A taro da yawa daga cikin sulfuric acid. A dogara da yawa daga cikin sulfuric acid maida hankali a cikin mota baturi

Tsarma da kuma mayar da hankali sulfuric acid - shi ne don haka muhimmanci sunadarai cewa su samar da mafi a duniya fiye da kowane abu. Tattalin arziki da dũkiya na kasar za a iya kimanta cikin sharuddan tsirar a cikinta, sulfuric acid.

dissociation tsari

Sulfuric acid da aka yi amfani da fom na ruwa-ruwa mafita daga daban-daban yawa. Ta shigarsu dissociation dauki a matakai biyu, samar H ⁺ ions ne a bayani.

H ₂ SO ₄ = H ^{+ +} HSO ₄ ^-;

HSO ₄ ^- = H ^{+ +} SO ₄ ^-2.

Sulfuric acid ne mai karfi, da kuma mataki na farko dissociation auku haka hanzari da cewa kusan duk na asali kwayoyin karya saukar zuwa H ⁺ -ions da HSO ₄ ^-1 -ions (hydrogen sulfate) a cikin bayani. Recent partially hargitse kara, sakewa H ⁺ ions wasu kuma barin wani sulfate ion (SO ₄ ^-2) bayani. Duk da haka, hydrogensulfate, kasancewa mai rauni acid, har yanzu ne Marinjãyi a cikin wani bayani na H ⁺ kuma SO ₄ ^-2. Complete dissociation shi ne kawai ya auku a lokacin da da yawa daga cikin sulfuric acid bayani ne kusa da yawa daga ruwa, r. F karkashin high dilution.

Properties na sulfuric acid

Shi ne na musamman a ji cewa shi zai iya aiki a matsayin mai al'ada acid ko wani karfi oxidizer - dangane da yawan zafin jiki da kuma natsuwa. A sanyi tsarma bayani daga sulfuric acid reacts tare da aiki karfe ba da gishiri (sulfate) da kuma ci gaba na hydrogen gas. Alal misali, da dauki tsakanin sanyi tsarma H ₂ SO ₄ (dauka da full-mataki dissociation) da kuma ƙarfe tutiya kamar haka:

Zn + H ₂ SO ₄ = ZnSO ₄ + H _2.

A zafi mayar da hankali sulfuric acid, wanda yawa ne game da 1.8 g / cm ^3, za su iya aiki a matsayin oxidant, maida martani tare da kayayyakin da suke kullum inert zuwa acid, kamar misali ƙarfe da tagulla. A lokacin da dauki, jan aka oxidized, da kuma acid taro an rage, wani bayani da aka kafa na jan karfe sulfate (II) a cikin ruwa da kuma gaseous sulfur dioxide (SO ₂₎ maimakon hydrogen, wanda za a sa ran ta maida martani cikin acid tare da wani karfe.

Cu + 2h ₂ SO ₄ = CuSO ₄ + SO ₂ + 2h ₂ O.

Kamar yadda kullum ya bayyana ta maida hankali ne mafita

A gaskiya, da maida hankali wani bayani za a iya bayyana a hanyoyi daban-daban, amma mafi yadu used taro da nauyi. Yana nuna da yawan grams na solute a wani nauyi ko girma na bayani ko sauran ƙarfi (yawanci 1000 g, 1000 cm ^3, 100 cm ³ da 1 DM ^3). Maimakon na taro a grams na wani abu zai iya dauka da yawa, da aka bayyana a moles, - sa'an nan da samu da matauni taro na 1000 g ko 1 DM ³ bayani.

Idan matauni taro m dangane ba ga adadin da bayani, amma kawai ga sauran ƙarfi, shi ne ake kira da molality na bayani. An halin da 'yancin kai na zazzabi.

Sau da yawa da nauyi taro nuna a grams da 100 grams na sauran ƙarfi. Halitta wannan adadi da 100%, an yi tattalinta a kan wani nauyi kashi (da maida hankali). Wannan shi ne, wannan hanya ne mafi yawan amfani a cikin aikace-aikace ga sulfuric acid mafita.

