A tarihin Rasha rawa: fitowan da kuma ci gaba

Tushen na Rasha rawa, kamar wani art form, suna a cikin dance almara. Mafi m, waɗannan su ne addini (duk wani nau'i na dance) da caca ( "pereplyas", "kuma, inda akwai" da sauransu.) Dance. Rasha rawa ba kawai kiyaye duk da na ado canons, amma kuma ya zama wani Bangguo a duniya na rawa.

headwaters

A Kievan Rus 'a nuna na Sabunta-IX ƙarni, ya fara bayyana farko dancer, kwararru a fannin su - Clowns ... Bayan wani lokaci, a lokacin da babban birnin kasar ya Moscow, Clowns ba dole ba ne maza.

A XV-XVI ƙarni funny spectacle Entertainers da fuskoki boye tare da masks, haka ake kira "mashkarami" al'ajabi da mamaki da ziyartar 'yan kasashen waje.

A XVII karni da tarihi na Rasha rawa alama bude a m fadar na Kremlin Theater. Bisa ga kafa al'ada, kowane sanarwa a gidan wasan kwaikwayo ne ko da yaushe kammala mezhdusenyami (musamman jimloli rawa). Wadannan ake kira entrée yi ta maza ado a pompous tufafinsu. Actors nuna wasu abubuwa na ballroom dance.

A Tsar ta fun

A farko cikakken sikelin ballets a Rasha an dauki wani wasan kwaikwayon tsĩrar Fabrairu 8, 1673. Haka ya faru da wani gagarumin taron a kotu na Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, kuma aka kira "Ballet na Orpheus da Eurydice." A tarihin fitowan na Rasha rawa bayyana shi a matsayin wani motsi ceremonious postures, m raye-raye, bakuna da kuma mi} a mulki. Tsakanin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo karanta haddace magana ko tsarkakewa. Duk wannan shi ne kadan kamar real Theatrical mataki. Shi ne kawai mai sarauta fun, enticing ta rashin tabbas.

A halin yanzu, Gregory I., da Oganeza na wasan kwaikwayo, kiran Nicola Lima don tsara horo ga Theatrical basira sarki na wasan kwaikwayo. A farko, da 10 yara daga daraja burghers, sa'an nan zuwa 20, an samu nasarar horar da kuma nuna sarki a kotu rawa yi "Orpheus" a Faransa style.

The aiki sa

Kawai bayan kwata na karni, Bitrus I, tun da nufin kawo canji da al'adu rai na Rasha, shi ya kawo ta ga rayuwar Rasha jama'a music kuma dance. Ya yanke shawarar da ya qarfafa art Elite strata na mazauna St. Petersburg. Don yin wannan, Peter na rufe Moscow wasan kwaikwayo Alexei Mikhailovich kuma wallafa wani sauyi doka. Wannan al'amarin zuwa majalisai ake bukata duk hukumomin gwamnati don ya koya ballroom dancing ba tare da kasa. Wadannan sauye-sauye, Mun sanya matsayi na dancing master unattainable high. Wannan abin da mulki suka majalisai rawa zamar masa dole bayyanar a rawa dance motsa zo daga kasashen waje, sababbin abubuwa a cikin nau'i na abubuwa na kasa da Slavonic raye-raye.

Author V. Krasovskaja ( "History of Rasha Ballet" - LA Art, 1978) ya yi imanin cewa da nishaxi, da tantama Bitrus I a fādar dakunan da aka gudanar wasanni na rawa troupes, mawaƙa kuma opera mawaƙa gayyace daga kasashen waje.

A farkon 1738 da makaranta na rawa da aka shirya a kasar, wanda ya zama, a cikin sakamako, na farko. A tarihin Rasha rawa a takaicce gaya game da wannan lokaci. Digiri aiki a rawa kamfanoni na kasashen waje kare kansu a cikin abin da ake kira wasan kwaikwayo ( 'yan wasan kwaikwayo, ƙungiyar mawaƙa). An kawai yawa daga baya suka shigar da babban jam'iyyun.

