Alija Izetbegovic, shugaban kasar Bosnia da Herzegovina: A Biography

Alija Izetbegovic ne daya daga cikin wadanda tarihi Figures wanda ya tsaya a farkon kafuwar jihar. Ko da yake tarihin duniya, ya tafi, ta hanyar wannan lamarin, amma a lokaci guda da rawar a yankin events wajen shubuha. Jihar na Bosnia da Herzegovina ya Izetbegovic ba kalla gare ta zama, amma za mu so mu koyi da sauran fannoni na rayuwa da wannan mutumin. Saboda haka, bari mu kalli tarihin Alija Izetbegovic.

Asalin halittar Izetbegovic

Alija Izetbegovic kakan ya kasance Musulmi aristocrat Slavic asalin Izet-roƙa Jahic, wanda ya rayu a Belgrade da kuma aiki a matsayin Ottoman Empire. Shi ya tafi daga gare shi, sunan nan gaba shugaban Bosnia da Herzegovina. Amma bayan da Ottoman Empire aka tilasta gane da 'yancin kai na Serbia, da kuma a 1868 ya janye daga ta sojojin, Izet Bey ya tare da matarsa, Hanim Turk Sydykov, tafi zuwa Bosnia. A nan a Basanski Šamac suka yi 'ya'ya biyar, ciki har da Mustafa, mahaifin Alija Izetbegovic.

A 1878, Bosnia da Herzegovina wuce matsayin condominium a cikin ainihin biyayya da Austro-Hungarian Empire, amma Izet-roƙa tare da iyali yanke shawarar ba su motsa daga wadannan wurare. A 1908, Austria-Hungary annexed da yankin har abada. A halin yanzu Izet-roƙa fara ji dadin mai girma daga cikin yan unguwa, wanda, kamar yadda ya yi, domin mafi yawan bangare sun Slavic Musulmi. Wannan ne hujja da cewa Izet Bey aka matsayin kantoman a Basanski Šamac.

Ba da da ewa fara wani fairly m sau. Serbian Bakan'ane, Gavrilo Princip a shekara ta 1914 aikata aikin 'yan ta'adda, da kashe Crown Prince Franz Ferdinand a Sarajevo, Bosnia ta babban birni, mallakar sa'an nan da Austro-Hungarian kambi. Wannan hujja tsokani yakin duniya na farko. Izet-roƙa taimaka ajiye arba'in Serbs wanda aka tsananta da Austria sojojin dangane da al'amarin.

Dan Izet-roƙa da mahaifin nan gaba shugaban Bosnia da Herzegovina Mustafa samu akawu ilimi. A yakin duniya na a matsayin dan kasa na Austria-Hungary, da ya yi yaƙi a cikin sojojin da ke jihar. A kan Italian gaban, Mustafa mummunan rauni, tsokani wani Jihar kusa inna, a cikin abin da ya kasance game da shekaru 10 da haihuwa.

Duk da haka, Mustafa aure da wata yarinya mai suna Hiba, aure zuwa cewa kafin haihuwar Aliya aka haife su 'ya'ya biyu maza da' ya'ya mata biyu.

Haihuwa da kuma farkon shekaru na rayuwa Alija Izetbegovic

Alija Izetbegovic aka haife shi a Agusta 1925 a Bosnia garin Basanski Šamac. Bayan da ayyukansa An haife shi a wani babban iyali da aka ba da kyau. Mahaifinsa Mustafa yayin da tsunduma a harkokin ciniki, amma shekaru biyu bayan Alia da aka haife, ya tilasta wa bayyana fatarar. A shekara da iyali mayar da su cikin mafi girma a birnin a cikin yankin - Sarajevo.

A halin da ake ciki siyasa a kasar

Duk da yake na yanzu ƙasa na Bosnia da Herzegovina wani bangare ne na Mulkin Serbs, Croats da Slovenes, kafa bayan yakin duniya na a 1918 ta hanyar hadewar Mulkin Serbia da Balkan ɓangare na rusasshiyar Austro-Hungarian Empire, wanda hada da Bosnia. A jam'iyya tana karkashin sandan na Serbian monarch Aleksandra Karageorgievicha, wanda, duk da haka, an mai tsanani a rage su 'yancin.

An fara a 1921, Sarkin more kuma mafi zaci ofishin har shekaru hudu bayan haihuwar Alija Izetbegovic (1929) ya ba da wani juyin mulki. A matsayin sakamako na wannan juyin juya halin Aleksandr Karageorgievich samu kama-iko, kuma gwamnati ta soma wani sabon sunan - Mulkin {asar Yugoslavia. Sa'an nan, ya dakatar da duk jam'iyyun siyasa da kuma kungiyoyi.

