Symbionts - kwayoyin wanda ciyar a kan symbiotic kwayoyin ...

Symbiosis, ko moriyar co-wanzuwar biyu ko fiye da kwayoyin, da aka sani na dogon lokaci. Amma wannan ba ya canja da cewa da yawa daga cikin nuances wannan sabon abu ya ba tukuna aka yi karatu, kuma suna talauci gane.

A karo na farko da wannan mai ban halitta sabon abu gano wani Swiss masanin kimiyya Simon Schwendener a 1877. A lokacin, ya yi karatu kawai lichens. To ya bayyanawa mamaki shi ya juya fitar da cewa wadannan kwayoyin ne da ginin kafa mazauna na fungi da kuma unicellular algae. Kalmar "symbiosis" a cikin kimiyya wallafe-wallafe suka bayyana da ɗan baya. More daidai, shi samarwa a 1879 de Paris.

Daga cikin sosai ra'ayi na mutane fitar da siffa wajen sauri, amma tambaya ya zauna tare da trophism. A general feed wasu iri symbiotic kwayoyin? A cikin hali na wannan lichen ya bayyana cewa algae rayuwa ta photosynthesis, amma daga samun da gina jiki naman kaza bangaren? Idan ka ma sani ba da amsar wannan tambaya, mun bayar da shawarar ka karanta mu labarin.

Overview

Modern masana kimiyya sun gano cewa symbionts - kwayoyin wanda ciyar a kan (mafi yawa) guda a matsayin rinjaye kwayoyin ta ci. Duk da haka, yana da matukar m, kuma ba sosai daidai definition, saboda haka ya kamata bayyana wasu daga cikin mafi ban sha'awa a lokuta mafi daki-daki.

Ya kamata ka iya zuwa ba 'yan misalai daga naka. Alal misali, m kwayoyin da mutane a cikin manyan yawa suna samuwa a cikin acidophilus yogurt. Mutane ba shi kawai mai girma yanayi, da kuma kwayoyin samar da cikakken aiki na mu narkewa kamar fili.

Af, shi ya yi amfani da sanannun Kutushov. Symbionts, wanda ya sayar da al'adu, ta samar da wani gagarumin ci gaba a aiki na gastrointestinal fili ko a cikin tsofaffi, wanda sukan gani da wannan babban matsala.

Algae a matsayin babban symbionts

Ilmin halitta sun dogon gano cewa, ba tare da sa hannu na algae ba zai iya yin wani daya biyu daga symbiotic kwayoyin. Kuma shi ne ba kawai ruwa, amma kuma a kan wani zalla terrestrial kwayoyin. Sun gudanar da su shiga a amfanar da dangantaka da juna, kuma tare da kwayoyin cuta, fungi, kwayar kwayoyin. Don Allah ku yi sani cewa jerin algae, wanda suke iya symbiosis ne wajen iyakance.

Saboda haka, amfanar da dangantaka da fungi ne iya kafa wakilan a kalla biyar zuwa bakwai danginsu, da kuma tarihi, da cewa ta symbionts ne: Nostoc (Nostoc), gleokapsa (Gloeocapsa), stsitonema (Scytonema) da kuma stigonema (Stigonema).

Game da algae da sloths

Mutane da yawa san cewa a cikin m Jungle na Amazon na zaune ne na ƙwarai a cikin dukan mutunta dabba. Mashahuriyar ga shi ya zama musamman jinkirin da leisurely. Hakika, muna magana ne game da sloths. Wannan kawai ba kowa ya san cewa launi na wadannan dabbobi (datti kore, launin ruwan kasa) bayyana a sakamakon da na halitta pigmentation da gashi, amma saboda symbiotic algae.

Suna zaune dama a cikin Jawo na sloths da kuma ciyar da al'ada photosynthesis. Sloth saboda su samu kyau kwarai da sake kamanni canza launi. Muraran, masana kimiyya sun kasa isa wani gagarimin Tsayawa akan matsayin cewa wannan Gwamuwar ba kansa algae. A wannan yanayin, symbionts - kwayoyin wanda aka ciyar da abubuwa samar da kansu a kan aiwatar da photosynthesis.

