Tiyata da mutum kashin dadashinsu. Topographical ilimin halittàr jiki da hakora na manya da ƙananan jaws

Daga cikin mafiya muhimmanci gabobin jikin mutum kunshi hakora. Kowace daga cikinsu yana da wani tabbataccen tsarin da aikin wani takamaiman aiki. Menene hakori ne wani babba sa na hakora? Mene ne haltta na kashin dadashinsu? A cikin wadannan da kuma sauran al'amurran da suka shafi alaka da tsarin hakora, dole mu yi hankali.

Janar bayani game da hakora

A fara tasawa adam a cikin baka kullum yana iya zama daga 28 zuwa 32 hakora. Su ilimi na musamman, da wani hadadden tsarin. A sashen na kowane hakori da aka kira da kambi. Daya daga cikin yadudduka ne dentin - wuya calcified abu da ba shi da jini. Daga sama da shi ne rufi hakori enamel. Yana abubuwa a matsayin wani m m harsashi.

A boye ɓangare na hakori - tushen. An sanya a cikin wani sako na muƙamuƙin, kira Alveoli. A tushen, ma, suna da dentin. Yana maida hankali ne akan ciminti Layer ta hanyar abin da na hakori da aka gudanar a cikin lungu na muƙamuƙi. Kashi samuwar ciki da ɓangaren litattafan almara jam'iyya da aka hada da jijiyoyi, tasoshin da kuma taushi connective nama.

Daban da kuma ayyuka na hakora

Tiyata na kashin dadashinsu da maxilla subdivides kashi samuwar, wanda aka located in baka rami don dama jinsunan:

• manyan tushen (molars).
• gaban (incisors).
• conical (canines).
• premolars (premolars).

Hakora yi da dama da muhimmanci ayyuka. Da fari dai, sun samar da inji aiki na abinci. Saboda hakora mutane iya cikakken cinye abinci. Abu na biyu, wadannan Tsarin kasusuwan suna da hannu a cikin samuwar magana. Tare da su aka kafa daban-daban sautuna. Uku, da hakora wani bangare ne na wani murmushi. Sun taka muhimmiyar ado rawa.

Zaka kuma iya zažar ayyuka muhimmi a cikin kowane mutum da hakori. Masu saro located a gaban baka rami, samar da abinci slicing. Wannan na taimaka wa su lebur kurfi bit. Canines da aiki na crushing da kuma garkuwa da abinci, kamar yadda suka nuna conical siffar. Molars da premolars suna da hannu a nika abinci, domin su surface ne m isa.

Location hakora a muƙamuƙanka

A ilimin halittàr jiki da manya da ƙananan muƙamuƙi dentition nuna cewa kashi samuwar aka shirya a cikin nau'i na arcs, kowanne daga abin da za a iya raba bangarorin biyu (quadrant). Daya quadrant, na balagaggun mutum kunshi 8 hakora:

• 3 matauni.
• 2 ruwa.
• 1 Fang.
• 2 premolar.

A wasu mutane, da molars, wanda aka located a cikin latest hakori arches da kuma kira "hikima hakora" sun bata. Kowane quadrant an samu ba 8, 7 da kashi samuwar. A rashin "hikima hakora" - shi ne cikakken al'ada. A wasu mutane da suke yanke wa 24-26 shekaru da bukatar kau da ci gaban a daidai kwana, yayin da wasu ba su bayyana.

babba molars

Kamar yadda ilimin halittàr jiki da manya da ƙananan jaws, mafi hadaddun morphological raka'a ne dentition mutum molars tsarin. Su ne a cikin hakori baka baya da premolars. A babba muƙamuƙi 6 yana molars - 3 da daya hakori, kuma a daya gefen. Kwararru rarrabe na farko, na biyu da na uku manyan molars.

The most daga cikin manyan hakori tushen - na farko babba matauni. Shi ne trehkorennym. Surface matauni ta hakora na gaban jere, ta fom na iya zama square ko lu'u-lu'u-dimbin yawa. Yana yana da wani protuberance 4 (duk da wadannan tadawa raba GROOVES):

• distal-palatal.
• distal-buccal.
• tsakiya-buccal.
• mesial-palatal.

Na biyu babba matauni daban-daban daga na farko daukan taban surface. A da shi a 30-40% na mutane akwai 3 tubercle. A 5% na lokuta faruwa dvuhbugorkovy babba matauni. A hakori yawanci taped 3 tushen. Wani lokaci guda biyu na su girma tare.

