A sunadarai Properties na ethylene glycol, halayyar. Dihydric barasa. ethers ethylene glycol

A mafi sani da kuma amfani a rayuwar mutum da kuma masana'antu abubuwa na zuwa category na polyols - shi ne ethylene glycol da glycerol. Karatunsu da kuma yin amfani da tun shekaru da yawa, amma da kaddarorin wadannan hanyoyin gudanar da mahadi a hanyoyi da dama musamman da kuma na musamman da ta sa su ba makawa ga wannan rana. A polyols amfani da yawa sinadaran syntheses, masana'antu da kuma yankunan da mutum aiki.

A farko "sani" da ethylene glycol da glycerol: The Story of samu

A shekarar 1859, shekara, a wani mataki biyu aiwatar dibromoethane hulda da azurfa acetate da m magani da potassium hydroxide samu a cikin ta farko dauki na ethylene glycol, Sharl Vyurts farko hada glycol. Wani lokaci daga baya, za mu ci gaba da hanyar da kai tsaye hydrolysis dibromoethane, amma a kan wani m sikelin a farkon karni na ashirin dihydric barasa 1,2-dihydroxy ethane, ya - monoethylene glycol, ko wani glycol, samu da hydrolysis ethylene a Amurka.

Don kwanan wata, da a cikin masana'antu da kuma a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje aiki da dama sauran hanyoyin, wani sabon, more tattali da albarkatun kasa da makamashi ra'ayi, da kuma tsabtace muhalli, a matsayin yin amfani da reagents dauke da ko sakewa chlorine, gubobi, Carcinogens da sauran kawo hadari ga muhalli, da kuma mutum abu ne rage tare da ci gaban da "kore" sunadarai.

Harhaɗa magunguna Carl Vilgelmom Sheele a 1779 glycerol da aka bude, da kuma takamaiman abun da ke ciki na mahadi da aka yi karatu a 1836 Teofil Zhul Peluso. Biyu bayan shekaru da dama da shi da aka samu daga da kuma na rasa kwayoyin tsarin triatomic barasa a cikin rubuce-rubucen na Pierre Eugene Marseleya Berthelot da Charles Wurtz. A karshe, ko da shekara ashirin bayan Sharl Fridel da a total kira na glycerol. A halin yanzu, da masana'antu na amfani da hanyoyi guda biyu nunarsa: a allyl chloride daga propylene da via acrolein. Chemical Properties etilengilikolya kamar yadda glycerin ne yadu amfani a fannoni daban daban da sunadarai samar.

Tsari da kuma wani fili daga tsarin

A core na kwayoyin YAKE ethylene unsaturated hydrocarbon kwarangwal, kunsha na biyu carbon atoms a cikin abin da biyu bond ruptured. A vacated sarari valence a carbon atoms shiga ta biyu hydroxyl kungiyoyin. Ethylene dabara - C ₂ H _4, bayan katsewa cranes dangane da abin da aka makala na hydroxyl kungiyoyin (ta hanyar mahara, saukarwa), shi ya dubi kamar C ₂ H ₄ (OH) _2. Wannan shi ne ethylene glycol.

ethylene kwayoyin halin da mikakke tsari, yayin da dihydric barasa yana da wasu kama trans konfigurtsii a cikin jeri na hydroxyl kungiyoyin tare da girmamawa ga carbon tsatso da juna (cikakken Aiwatar da cewa lokaci zuwa matsayi dangi zuwa ga mahara bond). Irin wannan sāke wuri yayi dace da m wuri na hydrogens na aikin kungiyoyin, m makamashi, ya kuma inganta - iyakar tsarin zaman lafiya. Kawai sa, daya OH-kungiya "dubi" up, da kuma sauran - saukar. A lokaci guda, suna maras tabbas mahadi da biyu hydroxyl kungiyoyin: a daya carbon zarra ta samar a cikin dauki cakuda, su nan da nan dehydrate, za aldehydes.

rarrabuwa akidar

Chemical Properties na ethylene glycol ne niyya ta asalin daga kungiyar kunshi polyhydric alcohols, wato subgroups diols, Ina nufin mahadi da biyu hydroxyl moieties a kan m carbon atoms. Abu, kuma dauke da dama OH-substituents, kuma shi ne glycerin. Ya na da uku barasa aikin kungiyar, kuma shi ne ya fi kowa wakilin ta subclass.

Mutane da yawa mahadi wannan aji suna kuma shirya da kuma amfani a cikin sinadaran masana'antu daban-daban domin syntheses da kuma sauran dalilai, amma yin amfani da ethylene glycol yana da wani tsanani har da suke da hannu a kusan dukkan masana'antu. Wannan za a tattauna a more daki-daki a kasa.

jiki bayani dalla-dalla

A amfani da ethylene glycol saboda kasancewar wasu Properties cewa ne muhimmi a polyhydric alcohols. Wannan rarrabe siffofin musamman zuwa wannan aji na Organic mahadi.

