Tsohon kalmomi da ma'ana. The darajar haihuwa Rasha kalmomi

Ƙamus - wani tarin dukan maganar da muka yi amfani da. A raba rukuni a lexicon za a iya daukan tsohon kalmomi. Su ne a cikin Rasha da harshen da yawa, kuma sun kasance a daban-daban na tarihi lokaci.

Mene ne girbin kalmomi

Tun da harshe ne wani ɓangare na tarihin da mutane, da kuma maganar da ake amfani da wannan harshe ne na tarihi darajar. Tsohon kalmomi da ma'anar iya gaya mai yawa game da abin da ya faru ya faru a cikin rayuwar mutane a wannan zamanin da kuma wasu daga cikinsu sun kasance na bayar da muhimmanci. Tsohon ko mazan, da kalmomin ba rayayye a yi amfani da lokacin mu, amma ba a cikin ƙamus na mutane, rubuta a kamus da reference books. Sau da yawa da za su iya a samu a cikin ayyukansu na fasaha.

Alal misali, a cikin waka Aleksandra Sergeevicha Pushkina, mun karanta wadannan nassi:

"A taron mai girma da 'ya'ya maza,

Tare da abokai a high Gridnitsa

Vladimir rãnã-biki,

Karami ya ya ba

Ga m yarima Ruslan ".

A nan ne kalmar "Gridnitsa". Yanzu ba amfani, amma a zamanin Prince Vladimir, ya nufi wani babban dakin, a cikin abin da sarkin tare da retinue shirya bukukuwa da kuma idodi.

historicism

Tsohon kalmomi kuma su nadi ne daban-daban iri. A cewar masana harkokin kimiyya, da suka kasu kashi biyu manyan kungiyoyin.

Historicism - kalmomi cewa yanzu rayayye amfani ga dalilin cewa ya fito daga yin amfani da Concepts cewa suna wakiltar. Alal misali, "gashi", "mail" makamai "archaisms, da dai sauransu - wadannan su ne zantuttukan da nuna a fakaice Concepts saba mana a cikin wasu kalmomi, misali, a bakin -. Lebe, cheeks - kumatunta, wuyansa - wuyansa.

A yau ta magana, kamar yadda mai mulkin, suka ba su amfani. Clever kalmomi kuma wurãrenta, wanda da yawa ba su sani ba, domin mu yau da kullum magana ne ba na hali. Amma ba su bace gaba ɗaya rabu amfani. Historicism da archaisms marubuta amfani ga gaskiya gaya game da baya daga cikin mutane, da wadannan kalmomi da suka kai da dandano na zamanin. Historicism iya gaskiya gaya mana game da wani abu da ya faru sau daya a cikin wasu lokuta a cikin kasar.

archaisms

Ba kamar historicism archaisms wakiltar mamaki cewa mun haɗu da zamani a rayuwar. Wannan wayo kalmomi, da kuma wurãrenta ba su bambanta ba daga cikin saba mana kalmomin, kawai suka sauti daban-daban. Archaisms ne daban-daban. Akwai waɗanda suke daban-daban daga talakawa kalmomi kawai da wasu fasaloli na kuskure da kuma pronunciation. Alal misali, a yi ƙanƙara, da kuma birnin, da zinariya, da na zinariya Mlada - matasa. Wannan karin lafazi archaisms. A cikin karni na 19th akwai mutane da yawa irin wannan kalmomi. Yana klob (kulob din), Stora (labule).

Akwai wani rukuni na archaisms tare da m suffixes, kamar Muzeum (gidan kayan gargajiya), taimako (taimako), masunta (masunci). Mafi sau da yawa muka hadu lexical archaisms, misali, da ido - da ido, dama hannunka - damansa Shuitsev - hagu.

Kamar yadda historicism, archaisms ana amfani da su haifar da wani musamman duniya a almarar. Saboda haka, Aleksandr Sergeevich Pushkin sau da yawa amfani tsaoho harshe ba ayyukansa pathos. Wannan a fili kwatanta ta da waka "Annabi".

Words of Ancient Rus

Ancient Rus ba yawa na zamani al'adu. Amma to, akwai wani takamammen lexical yanayi, wasu daga cikin kalmomi na wanda aka kiyaye su a cikin zamani Rasha harshe. Kuma wasu ba su amfani da kome ba. Tsohon rabu amfani Rasha kalma na zamanin ba mu da wani ra'ayi game da asalin na da Gabas Slavic harsuna.

Alal misali, tsoho la'ana. Wasu daga cikin su ne sosai m gani na korau halaye na mutum. Joe Ku busa - talker, Ruhm - crybaby Tolokonov goshi - wawa, zahuhrya - disheveled mutum.

The darajar haihuwa Rasha kalmomi wani lokacin bambanta daga daya tushen dabi'u a cikin zamani harshe. Duk mun san kalmar "siganut" da "whitefish", suka nufi wani m motsi a cikin sarari. Tsohon Rasha kalmar "sig" nufi da karami naúrar na lokaci ji. A daya MiG dauke 160 whitefish. Babbar ji dabi'u suna dauke "m nesa", wanda yake shi ne daidai 1, 4 haske-shekara.

Ancient kalmomi da ma'anoni da aka tattauna da masana kimiyya. Ancient tsabar kudi suna dauke da sunayen da aka yi amfani da zamanin d Rasha. Ga tsabar kudi da suka fito a cikin takwas da ta tara karni a Rasha da aka shigo da daga Larabawa Khalifanci, amfani da sunan "Coon", "nogata" da "yanka". To, akwai mutane da farko Rasha tsabar kudi - shi zlatniki da kuma azurfa.