Tsoro na centrifugal nufi, da Sarkin ƙara rage da hakkoki da abubuwan da yanci ya al'ummominsu. A jihar da aka raba gundumomi - Banovina, wanda geographically ne ba daidai da tarihi kafa yankuna, ya raba su cikin guda. Manufar Aleksandra Karageorgievicha ya zuwa gama duk manyan da Multi-addini jama'ar na kasar a cikin wata guda kabila - da Yugoslavs. Cimma wannan, da monarch bai yi ƙyãmar ko haramta shi hanyoyin, wadda ta halitta ya sa fushi daga wajan jama'a. Wannan kyakkyawan jagorancin da kisan sarki Croatian nationalists a 1934. A sabuwar gwamnatin da ya soma da manufofin da rapprochement tare da farkisanci kungiyar (Jamus da Italiya).

matasa

Sai ya zama a wannan siga yanayi ya fara siyasa aiki na nan gaba shugaban Jamhuriyar Bosnia da Herzegovina. By lokacin da jam'iyyar ayyuka sun riga an warware. Ko da a cikin shekaru na goma sha biyar, Alija Izetbegovic shiga cikin kungiyar "Sun Musulmi 'addini da siyasa hali. A shekara, sojojin Nazi Jamus farmaki {asar Yugoslavia. A kasar da aka zahiri sun shagaltar da shi inflamed yantar yaƙin motsi jagorancin kwaminis Tito da Mihailovic monarchist. Bosnia ya zama wani ɓangare na sabuwar kafa jihar na Croatia, wanda ya mai da tauraron dan adam na Jamus.

Duk da wannan, a cikin 1943, Alija Izetbegovic sauke karatu daga makarantar sakandare. Bayan haka, sai ya shiga College of aikin gona Division. By wannan lokaci ya aiki a cikin SS "Hazhar 'Islamic division. Amma nan da nan Hitler ta sojojin aka fitar daga karkarar {asar Yugoslavia, da kuma kasar tare da goyon bayan Tarayyar Soviet, da Kwaminisancin ya zo ikon jagorancin Yosifom Broz Tito.

DiSSiDENT lokaci

Bayan kammala karatu daga kwalejin Izetbegovic aka girke a cikin sojojin. Akwai wani matashi, musulmi gwagwarmaya fara wani m addini farfaganda. Domin wannan, kazalika don halartar wani dakatar da kwaminisanci tsarin mulki na "Sun Musulmi" a shekarar 1946, ya yanke masa hukuncin shekaru uku a kurkuku.

A shekarar 1949, Izetbegovic aka saki. A shekarar 1956 ya sauke karatu a rijista profile, sauke karatu daga Jami'ar Sarajevo. A wannan shekara dansa da aka haife Bakir Izetbegovic.

Bayan samun digiri ya yi aiki Izetbegovic shawara a dama sufuri kamfanoni. Duk da haka, ya ba su manta game da al'amurran siyasa, rayayye da shan kashi a cikin aiki na Semi-doka yanayin Musulmi kungiyoyi.

littattafai

A shekarar 1970 ya buga "Musulunci jawabi". Shi ne da godiya ga wannan littafin, da dukan duniya san wanda da Alija Izetbegovic. "The Islamic jawabi" kiran da a kafa na musulmi al'umma a cikin Balkans, cewa ya sosai jarumi a cikin hakikar da kwaminisanci tsarin mulki. Ko da yawa zamani masu bincike yi imani da aikin imbued tare da Musulunci ra'ayi.

A shekarar 1983, Izetbegovic aka yanke masa hukumcin shekaru 14 a kurkuku ga yunƙurin sake da kungiyar "Sun Musulmi". Ko kasancewa a cikin kurkuku, ya gudanar ya rubuta da kuma yi biyayya ga nufin biyu alamar littafin - "Islam tsakanin Gabas da Yamma."

Kurkuku sanduna ba sa iya rike jirgin na yi tunani irin wannan adadi a matsayin Alija Izetbegovic. Books wannan siyasa adadi mashahuri a cikin Muslim yawan na multiethnic {asar Yugoslavia.

lokaci ga wani canji

Duk da haka, nan da karshen na 80-ies na XX karni a cikin rayuwar siyasa na {asar Yugoslavia, kazalika da dukan ƙasashe na gurguzu sansanin, akwai lokatan gagarumin canje-canje. Society ya zama adalcin. A shekarar 1989, Izetbegovic aka saki prematurely.