Kowane tamanin da mafita taro, m, a wata ba yawan zafin jiki, da shi yayi dace da wani sosai musamman yawa (msl, da yawa daga sulfuric acid bayani). Saboda haka, wani lokacin shi ne halin bayani. Alal misali, H ₂ SO ₄ bayani, faye hali yawan taro 95,72%, mai yawa na 1,835 g / cm ³ at t = 20 ° C. Ta yaya domin sanin da maida hankali da irin wannan bayani, idan ba kawai sulfuric acid yawa? Table bada irin wannan rubutu ne a tsayarwa na wani littafi a kan general ko analytical sunadarai.

MISALI taro recalculation

Bari tafi daga daya yanayin na magana zuwa wani bayani taro. Yi tsammani cewa muna da H ₂ SO ₄ bayani a ruwa zuwa wani taro na kashi 60 cikin dari%. Mun farko ayyana da yawa daga cikin daidai sulfuric acid. Table dauke da percentages (na farko shafi) da kuma daidai yawa daga cikin ruwa-ruwa bayani na H ₂ SO ₄ (hudu shafi), aka nuna a kasa.

Yana da kayyade so darajar wanda shi ne daidai 1,4987 g / cm ^3. Mu yanzu lissafi da molarity na bayani. Domin wannan shi ne zama dole domin sanin da taro na H ₂ SO ₄ a 1 lita na bayani da m yawan moles na acid.

Volume, wanda zauna 100 g na stock bayani:

100 / 1,4987 = 66,7 ml.

Tun a 66,7 ml na 60% bayani dauke da 60 g na acid a cikin 1 lita na shi zai dauke da:

(60 / 66,7) x 1000 = 899, 55 g.

sulfuric acid matauni nauyi daidai 98. Saboda haka, yawan moles kunshe ne a cikin 899,55 g na ta grams, zai kasance:

899,55 / 98 = 9,18 mole.

A dogara da yawa daga cikin sulfuric acid taro da aka nuna a cikin siffa. da ke ƙasa.

A amfani da sulfuric acid

Ana amfani da daban-daban da masana'antu. A samar da baƙin ƙarfe, da karfe da aka yi amfani da tsaftacewa da karfe surface kafin an rufe tare da wani abu da hannu a cikin halittar roba dyes, kazalika da sauran iri acid, kamar hydrochloric acid da kuma nitric acid. Haka kuma an yi amfani da sarrafa of Pharmaceutical kayayyakin, da taki da bama-bamai, kuma har yanzu shi ne wani muhimmin reagent a cire abin gurɓatawa daga man fetur a refining masana'antu.

Wannan sunadarai ne musamman da amfani a rayuwar yau da kullum, da kuma shi ne sauƙin samuwa a matsayin sulfuric acid bayani a yi amfani da gubar-acid batura (msl, waɗanda suke a cikin motoci). Irin wannan acid kullum yana da wani taro na daga game da 30% zuwa 35% H ₂ SO ₄ da nauyi, da sikeli - ruwa.

Domin da yawa mabukaci aikace-aikace 30% H ₂ SO ₄ zai zama fiye da isa ya sadu da bukatun su. Duk da haka, a cikin masana'antu da kuma shi yana bukatar mai yawa na maida hankali sulfuric acid. Yawanci, a lokacin sarrafa shi ne na farko samu isasshe tsarma da kuma gurbata da kwayoyin inclusions. Dabzar acid da aka samu a matakai biyu: da farko, an gyara ga 70%, sa'an nan - a wani mataki na biyu - a tashe shi 96-98%, wanda shine iyakance siga ga tattalin arziki mai yiwuwa samar.

Da yawa daga cikin sulfuric acid da kuma ta irin

Ko da yake kusan 99% sulfuric acid na iya zama a taƙaice a reflux, amma m asarar SO ₃ a tafasar batu rage taro to 98,3%. A general, jinsin da index 98% more barga a ajiya.