A farko horo

Cikin shimfiɗar jariri, na zamani rawa masana tarihi la'akari da Land gentry Corps. Yana aiki ga sanannen Zhan Batist Landzh, wanda tare da dalibai sa uku kotu ballets. Kamar yadda tarihi na Rasha rawa, sai suka zama kusan na farko rawa wasanni, duk dacewa da dokokin na Royal Academy of Dance a Faransa babban birnin kasar.

Gentry Corps Cadets dauki bangare a cikin ilimi, poluharakternom lyrical kuma a lokaci guda gabatar da wani comic rawa troupes daga Italiya Tas.

Elizabeth na, domin kada su rasa da horar da rawa rawa, ya bude nasa dance makaranta na Her sarki, da farko sa na wanda suka 12 yara na commoners.

By karshen 1742, da Empress hannu umurnin kafa wata rawa nagartattu na Rasha rawa. Shi ne, akwai cewa lit up na farko Rasha taurari - sana'a rawa rawa: Aksinya Baskakov da Athanasius Toporkov.

Daga matattu karshen

Mutuwa Baptiste ƙasar kawo rikice a cikin Choreography kasuwanci a kasar. Presentation, wanda gudanar Tassalunikawa, suna da irin da kuma m burlesques. A viewer ba ya jawo hankalin irin productions.

A tarihin Rasha rawa a takaice ya bayyana cewa lokaci. A wannan lokaci a Turai akwai wata tambaya a kan gyara daga cikin choreographic hali. Rousseau da Cinq-Mars bukatar da rawa rawa a rabu da lush riguna da kuma masks zuwa wigs. Diderot karfi da ya bada shawarar canza storylines rawa wasanni. A halin yanzu, Dzhon Uiver, ba tare da jiran ga sauran canji, babban mai dance yi da ciwon m labarin, da kuma Zhorzh Nover rubuta almara "Haruffa na dance."

Ba nisa a baya da kuma Rasha rawa. A bayyanar Hilferding - hujja. Wannan Jamus gwani gyarawa labari Choreography a St. Petersburg. A Paris labarin ballets bayyana ne kawai shekaru 15 daga baya. Hilferding taimake Leopold Paradiso. By da 50 ga watan shekara na XVIII karni, sun halitta mai zaman kanta rawa plays.

Fara ban mamaki productions

A farko drama a Rasha rawa ne da mulkin A. P. Sumarokovu. Ya ciyar da yabo dance wasanni, da wallafe-wallafen tushe hada rawa wasanni "tsari na nagarta" da "New sufi".

Gasparo Anzhiolini gayyace King choreographer, kara haske da Slavic jama'a song notok yana sanya rawa yi "Fun ga Kirsimeti lokaci." Catherine II ƙwarai extolled misali. A 1779, da dokoki Hukumar en banc amince da rawa, da music ga wanda aka rubuta a kan tushen da Slavic almara.

Bayan irin wannan gagarumin nasara Anzhilini koma nishadi Theatrical productions, wanda sanya fun Topical batutuwa. Wannan ya yi amo eulogies: "The Kawasaki na Rasha" (touted ci Turkish sojojin a Cahul da Larga), "The New Argonauts" (mai daraja Ode ga jiragen ruwa na Rasha Empire) da kuma "Karifan tattaunawa" (mafitar komowar ruwa na bukatar lamba kan sha musantawa smallpox).

na farko jaruntakar rawa yi "Semira" kadan da aka a baya tsĩrar. Daga wannan lokacin choreographers an biya mai girma da hankali ga expressiveness wata rawa dance. Domin rawa a lokaci guda zai iya zama m, kuma m opera wasanni na ba-jihar sinimomi, kuma a cikin na karya-operatic nuna, da libretto ga abin da empress kanta hada.

Ga sabon 1778 a St. Petersburg (as tarihin Rasha rawa, littattafan vividly bayyana wannan na musamman taron) jiransu kallo riga biyu sinimomi: kasuwanci "Free Theater" da kuma kotu.

A farko USAID kungiyoyin

A cikin rabi na biyu na karni XVIII, da fashion ne don Master ma'adanin na dance. Kuma a farkon 1773 a karkashin jagorancin Leopold na Aljanna a cikin babban birnin kasar a kan tushen da marayu bude farko cibiyar horaswa, wanda daga baya ya zama na farko jama'a wasan kwaikwayo. A farkon sa akwai yara 60. A farko choreographic yi kafa ta Cosimo bikin Maddox, ya ce a cikin littafinsa Yu Bakhrushin.

