irin wannan hatsi ne ba kawai kiyaye, amma kuma hõre primary aiki - bushewa, tsaftacewa. Ci gaba girbi a hatsi abubuwa ne yawanci ba ma dogon. A wani gajeren lokaci shi ne sufuri zuwa ga makõma - a hanya, dogo ko ruwa kai. Bayan tsaftacewa da bushewa hatsi lif zuwa girbi, kuma shiri ne da za'ayi kafin a shuka tsaba.

asali granary

Lif na irin wannan ne asali da kuma ake amfani da shi don ajiya na girbi yi nufi ga halin yanzu amfani. A nan ne da alkama, da hatsin rai, da sha'ir, da dai sauransu. yawanci zo daga hlebopriemnikov. Bisa lif a lokacin da adana hatsi da aka fallasa su da wani karin cikakken magani. Its a irin wannan repositories ana jerawa cikin kama jam'iyyar saduwa wasu bukatun.

Capacity na asali lif yawanci suna da wani manya-manyan. A wannan yanayin, da suka suna sanye take da high-iya aiki kayan aiki. Granaries alama na irin wannan ne mafi sau da yawa a intersections na Railways da waterways.

masana'antu lif

строят обычно рядом с мукомольными, комбикормовыми, крупяными и т. д. заводами. Wannan irin ajiya mafi yawa ana gina kusa da gari, gauraye fodder, hatsi da kuma t. H. Tsire-tsire. пшеницей, ячменем и т.д . Su babban manufar ne wanda bai yankẽwa samar da aiki shuke-shuke da alkama, da sha'ir, da sauransu. производится не только хранение, но и переработка зер на в соответствии с заданной рецептурой . A wadannan silos da aka sanya ba kawai ajiya, amma kuma a kan sarrafa zer daidai da ba girke-girke. Capacity na samar ajiya iya aiki shi ne dogara a kan m masana'antun sarrafa kayayyakin abinci.

stock lif

хранения зерн а — в течение 3-4 лет. Irin wannan tsarin da ake tsara don dadewa ajiya na hatsi, da - a cikin 3-4 shekaru. Shi ne a kan irin wannan lif warehoused jihar hatsi reserves. The damar irin wannan ajiya, kazalika da asali, su manya-manyan. Hatsi ya kawo a nan kawai cikin mafi ingancin. Bar shi ya tafi a lokaci guda kawai domin kaya updates. Mafi sau da yawa, irin wannan hatsi lif ke da sassa na kasar a lokacin da ta gaira. Saboda haka, da gina mangaza na irin wannan ne yakan kusa da tsawon layin dogo hanyoyi.

transhipments lif

Storage na da irin wannan suna, yafi amfani ga obalodi hatsi daga daya yanayin zuwa wani. Wani lokaci a nan kawo girbi da kuma nan kusa gonaki. Lif an gina wannan nau'in ne ko da yaushe a kan maha? Ar w / d Lines zuwa juna ko da ruwa hanyoyi. по срокам хранения зерна. A wasu lokutta, reloading gidaje za a iya amfani da dogon lokaci na ajiya na hatsi.

tashar jiragen ruwa gidaje

A lif na da irin wannan suna kullum tare da kawo reloading hatsi ajiya ko tushe. Ga da girbi an shirya kagaggun don fitarwa. Bugu da ari, hatsi da aka sufuri zuwa seagoing tasoshin. Har ila yau, lif na da irin wannan zai iya daukar alkama, hatsin rai, da sauransu. D., Kuma daga wasu ƙasashe. Sa'an nan a hatsi jirãge ciki Rasha masu amfani. Capacity na tashar jiragen ruwa lif yawanci manyan. A kayan aiki a wadannan gidaje ne kawai a high-tech.

realizable tushe

Hatsi ajiya a Enterprises daga irin wannan ne yawanci kawai zai yiwu ga wani ba ma dogon lokaci. Irin wannan tsarin da ake da farko tsara don samar da masu amfani da hatsi da kayayyakin da ta aiki. Wani lokaci realizable tushe da kuma kai da girbi daga hlebosdatchikov.

Main ajiya dabaru

Adana amfanin gona na alkama, hatsin rai, hatsi, masara da sauransu. D, mai yiwuwa haka a lif daban-daban. хранения зерна. Shin unequal da kuma ajiya fasahar. A halin yanzu, wadannan halaye na ta sito:

• bushe.

• firiji.

• ba tare da samun damar zuwa iska.

складирования. A Rasha, a yi amfani da wannan yanayin mafi yawa na farko biyu ajiya fasahar.