Commercial sa acid bambanta a cikin taro ban sha'awa, kuma ga abin da aka zaba masu dabi'u a da low crystallization zazzabi. Wannan ne yake aikata don rage asarar sulfuric acid lu'ulu'u precipitate a lokacin harkokin sufuri da ajiyarsa. Babban iri ne:

• Hasumiyar (nitrous) - 75%. Sulfuric acid yawa daga cikin aji ne daidai da 1670 kg / m ^3. Samu abin da ake kira. nitrous hanya a wanda sakamakon nitroso bi (wannan ne ma H ₂ SO _4, amma tare da narkar da nitrogen oxides) a cikin primary da harbe-harben da calcined raw gas dauke da sulfur dioxide SO _2, a cikin sahu hasumiyai (Saboda haka sunan iri). A sakamakon kasaftawa acid da nitrogen oxides wanda ba cinyewa a cikin tsari, da kuma mayar da su zuwa ga samar da sake zagayowar.
• Contact - 92,5-98,0%. Sulfuric acid yawa na 98% na aji ne daidai 1836,5 kg / m ^3. Yana kuma samu daga roaster gas dauke SO _2, cikinsa da aiwatar qunshi anhydride dioxide hadawan abu da iskar shaka zuwa SO ₃ tare da lamba (Saboda haka sunan sa) tare da mahara yadudduka na m vanadium kara kuzari.
• Oleum - 104.5%. Its yawa ne daidai 1896,8 kg / m ^3. Wannan bayani na SO ₃ a H ₂ SO _4, cikinsa da farko bangaren ƙunshi 20%, da kuma acid - shi ne 104.5%.
• High-sa oleum - 114,6%. Its yawa - 2002 kg / m ^3.
• Baturi - 92-94%.

Ta yaya mota baturi

Aiki da wannan daya daga cikin rare lantarki na'urorin ta kafu ne a kan electrochemical matakai abin da ke faruwa a gaban mai ruwa-ruwa sulfuric acid.

Automobile baturi ya ƙunshi tsarma sulfuric acid electrolyte, da kuma tabbatacce kuma korau wayoyin a cikin nau'i na dama faranti. M faranti ake yi na wani m-kasa-kasa abu - gubar dioxide (PbO _2), kuma da mummunan - na grayish "soso" gubar (Pb).

Tun da wayoyin an sanya gubar, ko leaded abu, irin wannan batir ne sau da yawa kira gubar-acid baturi. Its operability, t. E. The fitarwa ƙarfin lantarki da aka kai tsaye ƙaddara da abin da yake a wannan lokaci da yawa daga sulfuric acid (kg / M3 ko g / cm ^3), cike da baturi a matsayin electrolyte.

Abin da ya faru tare da electrolyte lokacin da baturi jini,

A electrolyte gubar-acid baturi ne a sauya bayani daga sulfuric acid a cikin wani chemically m distilled ruwa tare da wani taro na amfani na 30% a cika da caji. Net acid na da yawa na 1,835 g / cm ^3, electrolyte - game da 1,300 g / cm ^3. Lokacin da baturin da aka dakatar, shi electrochemical halayen faruwa sakamakon a sulfuric acid janye daga electrolyte. taro na bayani dogara kusan kunnen doki da yawa, don haka ya kamata ta rage saboda da rage a electrolyte taro.

Muddin sallama halin yanzu gudana ta hanyar baturi acid da aka yi amfani da ko'ina a kusa ta wayoyin da electrolyte zama mafi tsarma. acid yadawa daga total girma na electrolyte da lantarki faranti na goyon bayan kimanin m tsanani da sinadaran halayen, saboda haka, da fitarwa ƙarfin lantarki.

A farkon da sallama aiwatar da yadawa na acid electrolyte a cikin farantin faruwa da sauri, saboda sakamakon sulfate tare da tukuna zira pores a cikin aiki da kayan da wayoyin. Lokacin da sulphate fara da nunawa da kuma cika pores na wayoyin, da yadawa daukan sanya mafi sannu a hankali.

Rubuce, yana yiwuwa ya ci gaba da sallamar dai duk acid ba za a yi amfani da, da kuma electrolyte za a hada da ruwa mai tsarkakẽwa. Duk da haka, da kwarewa ya nuna cewa matakin ya ba ci gaba bayan da electrolyte yawa ya ragu zuwa 1,150 g / cm ^3.