A mafi muhimmanci na da kaddarorin - wannan Unlimited ikon da za a gauraye da H ₂ Ya Ruwa + glycol ba wani bayani da wani musamman halayyar: ta daskarewa zazzabi, dangane da taro na diol kasa 70 digiri, fiye da m distillate. Yana da muhimmanci a lura da cewa wannan ba mikakke dogara, kuma kan kai wani gwada yawa glycol fara daura sakamako - daskarewa zafin jiki ne ta ƙara ta kara kashi na solute. Wannan yanayin da aka amfani a samar da daban-daban maganin daskarewa taya "nezamerzaek" wanda crystallize a musamman low thermal halaye na muhalli.

Fãce a cikin ruwa, da rushe aiwatar daukan wuri daidai a barasa da kuma acetone, amma ba a lura a paraffin, benzene, da Eter, da carbon tetrachloride. A bambanci ta zuwa ga m aliphatic - a gaseous abu kamar ethylene glycol, ethylene glycol - shi ne syrupy, translucent, da kadan tinge rawaya ruwa, sweetish dandano, da uncharacteristic wari, kusan nonvolatile. Daskarewa auku a xari bisa dari ethylene glycol - 12,6 digiri Celsius da kuma tafasar - at 197,8. Karkashin al'ada yanayi, da yawa ne 1.11 g / cm ^3.

hanyoyin da shirye-shiryen

Ethylene glycol za a iya samu a hanyoyi da dama, wasu daga cikinsu a yau da kawai tarihi ko preparative darajar, da kuma sauran yadu amfani da mutum a kan wani m sikelin, kuma ba kawai. Wadannan a shekara-shekara domin, bari mu yi la'akari da mafi muhimmanci.

An riga an na farko Hanyar da shiri na ethylene glycol daga dibromoethane aka bayyana. Formula ethylene biyu bond ne karye, kuma free valences suna shagaltar da halogens, - babban albarkatun kasa a dauki - a Bugu da kari zuwa carbon da hydrogen a cikin abun da ke ciki na da biyu sunadaran bromine. Da samuwar na tsaka-tsaki fili a farkon aiwatar mataki ne zai yiwu kawai saboda su tsakiyan nonon, watau. E. Maye acetate kungiyoyin cewa ana tuba ta kara hydrolysis cikin barasa.

A kan aiwatar da kara raya kimiyya da shi ya zama mai yiwuwa a samar da ethylene glycol ta kai tsaye hydrolysis da wani ethanes sauya tare da biyu halogen kwayoyin halitta a makwabtaka da carbon, ta amfani da mai ruwa-ruwa mafita Alkali karfe carbonates ko kungiyar (kasa tsabtace muhalli wakili) H ₂ Ya kuma gubar dioxide. Reaction wajen "laborious" da kuma na faruwa ne kawai a mafi girma da yanayin zafi da kuma matsin lambar, amma wannan bai hana Jamus sã'õ'in duniya wars amfani da wannan hanya domin samar da ethylene a masana'antu sikelin.

Rawar da ya taka a ci gaban da kwayoyin sunadarai ya taka Hanyar samar da ethylene glycol daga ci da hydrolysis na karfe salts da alkaline kungiyoyin. By kara da dauki zafin jiki zuwa 170 digiri amfanin ƙasa kai 90%. Amma akwai wani gagarumin drawback - a glycol ya ko ta yaya cire daga gishiri bayani, wanda aka kai tsaye hade da wani yawan matsaloli. Masana kimiyya sun warware wannan matsala ta hanyar bunkasa a Hanyar da wannan farawa abu, amma ta keta aiwatar a cikin matakai biyu.

Hydrolysis etilenglikolatsetatov, kasancewa karshe mataki na hanyar baya Wurtz, ya zama mai raba hanya, a lokacin da iya ɗaukar feedstock hadawan abu da iskar shaka na ethylene zuwa acetic acid da oxygen, Ina nufin ba tare da yin amfani da tsada, kuma ya aikata ba m halogen mahadi.

Haka kuma an sani mutane da yawa hanyoyin samar da ethylene da hadawan abu da iskar shaka na ethylene hydroperoxides, peroxides, Organic peracids a gaban catalysts (osmium mahadi), potassium chlorate , da sauransu. Akwai kuma sinadarin lantarki da kuma radiation hanyoyin.

Halaye na kowa sinadaran Properties

A sunadarai Properties na ethylene glycol aka ƙaddara ta aikin kungiyoyin. A halayen iya shiga daya hydroxyl substituent, ko duka biyu, dangane da aiwatar da yanayi. Babban bambancin a reactivity ne cewa saboda kasancewar a dama polyol hydroxyls da juna tasiri da karfi acidic Properties fiye da monovalent " 'yan'uwa." Saboda haka, halayen da Alkali salts na kayayyakin ne (glycol - glycolates, domin glycerin - glycerate).

A sunadarai Properties na ethylene glycol, kazalika da glycerol, da dauki alcohols hada da duk Categories monohydric. Glycol ba cikakken da kuma m esters a halayen da monobasic acid, glycolates, bi da bi, suna kafa tare da Alkali karafa da kuma tare da wani tsarin sunadarai da karfi acid ko salts daga gare saki aldehyde acetic acid - saboda tsakiyan nonon na kwayoyin daga hydrogen zarra.