Sharuddan ajiya a girma

An wannan yanayin da aka dauke su mafi dace da dadewa ajiya na amfanin gona. A mafi yawan lokuta, a lokacin da yin amfani da bushe hatsi fasahar an jefar a girma. Wannan shi ne kawai jefar a manyan tara. хранения зерна в ме шках и таре такая технология имеет ряд безусловных преимуществ: Idan aka kwatanta da Hanyar adanar hatsi a Iu shkah da receptacles wannan fasahar yana da wasu indisputable abũbuwan amfãni:

• mafi m yin amfani da kundin na granaries.

• gudanarwa na taro canja wuri da inji nufin;

• gudanarwa da yaki da zai yiwu kwari.

• sauƙi na shirya da kallo na taro.

• tanadi a kan marufi da kuma marufi halin kaka.

насыпью может как на открытых площадках, так и на зерноскладах. Bulk hatsi adana iya duka biyu a waje da kuma a cikin granaries. Marufi for bushe fasahar ne, yafi amfani kawai ga An ware iri abu. Outdoors hatsi da aka adana a cikin na musamman tara, an rufe shi da wani tarpaulin.

bushe hanyar

Wannan ajiya yanayin dogara ne da farko a kan manufa na kseroanabioza. Lokacin da dehydration hatsi kayayyakin duk cutarwa microorganisms a cikinsa fada a cikin wani na dakatar da tashin hankali. Saboda haka, a nan gaba dole mu kare adana amfanin gona kawai a kan kwari. Yana zai zama mafi kyau don amfani mai bushe yanayin ga dogon lokacin da ajiya na amfanin gona. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa wannan fasaha da aka fi amfani da a kan tushen da stock da lif.

Hanyar zalunta hatsi a lokacin ajiya na irin wannan hanya za a iya aiwatar da daban-daban. Duk da haka, duk da bushewa hanyoyin da ake conventionally kasu kashi biyu main kungiyoyin:

• ba tare da yin amfani da zafin rana.

• tare da yin amfani.

Mafi na kowa bushewa hanyoyin su ne hatsi yayin ciko shi a musamman na'urorin da kuma hasken rana-birki.

Storage ba tare da iska damar

хорош прежде всего тем, что позволяет полностью сохранить все полезные качества зерна — мукомольные и хлебопекарские. Wannan hanya ne da farko saboda shi ba ka damar cikakken adana duk amfani halaye na hatsi - gari burodi-da. A rashin iska, a cikin wasu abubuwa, mutuwa ko rasa su ikon haifa dukan cutarwa microorganisms da kuma kwari. Lokacin amfani da wannan fasahar ga salla tara na carbon dioxide, a cikin wasu abubuwa, kuma samokonserviruetsya. с применением подобной методики целесообразна, к примеру, на производственных элеваторах. Storage da kuma aiki na hatsi amfani da irin wannan hanya ya dace, misali, a Manufacturing lif.

Warehoused girbi amfani da wannan fasaha a wani musamman shãfe haske silos. A wasu lokuta, don accelerating kai-tsare a wannan mangaza musamman carbon dioxide da aka gabatar ko bushe kankara aka sanya briquettes.

Storage firiji

Wannan dabara ne na baya a shahararsa kawai bushe ajiya Hanyar. A wannan yanayin da asarar da aka rage girmanta ma. Duk da haka, irin wannan dabara zalla tattalin arziki adanar bushe Hanyar da ɗan baya. Saboda haka, an kullum kawai amfani kai tsaye a kansu gonaki ko a kananan lif.

A low zafin jiki da hatsi taro, kamar yadda ta hanyar bushewa, ƙwarai slows da aiki, daga dukan nau'i na kwayoyin. Kwantar da hatsi a cikin irin wannan ajiya Hanyar to t = 5-10 C ko a kasa. Don ƙirƙirar irin wannan yanayi yawanci amfani da m hanyoyin. Wannan ne kawai ba stock iska. A sanyi weather, da karshen a ajiya aiki ci gaba. Kafa bazara yawanci hada kawai a dare.

Wani lokaci hatsi taro da aka sanyaya kuma via conveyors ko da mutum magoya. Kuma za a iya amfani da hanyar na hadawa. Duk da haka, saboda da wuya daga cikin latest sanyaya dabara ake wuya amfani.

Sharuddan ajiya bags

Kamar yadda aka ambata a riga, a cikin wannan hanya yawanci warehoused tsaba na alkama, hatsin rai, da sauransu. D. A mafi yawan lokuta, a lokacin da wannan akwati da aka adana a wani Elite dasa kayan ko farko haifuwa. Talakawa tsaba suna jefar a girma. The kawai togiya ne dasa kayan maki tare da wani bakin ciki harsashi hatsi. Har ila yau, a mafi yawan lokuta, bags hauhawar calibrated tsaba. Wannan ne kamar haka adana saukowa kaya da ciwon musamman darajar ko yiwuwa ga tabarbarewar.