A tarihin Rasha rawa, karatu da kuma bayyana su a cikin babban daki-daki, cikakken bodied bude wannan lokaci, ma'adanin na dance. Maddox tare da wata tawagar da matasa, koya a Rasha, dancer halshen wani comic wasar kwaikwayo ta waka, Choreography sadaukar da real events (misali, "The Taking na Ochakovo"), da kuma Divertimenti.

Da wannan bango, da sauri suka fara samar da serf wasan kwaikwayo. A cikin shekaru goma na XVIII karni shi ya kasance sananne manyan gama serf 'yan wasan kwaikwayo. Irin wadannan kungiyoyi sun kasance Zorich Golovkin, Apraksin, Barcelona, Potemkin da sauran gonaki.

A daidai wannan lokacin ga ci gaba da kuma halitta da mace dance dabara da kuma m zane wakilci scene. Akwai wani sabon hadisin nama a kan mataki scene, da shimfidar wuri ne to ka rubuta a idon basira style, don amfani wasan rabin inuwa da haske.

A rabo na Rasha rawa

A tarihin Rasha rawa na 19-20 ƙarni ne cike da kuma bambance bambancen. By farkon na XIX karni rawa art cinma da balaga da wanda aka nuna godiya da masu sauraro. Rasha yar rawa gabatar a cikin Choreography lightness, daraja da ma'ana. An sosai aptly lura A. S. Pushkin, ta kwatanta da kyau na dance motsa daga cikin Sahaban, tauraron na rawa scene, Istomin: "Kurwa cike da jirgin" (cikin magana ya zama synonymous tare da rawa). Ta gyara man fuska magana da kuma ladabi na dance ƙungiyoyi ganin darajarsa. Mafi yawa daga cikin yan kallo tafi daidai a kan Avdotya Istomin.

Babu kasa kyau sun Lihutina Anastasia, Catherine Teleshova, Danilova Mariya.

Ballet wasanni suna samun shahararsa. Ballet dance, kamar yadda wani art, shi ne fĩfĩta, kuma shi kasaftawa jihar tallafin.

By newfangled kan "hakikanci" na 60th shekaru na karshe karni, da al'adu Elite aka rufe. A Rasha wasan kwaikwayo rikicin zo. Tare da gaisuwa ga choreographies, ya sa shi a cikin primitivism na storyline, wanda daidaita zuwa wasu dance. Rawa da suka kai kamala, bayar da rawa a idon basira productions.

A tarihin na Rasha rawa ke zuwa wani sabon mataki. Tarurrukan fara da Petra Chaykovskogo, wanda ya rubuta da music for farko choreographic productions. A cikin dukan tarihin na rawa, a karon farko music ya zama da muhimmanci a matsayin dance. Kuma ko da ya bayyana a kan daidai da opera music kuma symphonic qagaggun. Idan music to Tchaikovsky rubuta karkashin dance abubuwa, yanzu wani rawa actor plasticity, motsi da kuma alherin da ya nemi a kai da m yanayi da kuma tausaya, fiye da a taimaka wa viewer warware mãkirci, shirya da mawaki ta rubutu. Duniya har yanzu bata sha'awa sanannen "Swan Lake."

Choreographer Gorsky kawo a cikin Productions na zamani da abubuwa na shugabanci, sai na fara biya mai girma da hankali ga m siffatawa da scene, imani da cewa viewer kamata a cika musu baftisma a abin da ke faruwa a kan mataki. Ya haramta amfani da mime abubuwa. Halin canza halin da ake ciki Fokine. Ya farfado da romantic rawa da kuma ɗauki jikin harshen dance kuma bayyana magana. A cewar Fokin, kowane inda kodayaushe a kan mataki dole ne na musamman. Watau music, dance style da juna da zama na musamman don wani musamman view. A farkon shekaru na XX karni sanarwa na yin fim da samar da "Masar Nights," "The Mutuwa Swan", "midsummer Night ta Dream," "Acis da Galatea" da sauransu.