The uku babba matauni guntu kambi. Taban da ake surface iya zama trehbugorkovoy. A wasu mutane, wannan hakori yana 4 tudu. Dvuhbugorkovaya nau'i ne musamman rare. Matauni iya samun 2, 3, da kuma tushen. Wani lokaci akwai wani Fusion na su.

Ƙananan molars

Ba kamar ƙananan molars daga cikin manya da shi ne da farko a cikin nau'i na wani kambi. Yana iya zama rectangular ko pentagonal. Wani rarrabe ƙananan molars daga cikin manya - yawan asalinsu. A fitar kasusuwan jikinsu tsarin located a kasa akwai 2 tushen.

Anatomy of mandibular molars ne kamar haka:

1. A farko matauni yana da wani distal, distal-lingual, buccal, distal, tsakiya-lingual da mesial-buccal tubercles.
2. A na gaba manyan matauni ba distal tuberosity. Crown muhimmi chetyrehbugorkovy bayyanar.
3. Uku matauni, wanda shi ne mafi karami na molars na ƙananan muƙamuƙi, 50% na mutanen da yana 4 hillocks, 40% - 5. Mafi yawan ƙasa da na kowa uku- ko shestibugorkovaya daukan taban surface.

A babba incisors

Kashi samuwar located in gaban da babba muƙamuƙi da ciwon tushen, kira da babba incisors. Yadda aka saba, da hakori 4 zama - 2 2 da kuma tsakiyar gefen. Duk da haka, likitoci suna ƙara fuskantar da farko edentulous (m) daga cikin manya kaikaice incisors. A zamanin da, mutane da aka ciyar da abinci mai tauri. The abinci biting dauki bangare da kuma tsakiyar da kuma a kaikaice incisors. A zamanin yau, mutane ci softer abinci. Yanzu ga cizon abinci da isasshen karfi tsakiyar incisors. Kaikaice hakora da m load. A wannan batun, akwai su raguwa.

A kambi a tsakiyar incisors m. A medio-distal shugabanci, ta nisa ne game da 8-9 mm. Game da vestibular surface shi ne ya kamata a lura da cewa babba incisors shi dabam. Tiyata da ƙananan muƙamuƙi da kuma na sama hakora nuna cewa:

• babba tsakiyar hakora iya zama a cikin wani nau'i na murabba'i mai dari, a alwatika.
• wasu mutane irin babba incisors ne ganga-dimbin yawa.
• babba a kaikaice hakora yawanci muhimmi triangular ko ganga siffar.

Palatal surface daga cikin manya incisors iya zama lebur, gaba ɗaya concave shebur (noctuoidea). Its bayyanar dogara da har na tsakiya kuma da distal m ridges mikawa daga tushe na kambi zuwa sasanninta na yankan gefuna da hakora. The sabon abu na sabon abu ne a nestershihsya bends - kinks da bumps. Wannan ripple vuya a matsayin hakora aiki a cikin baka rami.

ƙananan incisors

The karami hakora a cikin baka rami, kamar yadda topographical haltta na kashin dadashinsu ne m incisors. Su ne mafi ƙaranci incisors a cikin size, an located in na sama dentition. Wannan shi ne saboda da cewa a cikin tsari na abinci raskusyvaniya kasa hakora yi karin ayyuka.

A kan ƙananan muƙamuƙi 4 ana shirya abun yanka - 2 2 da kuma tsakiyar gefen. A tsakiyar hakora iya samun rectangular ko ovoid vestibular surface. A kaikaice incisors yana da nau'i na wani isosceles alwatika ciwon tushe a yankin da sabon abu da kuma saman inda wuyansa na hakori aka located.

A lingual surface na ƙananan incisors ne m, concave. A tsari ne triangular. Tare da gefuna da lingual saman na ƙananan hakora ne distal da mesial m ridges. Su ne kasa da suka ci gaba fiye da a cikin sama incisors. Mun kwanan barke hakora yankan baki ne sinuous. A bumps ne a fili bayyane. A hankali su bace. The sabon abu ya zama m.

A babba canines

Topographical ilimin halittàr jiki da hakora na manya da ƙananan jaws hada da nazarin canines tsarin. Wannan manyan kashi samuwar hakori tsarin da ciwon iko da kuma dogon tushen da kuma kambi odnobugorkovuyu. Irin wannan tsarin da babba hakora saboda da ayyuka da suka yi.