Bags karkashin irin wannan hatsi ne dole kawai amfani sanya daga m, kuma m yadudduka. Mafi sau da yawa amfani granaries nailan ko propylene. Wani lokaci da hatsi da aka zuba a cikin na musamman takarda jaka da masana'anta rufi. Shi ne kuma Popular karft-marufi da irin wannan nau'in. A cikin wani hali, da yin amfani da karfi bags - daya daga cikin m yanayin ajiya na hatsi a kan wannan fasaha.

A gaskiya da sosai ganga tare da tsaba dogara ana suya a kan katako cikas ko saucers. A wannan amfani ajiya Hanyar Tee ko pyaterikom. A nesa tsakanin tara, bisa ga dokoki, dole ne ku yi kasa da 0.7 m. A wannan zai zama offsets daga sito katangu. Stacking tsawo domin manual stacking jaka yawanci 6-8, tare da mechanized - 10-12.

Bukatun ga granaries

Tsara don ajiya na alkama, da sha'ir ko hatsi gidaje, ba shakka, su dole ne a sanye take daidai da. Bugu da kari, da lif kamata bi daidai kai ajiya fasahar, liyafar da kuma isar da hatsi.

A tayin shirya mafi yawa ana yi a kan tushen da kayan na baya shekaru. Wannan daukan la'akari bayanai game da inganci da yawa na hatsi ya zama ceto zuwa jihar, kazalika da shirya bayarwa da kuma kau da karshen.

Storage iya aiki dole ne a yi amfani da tunanin mutuntaka kamar yadda zai yiwu. Idan ya cancanta, da lif dakin da kuma yankin a gaban hatsi alamar disinfected. A ganuwar da kuma rufin da kantin sayar da, ba shakka, bai kamata zuba.

Hatsi Storage Technology: The bukatu

A kan main iri hatsi lif dole ne dole a ana jerawa da irin, subtype, mataki na zafi, samu, iri. An haramta Mix. By hatsi danshi yawanci ana jerawa cikin:

• danye up to 22%.

• raw fiye da 22%.

By mataki na samu na hatsi ne rarraba zuwa jam'iyyar:

• tsabtace.

• da talakawan tsarki.

• weeds.

• sako kan hana Yanayi.

Dauke da gidan ya toshe hatsi a lif kafin ajiya mafi yawa ana hõre tsarkakewa.

Dabam a lif sanya hatsi smut, sanyi buga da kaska infested chinch, doped da ergot. количеством проросших семян. Har ila yau warware wani taro a wuce haddi na yawan tsirar da tsaba.

Mix hatsi da sabon girbi don a bara a lokacin da adana a lif ba a yarda. и ее засоренности: A tsawo na tudun da aka gyara, dangane da mataki na zafi daga cikin taro kuma ta tarkace:

• Dry hatsi, wannan adadi ne kawai da iyaka rufi tsawo na sito.

• A rigar taro - kasa da 2 m.

• wucin gadi ajiya (kafin bushewa) danyen hatsi tare da danshi zuwa 19% - 1.5 m, 19% - 1 m.

Ta ya kamata a yi tudun ko dala ko wani rectangular siffar. Its surface ya zama m. Tun da liyafar hatsi da kuma kafin ta kaya ga salla dole shirya cigaba da sanya idanu.

A sigogi domin ajiya

Don saka idanu da nauyin da adana jihar na surface kowane tudun yanaye kasu kashi sassan na 100 m ² yankin. Kowane daga cikinsu an sanya a cikin m saka idanu na daban-daban Manuniya. Amma a cikin wannan hali ne na asali zafin jiki da kuma digiri na infestation na kwari. A farkon yanayin, musamman termoshtangi amfani domin iko. Wadannan na'urori wakiltar wani al'ada thermometers kewaye a cikin karfe housings.

A mounds tsawo mafi girma daga mita 1.5 ma'aunai suna sanya a cikin uku yadudduka - a saman (30-50 cm), tsakiyar da kuma ƙananan. Bayan kowane ji post rearranged a kan wani nesa na 2 mita.

A mataki na kwaro infestation hatsi da aka bari dangane da taro zazzabi:

• неделю ; idan t fi 10 C - sau ɗaya a mako.

• ниже +10 С — раз в две недели; a t kasa + 10 ° C - da zarar kowane mako biyu.

• a t kasa 0 C - da zarar wata daya.

Seed dubawa, adana a sacks, za'ayi sau ɗaya a watan in winter, kuma da zarar kowane mako biyu - a lokacin rani.

Kwaro management a lokacin ajiya

Lalace hatsi a lif iya:

• weevils.

• mites.

• ci abinci.

• Mill asu.

Kowane irin kwaro haka kullum daukan wani Layer na hatsi taro. A cikin hunturu, wadannan kwari ba haifa. Fashewa da kwaro aiki an kiyaye kawai a kai-Warming hatsi. бурно. A lokacin rani, da kwari iya asali a cikin nauyi quite hanzari.

