5 ƙarni na kwakwalwa. Future Kwamfuta: Description

A farko lantarki kwakwalwa (PC), ko kwamfutar da cewa an halitta a cikin 30-40-ies na XX karni. Su bayyanar shi ne, tsananin magana, kuma alama farkon halin yanzu mataki na ci gaba da bayanai fasahar. A wannan lokaci 5 da aka saba amfani da kwamfuta tsara, amma da rabo daga kwamfuta tsarin for zamaninsu ne sosai matukar.

A ƙarni na farko na kwakwalwa

Farkon halittar lantarki kwakwalwa da aka dauke su da ci gaban da Jamus lantarki, amfani da yin lissafi da electromechanical gudun ba da sanda. Sa'an nan, da Amirkawa sanya wani fasaha nasara da maye gurbin da gudun ba da sanda lantarki injin shambura.

• A farko kwakwalwa a electromechanical zango a cikin shekaru 1938-41 sun aka halitta a cikin Jamus (model Z1 / Z2), sa'an nan da fasahar soma da Birtaniya.
• A farko supercomputer, "Mark Na», mafificin girman rabin filin kwallon kafa, da aka halitta da} o} arin na IBM a Amurka (1944).
• A farko a duniya a tube kwamfuta da ENIAC, tsara da wani American Electronics m John Eckert (Eckert) da kuma Amirka likita Dzhonom Mouchli (Mauchly), tsara da farko don warware ballistics matsaloli, da kusan 20,000 injin shambura da kuma 1500 zango. Monster cinye har zuwa 150 kW iko.

Na biyu ƙarni na kwakwalwa

A fasalin da na gaba ƙarni na kwakwalwa ne miƙa mulki daga injin shambura for da sabuwar dabara a 1948 transistors. A farko transistorized lantarki kwamfuta cibiyar NCR-304 da aka harhada a Amurka ta NCR a 1954, duk da haka, yaduwa daga wannan kwakwalwa an samu ta 1960.

Tsara ta uku, na kwakwalwa

Bisa hadedde kewaye (farkon shekarun 1960s). Wani lokacin ake magana a kai a matsayin Hadakar kewaye guntu, ko guntu (guntu a fassara daga Ingilishi - "rake"). C 1965 aka kaddamar da daya daga cikin mafi kyau inji na uku ƙarni na IBM / 360 iyali na wadannan inji kunshi bakwai model. Af, 5 ƙarni na kwakwalwa ne tushen ba sosai daban-daban daga tsohon mutum, kuma IBM ne m juyin halitta na kwakwalwa fiye da juyin juya halin.

tsara ta huɗu,

Aukuwa tsara ta huɗu kwamfuta da aka haɗa da inganta Hadakar haihuwarka. A 1950, Amirka K. Lark-Horovitz (Lark-Horovitz) kusantar da hankali ga yiwuwar neutron doping na sinadari germanium. Wannan hanya a farkon 60 fara da ake ji wa silicon: ta ultrapure faranti ya fara samar da Hadakar fasahar da ake kira manyan-sikelin hadedde kewaye (LSI), sa'an nan - sosai manyan sikelin Hadakar haihuwarka (VLSI):

• 1000-10 LSI 000 qunshi abubuwa a wani semiconductor guntu (yawanci a kan crystal surface).
• VLSI ƙunshi fiye da 10,000 Kwayoyin.

Aukuwa na LSI da VLSI haihuwarka ya sanya yiwu da microprocessors.

A karo na biyar tsara kwamfutocin

By kuma manyan kwakwalwa na biyar tsara da kuma ta huɗu ne da yawa na kowa da ãyõyi, kwararru da yawa hada su a wata guda tsara. An yi imani da cewa na biyar ne m sirri kwamfutar tsara don daya ko biyu masu amfani. Da farko PC "Altair 8800" kamfanin MITS (Micro Instrumentation da Telemetry Systems), aka saki a 1975. A shekara daga baya, ya "sirri kwamfutar" Apple I (1976) da kuma Apple II (1977) ya gabatar da Apple Computer. Bayan da saki da sadaukarwa PC IBM PC a 1981 sirri kwamfutar karshe nasara da duniya.

An madadin view

Da muhawara game da ko ko ba daidai gane 5 ƙarni na kwakwalwa a matsayin wani abu mai neman sauyi sabon, kasancewa a dogon lokaci. Idan ka raba kwamfuta ƙarni na hardware aka gyara, shi dai itace cewa ko da tsakanin uku da na hudu ƙarnõni na line ne bakin ciki sosai, amma ba za ka iya magana a kalla bayyanar microprocessors.

"Biyar tsara kwamfutocin" The lokaci a wannan lokacin shi ne bai tabbata kuma an yi amfani da hanyoyi da yawa. Wasu masana sun yi imanin masomin daga cikin halittar dual-core PC a shekarar 2005.

Smartphone maimakon a kwamfuta?

Manazarta sau da yawa jayayya, da yadda za a nan gaba na sirri kwamfuta - ba wani supercomputer ga manyan-sikelin matsaloli, wato PC. A halin yanzu mataki na ci gaba da bayani da kuma sadarwa na na'urorin fasahar zamani ne halin musamman azumi da kuma kusan lokaci daya cigaban kwamfuta networks (musamman irin rawa da fitowan da Internet a dukan duniya cibiyar sadarwa, wanda aiki a kan tushen da World Wide Web - World Wide Web) da kuma mobile sadarwa. Kuma zamani smartphone kunshi, a gaskiya, duk da ayyuka na sirri kwamfuta.