Lokacin da yawa rage-rage daga 1,300 zuwa 1.150, wanda ke nufin cewa da yawa sulfate aka kafa a lokacin da dauki, kuma shi ya cika duk pores a cikin aiki da kayan a kan faranti, watau. E. Daga cikin bayani riga zaba kusan dukkan sulfuric acid. The yawa ya dogara da taro proportionally, kuma kamar wancan ne, da yawa daga cikin cajin baturin dogara. Siffa kasa nuna da dogaro da baturi electrolyte yawa.

Canza yawa daga cikin electrolyte, mafi kyau wajen kayyade baturi sallama jihar, da sharadin cewa shi ne yadda ya kamata amfani.

Digiri mota baturi sallama dangane da electrolyte yawa

Its yawa kamata a auna kowane mako biyu, kuma dole ne ko da yaushe a kiyaye karanta da rikodin for nan gaba amfani.

A mafi m electrolyte, da more acid shi ya ƙunshi da more baturin da aka caje. Yawa 1,300-1,280 g / cm ³ nuna cikakken cajin. Yawanci, wadannan baturi sallama digiri bambanta dangane da electrolyte yawa:

• 1,300-1,280 - yi cikakken cajin:
• 1,280-1,200 - fiye da rabin komai.
• 1,200-1,150 - cajin kasa da rabi.
• 1.150 - kusan komai.

A batir mai cikakken caji kafin a haɗa ta mota da wadata irin ƙarfin lantarki na kowane cell ne 2.5 to 2.7 V. Da zaran load an haɗa, da irin ƙarfin lantarki da sauri saukad da zuwa game 2.1 V uku ko hudu da minti. Wannan shi ne saboda samuwar wani bakin ciki Layer da gubar sulphate a kan surface na korau lantarki faranti da kuma tsakanin gubar Layer da karfe peroxide m faranti. A karshe darajar da cell ƙarfin lantarki bayan wani hanya cibiyar sadarwa a haɗa kamar 2,15-2,18 volts.

Lokacin da na yanzu fara gudãna daga hanyar baturi a lokacin farko da sa'a guda daga aiki, akwai wani irin ƙarfin lantarki drop zuwa 2 V saboda ya karu ciki juriya na sel saboda da samuwar fi girma yawa na sulfate wanda ya cika da pores na faranti da kuma zabin da electrolyte acid. Jim kadan kafin fara kwarara daga cikin halin yanzu yawa daga cikin electrolyte ne iyaka da kuma daidaita 1,300 g / cm ^3. Da farko shi underpressure faruwa da sauri, amma sai saita daidaita jihar tsakanin da yawa daga acid a kusa da faranti da ma electrolyte girma selection wayoyin goyon acid shigar da sabon guda acid daga cikin girma da electrolyte. A talakawan yawa na electrolyte ya ci gaba da rage haƙuri a kan dangantakar da aka nuna a siffa a sama. Bayan an sa hannu drop ƙarfin lantarki rage-rage more sannu a hankali, ta kudi na rage dogara da baturi load. Lokaci jadawalin sallama tsari ne da aka nuna a cikin siffa. da ke ƙasa.

Control na jihar na electrolyte a baturin

Don sanin da yawa hydrometer amfani. Yana da aka hada da wani shãfe haske gilashi tube tare da wani tsawo a ƙananan karshen, cike da Mercury ko harbi, da kuma graded sikelin a kan babba karshen. Wannan sikelin labeled daga 1,100 zuwa 1,300 tare da daban-daban matsakaici dabi'u, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin siffa. da ke ƙasa. Idan hydrometer aka sanya a cikin wani electrolyte, shi zai nutse a wani zurfin. Kamar haka zai kau da wani wasu juz'i na electrolyte, da kuma lokacin da ma'auni matsayi ne kai, masu nauyi daga muhallinsu girma zai zama kawai ta daidaita da nauyi hydrometer. Tun da yawa daga cikin electrolyte daidai da rabo daga da nauyi to girma, da kuma nauyi na hydrometer aka sani, sa'an nan kowane matakin na nutsewa a cikin bayani yayi dace da kayyade ta yawa. Wasu hydrometers da tare da dabi'u na yawa sikelin, amma suna alama ta "cajin", "rabin wata lambar", "Cikakken sallama" ko da kamar.