Halayen da aiki karafa

maida martani ethylene glycol tare da aiki karafa (hydrogen tsaye bayan da dama da sinadaran karfin) a dagagge yanayin zafi bada m ethylene glycolate karfe da hydrogen da aka saki.

C ₂ H ₄ (OH) ₂ + X → C ₂ H ₄ Ya ₂ X, inda X - aiki bivalent karfe.

Ingantaccen dauki ga ethylene glycol

Polyhydric barasa bambanta daga wani ruwa iya zama via a gani martani halayyar kawai ga wannan aji na mahadi. Don wannan karshen, colorless bayani aka zuba barasa-precipitated hydroxide na jan karfe (2) da ciwon halayyar blue tinge. A dauki na gauraye aka gyara an kiyaye precipitate rushe da kuma batawa bayani a wani cikakken blue color - saboda da samuwar jan glycolate (2).

Polymerization

Chemical Properties na ethylene glycol suna da muhimmanci domin samar da kaushi. Intermolecular dehydration na ce abu, Ina nufin kawar da ruwa daga kowane biyu kwayoyin na glycol sa'an nan hada (daya hydroxyl kungiyar da aka raba kashe gaba daya, amma a kan sauran kara kawai hydrogen), yana ba da yiwuwar samun wani musamman kwayoyin sauran ƙarfi - dioxane, wanda sau da yawa amfani da kwayoyin sunadarai, duk da ta high yawan guba.

Exchange na hydroxyl da wani halogen

Lokacin da dauki ethylene glycol da acid halide lura maye hydroxyl kungiyoyin m halogen. A mataki na canzawa dogara a kan matauni taro na hydrogen halide a dauki cakuda:

HO-CH ₂ -CH ₂ -OH → 2NH + X-CH ₂ -CH ₂ -X, inda X - chloro ko bromo.

A ester

A cikin halayen da ethylene with nitric acid (takamaiman taro) monobasic Organic acid (formic, acetic, propionic, Carnival, valeric da t. Q.) A samuwar hadaddun kuma, daidai da, monoethers. Ga wasu yawa na nitric acid - di- da trinitroefirov glycol. A sulfuric acid da aka yi amfani a matsayin mai kara kuzari a qaddara taro.

A mafi muhimmanci Kalam na ethylene glycol

M abubuwa, waxanda ake samu daga polyhydric alcohols da sauki sinadaran halayen (kamar yadda aka bayyana a sama), suna ethers ethylene glycol. Wato monomethyl da monoethyl dabara wanda - HO-CH ₂ -CH ₂ -O-CH ₃ da HO-CH ₂ -CH ₂ -O-C ₂ H _5, bi da bi. Bisa ga sinadaran Properties suna da yawa kamar glycols, amma, kamar wani aji na mahadi da cewa da musamman reactionary fasali, muhimmi ne kawai:

• Monometiletilenglikol ne ruwa ba tare da launi, amma tare da halayyar m wari, tafasa a 124,6 digiri Celsius, da rushe a ethanol da sauran Organic solvents da ruwa ne muhimmanci mafi maras tabbas fiye da glycol, da kuma wani yawa kasa da cewa na ruwa (game da 0,965 g / cm ^3).
• Dimetiletilenglikol - ma ruwa, amma tare da kasa da halayyar wari, yawa 0,935 g / cm ^3, tafasar batu 134 digiri a sama sifili da solubility, dangi da baya homologue.

Aikace-aikace cellosolve - don haka kullum kira na daya ethylene glycol - shi ne quite na kowa. Ana yin su ne a matsayin reactants da kaushi a cikin kwayoyin kira. Har ila yau ya shafi su jiki Properties for anti-lalata da anticrystallization Additives a maganin daskarewa da kuma mota man fetur.

Ikon yinsa, da kuma farashin da samar da jerin

The kudin na masana'antu da kuma kamfanonin tsunduma a samar da kuma sayar da irin wannan sunadarai, jeri daga wani talakawan na game da 100 rubles da kilogram na irin wannan sinadaran mahadi kamar ethylene glycol. A farashin dogara da tsarki na abu da kuma maximizing da yawan da ake so samfurin.

A amfani da ethylene glycol ba a iyakance ga wani daya yankin. Saboda haka, kamar yadda da albarkatun kasa da shi da ake amfani a wajen samar da kwayoyin kaushi, roba resins da kuma zaruruwa, taya, misãlin a low yanayin zafi. Ya aka hannu a dama masana'antu kamar mota, Aerospace, magunguna, lantarki, da fata, da taba. Undeniable nauyin da muhimmanci ga Organic kira.

Yana da muhimmanci a tuna cewa glycol - mai guba fili cewa zai iya sa irreparable cutar da lafiyar dan adam. Saboda haka, an adana a cikin shãfe haske kwantena sanya daga aluminum ko karfe tare da tilas ciki Layer kare tank daga lalata, kawai a tsaye matsayi da wurare ba a bayar da tsarin dumama, amma tare da mai kyau samun iska. Term - ba fiye da shekaru biyar.