Kamar yadda kwamfuta cibiyar sadarwa da fasaha da kuma mobile sadarwa da fasahar ne kullum ana inganta, haka nan gaba canje-canje a cikin gajeren lokaci tsanani manazarta gani a cikin minimizing na'urorin ba tare da compromising yi. Idan kana a halin yanzu ya mamaye hukumar (ajali) PC, wanda a hankali ya maye gurbin Littattafan Rubutu, kwamfyutocin, ultrabooks da kwamfutar hannu kwamfutar, nan da nan duk na su za a iya maye gurbinsu da wani sabon ƙarni na kwakwalwa dangane da kyautata smartphone.

Musamman rawar da ya kamata a buga ta fitowan da m nuni da cewa an riga ana samar a Amurka da Japan tun 2008. Ba zato ba tsammani, da m na'urori da ƙara sama, kamar littafin, ko sun ninka a cikin wani bututu nuni riga an halitta (a cikin labarin, za ka iya ganin su photo).

Computers na gaba

Babban bege a cikin wannan shugabanci a hade da na gani (photonic) kwakwalwa. A ra'ayin Tantancewar (photonic) lissafin - lissafin yi amfani da photons, wanda ake generated da lasers ko diode - yana da wani fairly dogon tarihi. A abũbuwan amfãni ne bayyananne: yin amfani da photons (motsi da gudun haske), shi ne zai yiwu a cimma wani incomparably mafi girma watsa rates fiye da yin amfani da electrons (as a data kasance inji).

Wannan zai zama wani muhimman hakkokin nasara a filin daga hardware da kuma samar da wani sauyi sabon (ba) 5 ƙarni na kwakwalwa. A ra'ayin photonic kwakwalwa fara samun kayan karfi da zaran Massachusetts Cibiyar Fasaha (US) a 1969 da aka annabta, kuma a shekarar 1976 akwai kwarewa da na gani metastability. Domin da na'urorin aiki a kan tushen da wannan sabon abu na bukatar semiconductor, m, a wani yankin na bakan da yake opaque a cikin sauran, tare da sharply maras mike Tantancewar halayyar (msl, indium antimonide). Dabaru haihuwarka a kan irin Tantancewar abubuwa za a iya sarrafa a gudun 1000 biliyan ma'ana ayyukan da na biyu.

A watan Yuli 2014 da Weizmann Institute (Isra'ila) halitta photonic na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa - a na'urar dangane guda zarra, da ikon canja daga daya jimla jihar zuwa wani, da kuma damar da naúrar don kaitsaye haskoki haske a kan wani ba hanya. Photonic na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa - a key kashi cewa zai haifar da farko photonic kwamfuta na nan gaba.

software muhalli

A fagen brainware yiwu cimma gaci hade da ci gaban ilmin lissafi - ka'idar automata da hankali da alaka da ka'idar lissafi mai tsauri, computability ka'idar da mai aiki da na'urar kwamfuta rikitaccen ka'idar. Automata ka'idar, da kuma ka'idar lissafi mai tsauri - sassan na gargajiya ilmin lissafi dabaru, a cikin abin da hankali ne mayar da hankali a kan wannan tambaya da abin da za a iya sarrafa kansa ko lissafi.

A ka'idar lissafi mai tsauri adjoins ka'idar computability (ka'idar recursive ayyuka). Mai aiki da na'urar kwamfuta rikitaccen ka'idar (ko da ka'idar mai aiki da na'urar kwamfuta mawuyaci) - wani sashe na mai hankali lissafi, wanda aka haɗa dangi da kwamfuta kimiyya. Babban batun wannan ka'idar: "Mene ne yawan albarkatun zama dole ga lissafi (idan matsalar da aka warware computability)?" Domin da yawa aikace-aikace, musamman rawar da ake buga ta da ci gaban da jadawali ka'idar.

Artificial m (IE)

A almarar kimiyya fina-finai da kuma wallafe-wallafen na gaba ƙarni na kwakwalwa ne sau da yawa gabatar a matsayin wani nau'i ne na wucin gadi da hankali, da rarrabẽwar mafiya yawa daga cikin mutane da matsaloli, da kuma a wasu lokuta ( "The Matrix", "The Terminator") shi ne batun 'yan adam. Irin wannan fina-finai da kuma buga ayyukan sa mu zaton ko IE al'umma tana bukatar, da jawo sha'awa cikin video Frames da m hotuna.

Computers na gaba sosai shirya ya bayar da abubuwa na ci-gaba da wucin gadi hankali, amma suna da kõme ba su yi ba za su yi "tsoro labaru" na Hollywood blockbusters. Don warware matsaloli na wucin gadi da hankali, musamman ga ci gaban fasaha da shawarar goyon bayan tsarin (ISPPR), suna ƙara amfani da wadanda ba na gargajiya rassan lissafi, kamar ka'idar mai hazo sets da kuma mai hazo dabaru, da kuma ka'idar yiwuwa da kuma yiwuwar samun ka'idar.

binciken

Modern kwamfuta tsarin da bayanai da fasaha ne da kuma za a ƙara yi amfani a fannoni daban daban na rayuwar mutum - a kimiyya da kuma fasaha, da ilmi da al'adu, a samar, sufuri da sabis sassa. Su samar da style na zamani da rayuwa, al'ada, ji na duniya da hanya na aiki. Duk da haka, ci gaban da waɗannan kimiyoyi daukawa da shi da yawa hatsarori. Saboda haka, kara kyautata na bayanai da sadarwa kayayyakin aiki, dole ne je hannu da hannu tare da humanization al'umma.