A 1908 Diaghilev S. P. Fokin gayyace zama wata babbar darektan na manyan mukaman "Rasha Seasons". Tare da wannan gayyatar Fokin zama duniya-shahara. A Rasha rawa artists karfe shekara a babban rabo aiki a Faransa babban birnin kasar. A tarihin Rasha rawa rawa yabi Rasha nagartattu, waɗanda sunayensu da aka sani a duk faɗin duniya: Adolf Bolm, Anna Pavlova, Tamara Karsavina, Vaslav Nijinsky, da dai sauransu Kuma shi ne a lokacin karkatar Turai rawa.!

Diaghilev dauki damar da lashe. Ya tattara a nagartattu na matasa da kuma talented rawa 'yan wasan kwaikwayo da kuma ya ba da su a hannunka free. Yarda ta yi aiki a waje da tsarin na san, wanda sa shahara, amma riga quite haihuwa Petipa.

'Yancin mataki kunna rawa don gano da kuma bayyana kansu. Bugu da kari a wadannan sauyi sababbin abubuwa Diaghilev janyo hankalin zuwa Popular cikin shahararrun artists da tsaransa (Jean Cocteau, A. Derain, Picasso) da kuma composers (K. Debissi, Ravel, Stravinsky). Yanzu kowane rawa samarwa wani fitacciyar.

Bayan da Oktoba juyin juya halin, da yawa rawa da choreographers bar balle Rasha. Amma tsatso zauna. A hankali zama kusa da mutane Rasha rawa. Pages na tarihi bayan da yin ... ganin more

Bayan tsakiyar XX karni, dancer, kuma choreographers na sabon ƙarni koma zuwa scene thumbnail manta dance, taron makada da rawa a daya yi. Yawan Studios da kuma wasan kwaikwayo da aka kullum girma.

"Babban rabo", yar rawa, rawa sukar lamiri

Shahararren Rasha dancer Vera Mihaylovna Krasovskaya zo a cikin kasancewa da baya a Rasha Empire, Satumba 11, 1915. Bayan makarantar sakandare ta shiga da kuma a 1933 nasarar sauke karatu daga Birnin Leningrad, Choreographic School. Ta yi karatu a shahara Vaganova Agrippina. Daga wannan lokaci zuwa 1941 Krasovskaja hidima Theater. Kirov. Ta dukufa a ballets na ilimi repertoire.

A shekarar 1951, Vera M. sauke karatu daga makarantan digiri a Birnin Leningrad, Theater Cibiyar. Ostrovsky, bayan na asali horo a baiwa na wasan kwaikwayo.

sana'a makaranta samu Krasouskaya farko a wani aji na Agrippina Vaganova, sa'an nan postnovkah rawa na Mariinsky gidan wasan kwaikwayo, tare da wani arziki na ilimi na encyclopedic sikelin, aristocratic, al'adu da kuma ban mamaki umurnin da harshen (Faransa da Turanci), kyale shi ya zama m da kuma shakka da most rawa art sukar lamiri.

A 1998, bushãra bazu ko'ina cikin wasan kwaikwayo duniya. Premium "Kawasaki" lashe Vera Mihaylovna Krasovskaya. A tarihin Rasha rawa, wanda ta bayyana a cikin littattafan (wasu daga cikinsu fassara cikin harsunan waje) kuma articles (300) a matsayin art tarihi da kuma zargi, ya yi Vera Mikhailovna lashe free "Kawasaki" Rasha Award. Wannan lambar yabon, an bayar da ga mafi nasarori a art da kuma wallafe-wallafe.

A 1999 Krasouskaya Vera Mikhailovna ya tafi.

epilogue

A tarihin Rasha rawa tare da godiya Stores sunayen da Masters dance, wanda sanya wani babban taimako ga samuwar Rasha Choreography. Wannan sananne Didlo S., M. Petipa, A. Saint-Leon, S. Diaghilev, Fomin, da kuma waɗansu da yawa. A talanti ɗaya na Rasha artists kusantar da yau janyo hankalin mai babbar yawan masu kallo a fadin duniya.

Don wannan rana, Rasha rawa kamfanoni suna dauke da mafi kyau a duniya.