Wanda aka rabu amfani da kalmomi daga 12th da 13th ƙarni

Pre-Mongol lokaci a Rasha, 12-13 karni, halin da ci gaban gine-gine, wanda aka sa'an nan ya kira gine. Bi da bi, kuma akwai sa'an nan a Layer na ƙamus hade da yi da kuma erection na gine-gine. Wasu daga cikin kalmomin da aka sa'an nan kunno kai a cikin zamani harshe, amma darajar da haihuwa Rasha kalma for duk wannan lokaci ya canza.

Dalili na rayuwa na Rasha a cikin 12th karni akwai wani sansanin soja, wanda aka sa'an nan da ake kira "Detinets". A kadan daga baya, a cikin 14th karni, da kalmar 'Kremlin', wanda ya sa'an nan kuma nuna a fakaice birni. The kalmar "Kremlin" zai zama wani misali na yadda za a canza tsohon rabu amfani Rasha kalma. Idan Kremlin ne daya, shi ne mazaunin shugaban kasa, sa'an nan kremlins suka yi yawa.

A 11th da 12th ƙarni a Rasha gina birane da kuma birãnensu na itace. Amma ba su iya tsayayya da mãsu alãma daga cikin Mongol-Tatars. Mangolawa, zuwa ga nasara da duniya, kamar kalubalanta katako sansanin soja. Tsaya dutse birni na Novgorod da Pskov. Domin da farko lokacin da kalmar "Kremlin" bayyana a cikin Tver tarihin a 1317. Shi ne synonymous tare da tsoho kalmar "kremnik". Sa'an nan kuma aka gina Kremlin a Moscow, Tula kuma Kolomna.

Zamantakewa da kuma na ado rawar da archaisms a na gargajiya adabi

Ancient kalmomi, da tattaunawa da wanda aka sau da yawa samu a kimiyya articles, sau da yawa amfani da Rasha marubuta su sa su magana mafi ma'ana kayan zane. Aleksandr Sergeevich Pushkin a cikin labarin ya bayyana aiwatar da halittar "Boris Godunov": "Na yi kokarin tsammani da harshen da lokaci."

Mihail Yurevich Lermontov ma amfani a cikin ayyukansu da tsohon kalmomi da ma'ana corresponded daidai da hakikar da na lokaci, daga inda suka riƙi. A mafi tsoho kalmomi bayyana a cikin aikinsa "The Song game Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich." Wannan, misali, "Veda", "oh, ku Goy esi" Ali. " Har ila yau, Aleksandr Nikolaevich Ostrovsky rubuta ayyuka a wanda da yawa tsohon kalmomi. Wannan "Dmitry da ƙãƙalen faɗarsa", "Voivod", "Kozma Minin Zaharich-Sukhoruk".

Da muhimmancin da kalmomi na karshe epoch cikin zamani adabi

Archaisms zauna rare a cikin adabi na karni na 20th. Ka tuna sanannen aikin da Ilf da Petrov "The goma sha biyu Kujeru". A nan, da tsohon kalmomi da ma'anar da rarrabe, m sautin.

Alal misali, a kwatanta ziyara Ostap Bender kauyen Vasyuki sami kalmar "daya sa ido mutumin bai yarda ya kawai ido tare da grossmeysterovoy takalma." Amfani da su Church Slavonic archaisms launi da kuma a cikin wani episode: "Uba Fyodor ya ji yunwa. Ina so a sa masa dũkiya. "

Stylistic kurakurai a lokacin da yin amfani da historicism da archaisms

Historicism da archaisms iya ƙwarai embellish almarar ba, amma su inept amfani da dariya. Ancient kalmomi, da tattaunawa da wanda yake shi ne sau da yawa wani sosai aiki, kamar yadda mai mulkin, ba za a iya amfani da su a yau da kullum magana. Idan ka fara da tambayar a passerby: "Me hunturu bude wuyansa ku," ya bai fahimta ba ku (nufin wuyansa).

A wata jarida magana ma samu bai dace ba yin amfani da historicism da archaisms. Ga misali: "The makaranta privechayut matasa malaman da suka zo don gudanar da aiki." The kalmar "ba bari" ne synonymous da kalmar "barka". Wani lokaci dalibai aka saka cikin su qagaggun archaisms da haka ba bayar da wani mai haske da kuma ko da m. Ga misali: "Olga ya zo a guje a hawaye da kuma gaya Tatiana Ivanovna game da cin mutumci." Saboda haka, idan kana so ka yi amfani da tsohuwar kalmar, ma'anar, fassarar, ma'ana dole ne su zama cikakken bayyana muku.

Rabu amfani kalmomi fantasy da almarar kimiyya

Kowa ya sani cewa tsiwirwirinsu m shahararsa a zamaninmu wannan nau'o'i kamar yadda fantasy da almarar kimiyya. Sai dai itace cewa a cikin fantasy Genre aiki, tsohon kalmomi suna yadu amfani, da kuma su ma'anar ne ba ko da yaushe bayyana a cikin zamani mai karatu.

Concepts kamar "banner" da "yatsa", mai karatu zai iya fahimta. Amma wani lokacin akwai karin hadaddun kalmomin kamar "Caumont" da "inculcate". Dole ne in ce cewa wallafa ba ko da yaushe amince da} arfin yin amfani da archaisms. Amma akwai ayyukan da a da mawallafa suna amfani da nasara historicism da archaisms. Yana aiki daga jerin "Slavic fantasy." Alal misali, litattafan na Maria Stepanova 'Valkyrie', Tatiana Korostyshevsky "uwa na hudu iskõki," Maria Semenova "Wolfhound", Denis Novozhilov "Far Far Away mulkin. The yaki ga kursiyin. "