хранении зерна принимаются следующие меры: Kwaro kula da matakan dauka wadannan ajiya na hatsi:

• da ake ji da sinadaran magani na shuke-shuke har yanzu a filin - to girbi.

• aiki a cikin shiri domin ajiya kai tsaye a kan lif.

• cikakken tsaftacewa da gabatarwa a kananan granaries.

• da yin amfani da sieves cire kananan kwari.

• хранение зерна. daidai yarda gwamnatin ga danshi fada barci a kan ajiya na hatsi.

Disinfection hatsi kafin ajiya za a iya yi a hanyoyi da dama. Da aka fi amfani Hanyar aerosol ko gas. A farko fasahar da aka saba amfani domin lura zahiri nasu warehouses da m yankuna. Aka gudanar da aerosol magani tare da yin amfani da mafi organophosphate ko pyrethroid kwari.

Aerosol disinfection iya zama quite tasiri. Duk da haka, mafi sau da yawa amfani a lif zama maras tsada gas aiki da fasaha. Kamar yadda wani fumigant a wannan harka za a iya amfani da wadannan abubuwa: ethyl bromide Allunan da aluminum phosphide ko magnesium. Dukansu magani iya kawai a yi ta musamman hari da cewa suna da wani lasisi na kama aiki.

Da iri daban-daban scaly, kuma aerosol ko gas, za a iya amfani da al'ada aiki da fasaha. феромонные ловушки и микробиологические препараты. A wannan yanayin, da aka fi amfani pheromone tarkuna da kuma microbiological shirye-shirye. Domin rodent iko a warehouses guba baits ake amfani (yawanci akan tutiya phosphide).

madadin hanyoyin

Saboda haka, mafi yawan hatsi da aka adana a lif. Duk da haka, akwai sauran hanyoyin da ajiya na alkama, hatsin rai ko sha'ir. Alal misali, quite sau da yawa manoman amfani da hatsi ajiya hannayen riga na roba. Babban amfani da wannan fasaha ne cewa shi ceton on albarkatun da kuma samar da makamashi. Lalle ne, a cikin wannan yanayin babu bukatar ga wani musamman tsari na ajiya.

Ku ciyar wani manomi da wannan hanya na ajiya wajibi ne kawai domin sayan beygera. Saboda haka abin da ake kira musamman na'urar ga ciko bags hatsi. Sami hannayen riga adanar alkama ko sha'ir samar daga Multi-Layer m roba. Suna da damar 200-300 tons.

амбары для хранения зерна. Kananan kuma matsakaici manoman kuma bu mai kyau da za a gina rami don hatsi ajiya. Idan so, da irin wannan tsarin za a iya gina, da kuma da hannunsa. Gina gida granary mafi kyau na kaya maras amfani da kuma allon. A ciki sarari na sito ya kamata a raba bins da kasa na ganga. A karshen ne a irin drawers.

амбары для хранения зерна чаще всего на столбчатом фундаменте. Gina barns adanar hatsi mafi sau da yawa a kan columnar tushe. Wannan zane ne kasa m. Bugu da kari to ajiya a irin wannan tushe hatsi daga baya za a mafi alhẽri ventilated.

Yana yiwuwa a ginawa da irin wannan tsarin da kuma ba a sanya na itace, da kuma na zamani fiye da kayan. отсеки для хранения зерна на семена, для текущего потребления, засоренного, подпорченного головней и т.д. Wannan na iya zama, misali, aerated kankare, kumfa kankare tare da karfe plating da sauransu. Duk da haka, a cikin wannan yanayin ma ya gina a cikin sito compartments domin ajiya na hatsi ga iri, ga halin yanzu amfani, samu, a shafe smut, da dai sauransu

Dakushe ajiya

Saboda haka, matsakaicin raguwa a amfanin gona hasarori a lif za a iya cimma kawai a lokacin da sahihancin ajiya fasahar. й убыли зерна при хранении. Standards, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, kafa da dokoki na halitta attrition th hatsi a ajiya.

обственно для самих расчетов используются специальные формулы. Daga Your nasu lissafin ana amfani da nasu musamman dabarbari. Wannan daukan la'akari lokaci na ajiya na girbi. Alal misali, a lokacin ajiya a kan 3 watanni, da irin wannan dabara da ake amfani da: x = wani + b> wani / g inda:

• da kuma - raguwar baya tsawon ajiya,

• — разница между нормой текущего строка хранения и предыдущей; b - bambanci tsakanin kudi na yanzu line kuma baya ajiya.

• a - bambanci tsakanin talakawan kudi da baya ajiya.

• g - yawan watanni na ajiya.

Halitta ƙi hatsi faruwa a lokacin ajiya iya haifar da rage zafi a lokacin bushewa saboda tarkace, ya magance ma'adinai impurities a kasa, da dai sauransu