Ko da yake kasar har yanzu sarrafa kwaminisanci tsarin mulki, amma da cewa lokaci ya yi yarda a multiparty tsarin. Wannan yarda Izetbegovic sosai gaba shekara bayan saki, don tsara wani sabon siyasa karfi, wanda ya samu sunan "Democratic Party Action." Dannawa daga wannan kungiyar, ya zama memba, sa'an nan kuma shugaban na fadar shugaban kasar Bosnia da Herzegovina, wanda a wancan lokacin ya kasance wani ɓangare na {asar Yugoslavia. A gaskiya ma, Izetbegovic ya zama shugaban Yugoslav jamhuriyar.

yaki

A farkon 90-ies na Bosnia da Herzegovina (BiH), kazalika da sauran jamhuriyoyin da disintegrating {asar Yugoslavia, ta zama fage na jini yaki. A shekarar 1991 wannan jamhuriyar jagorancin Izetbegovic, wanda ya hau kan shugaban kasa, ya ayyana samun 'yancin kai. Wannan shi ne a rashin daidaito da bukatun da Croatia da kuma Serbia, BiH aka shirin raba a tsakãninsu.

War tsiwirwirinsu yankunan da sikelin. A tafarkinsa, Izetbegovic a kama, kuma a gaskiya kama da Yugoslav sojoji, amma daga baya aka saki a musanya musu free tashi daga Sarajevo.

A 1995, Bosnian Musulmi, sõyayya da Croatian sojojin ya jawo wata babbar shan kashi da Serbs.

Da cewa wannan shekarar, da Dayton Yarjejeniyar da aka sanya hannu tare da aiki US shiga tsakani tsakanin shugabannin Bosnia, Serbia da kuma Croatia, wanda shi ne a gaskiya kammala da Bosnian yaki.

A sabon Bosnia da Herzegovina

Yana Dayton aza harsashin ginin zamani tsarin siyasa na Bosnia da Herzegovina. Wannan jiha ya zama zahiri shine tarayya kunsha na Tarayya da na Bosnia da Herzegovina, Republika Srpska da Brcko District.

Tun shekarar 1996, Bosnia da Herzegovina zama majalisar jumhuriya da kuma soke post na shugaban kasa. A sabunta jihar Alija Izetbegovic, aka ciyar da su memba na Presidium, kasancewa a kan shi har 2000.

mutuwa

Alija Izetbegovic mutu a watan Oktoba 2003, a babban birnin na Bosnia da Herzegovina da shekaru 78 years. Mutuwa aka lalacewa ta hanyar m zuciya matsaloli. Aka binne shi a wani hurumi a Sarajevo "Kovači".

A 2006, da kabarin na shugaban farko na Bosnia da Herzegovina aka nike tashi da Vandals.

iyali

Alija Izetbegovic aka aure to wata mace mai suna Khalid. Kamar kowane Orthodox Musulmi, ta aka gudanar a cikin inuwar mijinta, ba manyan jama'a rayuwa.

A shekarar 1956, a Sarajevo a aurensu da aka haife shi da wani kawai yaro - dan Bakir. Tun 2010 Bakir Izetbegović ne, kamar yadda kafin, mahaifinsa, memba na Presidium daga cikin musulmai na Bosnia. Yana da 'Jasmina, wanda da dama jikanyar Alia Izetbegovic.

Overall kima na

Kamar yadda ka gani, Alija Izetbegovic ya quite rigima siyasa adadi, amma, ba shakka, ya sanya wani gagarumin taimako ba kawai a cikin tarihi na yankin, amma kuma a tarihin duniya a matsayin dukan. A daya hannun, shi ne a lokacin duniya na biyu hada kai tare da farkisanci kungiyoyin, da kuma zama da aka sani a matsayin farfagandar Islama ne wanda ayyukan kẽwayesu a kan ra'ayi. Har ila yau, wani babban har da wuri, duk da haka, kamar sauran siyasa Figures na lokacin, fueling da na jini Bosnian yaki.

A daya hannun, shi ne sun fi mayar da godiya ga kokarin zo da haske da wani matashi zaman kanta a jihar - Bosnia da Herzegovina. Bugu da kari, da ikon su yi shawarwari shi ne ingancin da cewa gudummawar da cikar Dayton ya haɗu da haka kawo karshen yaki.