A babba canines located in wurare lankwasawa da babba hakori baka daga gaban baya. Vestibular kambi surface muhimmi lu'u-lu'u siffar. Kuma ta'allaka ne a kan tsakiyar nadi, kuma ake kira tsakiyar mamelon. A wasu mutane yana da kyau a bayyane, yayin da wasu - kawai furta. Yana ƙare da wani tsakãtsaki ce nadi tearing tudu, wanda yake shi ne hallmark na canines. Tare da gefuna da kambi ne ma gefe mamelons - mesial da distal. Su samar da gefen fuskoki tuberosity.

Palatal saman for canines ne dan kadan convex kuma embossed. A cikin mahaifa yanki lura da wani kananan karo. Daga gefe na babban tudun gudanar midline kunya. A tarnaƙi za ka iya gane yanayin distal da mesial m ridges. Sun mika daga kambi kwana zuwa palatal tubercles.

ciki hakori

More kunkuntar da kuma elongated kambi, kasa m - halaye banbamta babba daga ƙananan canines. Duk da haka, tsarin da irin wannan hakora. Idan muka kwatanta da hakora na ƙananan kuma babba muƙamuƙanka, za mu iya ganin cewa kambi yana da wani lu'u-lu'u siffar. Kawai a nan a saman ƙananan hakora a yankin na rhombus tearing tubercle shi ne mafi mĩƙe, truncated.

Mafi yawan mutane duba convex canine kashin dadashinsu. Tiyata da aka bayyana ta da cewa tsakiyar nadi mikawa tare da vestibular surface da aka bayyana da isa. A gefe bolsters yawanci kasa a bayyane. Duk da haka, a wasu mutane da vestibular surface da hakora yana da wani flattened siffar. A tsakiyar nadi a irin haka ne kasa pronounced.

The taimako na lingual surface na ƙananan canines quite zaran. A da shi a cikin mahaifa yanki yana da wani lingual cusp. Yana shigar da smoothly tare da babban kunya kawo karshen a tsakiyar uku na lingual surface. Tare da gefuna da kambi bayyane m ridges.

babba premolars

A maxilla da mutum yana da premolar 4 - 2 kananan molars a kowane gefe. Suna located a tsakiyar ɓangare na hakori baka, shan 4th da kuma 5th matsayi. Premolars, kamar yadda evidenced da ilimin halittàr jiki da hakora na manya da ƙananan muƙamuƙi, yi wani karin aiki a lokacin machining abinci. Su aka niƙa kuma pulverized aiki da abinci.

Bambanta da farko da na biyu babba premolars. A farko premolar da ciwon wani kambi prismatic siffar iya zama kashi biyu ko guda tushen. A cikin occlusal surface ne ba tubercle 2 - buccal da palatal. A farko daya ne, kamar yadda mai mulkin, da ya fi girma da kuma mafi girma. Tsakanin su ne intertubercular kwarin kunya. Tare da gefuna da kambi ne m ridges.

Na biyu babba premolar yana ma wannan tsarin. kawai 'yan rarrabe halaye za a iya gano:

• hakori yawanci yana daya tushen canal da kuma wani tushen;
• bit smoother ƙasa.
• taban da ake lumps da kusan guda tsawo.
• kaikaice ridges ne underdeveloped.

ƙananan premolars

Ƙananan kananan molars, sabanin jere ne karami, ya fi tsayi guda tushen da kuma kambi taso keya siffar a kwance sashe. Mutanen da suka san ilimin halittàr jiki da ƙananan muƙamuƙi hakora, rarrabe farko da na biyu ƙananan premolars, dan kadan daban-daban a cikin tsarin.

A farko daya ne kama da canine. Wadannan hakora kamar rawanin. Duk da haka, bicuspid, sabanin canines, akwai 2 hillocks a kan daukan taban surface. A farko daga cikin wadannan da aka kira da buccal, da kuma na biyu - lingual. Raba bumps intertubercular kwarin kunya. Ga mutane da yawa, shi ne ta katse wani tsakãtsaki ce mai gangara tsefe.

Biyu premolar, kamar yadda evidenced da mutum ilmin jikin mutum na ƙananan muƙamuƙi ne dan kadan ya fi girma fiye da na farko. Taban da ake surface ne dvuhbugorkovoy. Wani lokaci gano 3 da kuma ko 4 tubercle. A surface na bicuspid yana mai zurfi mai gangara kwarin kunya tare da karshen ramifications. Akidar biyu premolar ne fiye da na farko.

Saboda haka, hakora na wanda manya da ƙananan muƙamuƙi, tsari da ilimin halittàr jiki da wadannan abubuwa - a wuya amma ban sha'awa topic. Kowane kashi samuwar gina daga musamman tsoka na da jini da kuma juyayi na'ura. hakora tsari ne quite wuya, domin shi ya dogara da ayyuka da suka yi.