Aldehydes da ketones. The kaddarorin da kuma kira na carbonyl mahadi

A kwayoyin fili dauke a cikin kwayoyin tsarin mai carbonyl kungiyar na da wadannan nau'i:> C = Ya, - kira a matsayin oxo-mahadi, kuma ya kasu kashi biyu - aldehydes da ketones. Bisa ga tsarin hydrocarbon radicals, wadannan abubuwa suna kasu aliphatic, aromatic da alicyclic. A farko da na biyu kwayoyin suna halin da carbonyl kungiyar wanda aka nasaba kai tsaye zuwa benzene zobe ko gefen sarkar. Aldehydes da ketones da kwayoyin bond na aromatic jerin, wanda da aikin kungiyar a gefen sarkar suna dauke a matsayin Kalam na aliphatic carbonyl mahadi.

Aromatic aldehydes an hada a manyan hanyoyi biyu: ta gabatar da wani carbonyl kungiyar a cikin wani benzene zobe a electrophilic canzawa da kuma hira da substituents riga yanzu a cikin tsarin. Aldehydes da ketones hada da duk hanyoyin gudanar da mahadi ne mafi amsawa. Haka kuma, a cikin sinadaran sharuddan farko na biyu da yafi aiki. Domin aldehydes ne quite hankula hadawan abu da iskar shaka dauki, canzawa, Polymerization, Bugu da kari kuma sandaro. Ketones kuma ba su goyon bayan Polymerization dauki.

Shiri na aromatic aldehydes, musamman benzaldehyde mahadi da hadawan abu da iskar shaka na hydrocarbon iska cakuda industrially samar. Irin wannan halayen suna da za'ayi a chemical amfani oxides na daban-daban karafa, msl, vanadium oxide. Bugu da ƙari, domin kira na aromatic aldehyde za a iya amfani da hanyoyin amfani a cikin shirye-shiryen da mahadi aliphatic jerin.

Aromatic aldehydes aka gabatar sun fi mayar da insoluble a mai ruwa-ruwa matsakaici ruwa tare da wani peculiar pungent wari daga m almonds. A mafi m daga benzene zobe na carbonyl kungiyar, da su, da sharper zama su wari. Aromatic aldehydes sinadaran Properties waxanda suke sun fi mayar da irin wannan, da wannan aliphatic mahadi saboda da juna tasiri na benzene zobe da kuma wani carbonyl kungiyar, mallaka wani takamaiman sinadaran Properties da kuma ta jiki halaye. Alal misali, suna iya readily oxidized ga carboxylic acid bi ta rage ga m alcohols da hydrocarbons. A propionaldehyde, abin da ya garwaya da kyau tare da nau'o'in kwayoyin kaushi, a gaban dace catalysts an tuba zuwa propionic acid da hydrogenation - a propanol.

Domin kira na aromatic ketones iya zama ispolzony yawa hanyoyin. Alal misali, alkaline hydrolysis aiwatar geminal dihalides, dehydrogenation, hadawan abu da iskar shaka na m sakandare monohydric barasa mahadi, da sauransu. Duk da haka, da ainihin hanya ga shirya wadannan mahadi ne acylation na aromatic mahadi. All aldehydes da ketones da ciwon wani electrophilic cibiyar, daidai hulɗa tare da nucleophilic reagents jerin.

Irin wannan aromatic mahadi da electron-donating substituents kuma saukin shiga cikin acylation halayen. Ketones daga cikin kwayoyin tsarin ne da taya ko daskararru tare da m fure wari, insoluble a ruwa, wanda damar su za a yi amfani da ko'ina a cikin turare masana'antu.