Sabon abu siffofi algae dangantaka da sauran kwayoyin

Lichens da sloths - wani misali na dogon lokaci barga dangantaka tsakanin biyu siffofin rayuwa. Amma ba ko da yaushe symbionts, kwayoyin da algae form tare da wasu kwayoyin irin wannan karfi da kuma m shawararta. Saboda haka, suna sau da yawa kamar shirya a farfajiya na wani rai gabar. Hakika, game da cika symbiosis a wannan yanayin da tambaya. Wannan sabon abu ne da ake kira epifitirovaniem. Minute film na algae sau da yawa rufe ba kawai da bawo na mollusks, amma kuma da surface na jiki na wasu cikin ruwa da tsuntsaye da marine dabbobi. Saboda haka, epiphytic algae a cikin manyan yawa ko shirya a kan giant Whales.

Epiphytes - symbionts ko parasites?

Masana kimiyya har yanzu ba zai iya yarda a kan ra'ayi kamata a yi la'akari da dangantakar da ke tsakanin epiphyte da kwayar kwayoyin. Wasu yi imani da cewa wannan sabon abu ne mafi kyau dauka a matsayin m, da farko version of a dankantakar halitta.

A ãdalci, na yarda da wannan ra'ayi wuya. Epiphytes, kuma lalle ne, haƙĩƙa ba sa kai tsaye lalacewar kwayoyin a kan surface wanda suka shirya, kuma shi ke kawai kyau (a bayyane ta wata hanya) su ma ba ya gani.

Damage daga epiphytes

Kananan cikin ruwa kwari da kuma mites, wanda kafafu densely makale wa epiphytes, su ne musamman jinkirin, kamar yadda suka sauri narke kawai jiki iya ba. A mafi girma da ruwa shuke-shuke, da ganyen wanda "kusan hankali" guda-celled algae, sau da yawa kawai mutu daga rashin hasken rana. Ba zato ba tsammani, tare da wannan sabon abu mai yiwuwa fuskantar kowane aquarist. Za mu iya cewa a wannan yanayin da symbionts - parasites, kamar yadda paradoxical kamar yadda iya sauti.

Amma! Epifitizma sabon abu karatu sosai, sosai sharri. Yana yiwuwa cewa wadannan dangantaka zahiri amfana ba kawai algae, amma kuma kwayar kwayoyin. Tatsuniya ne har yanzu jiran ta bincike. Kuma abin da aka ciyar da symbionts idan rayuwa a cikin sel na cikin mafi girma dabbobi ko shuke-shuke?

kwayuka symbionts

Ba haka rare symbionts iya rayuwa a cikin ta "master" Kwayoyin. Idan muka yi magana a game da wannan algae, suna kira endophytes. Sai suka samar da wani endosymbiosis, wanda shi ne da yawa wuya sama mamaki. Tsakanin abokan a cikin wannan hali ya riga ya kafa wani kusa, karfi da kuma m bond. Su Babban bambancin ta'allaka ne da cewa wahayi irin symbionts, sauki kawai ta isasshe cikakken da hadaddun cytological Nazarin.

Muhimmanci! Masana kimiyya sun gwada da dogon tabbatar da cewa babbar salula da wasu gabbansa - da mitochondria a cikin dabbobi da kuma shuke-shuke chloroplast a - aka kafa a zamanin da, godiya ga wani dankantakar halitta. Da zarar sun kasance m kwayoyin.

A wani matsayi, wadannan kwayuka symbionts sun koma zuwa cikakken "zaunar" kasancewar a cikin kwayar halitta mai rai, sa'an nan gaba daya zama dogara a kan shi, canja wurin ta genome management a core (partially). Saboda haka za mu iya amince ce cewa duk da a halin yanzu aka fi sani da siffofin rai cewa nemi su amfanar da zama, da dukkan damar da zarar zama daya tare da wadanda kwayoyin, tare da abin da suka yi tarayya data kasance a yau.

Kamar yadda symbionts shiga cikin cell?

Kamar yadda kwayoyin ne a cikin sel na mafi girma dabbobi da kuma shuke-shuke? Wasu jinsunan sun musamman tsara don wannan inji. Kuma sau da yawa ba su da kusa da symbiote, da kuma "} asar". Akwai kananan ruwa fern - azolla (Azolla). A kasa na rami na ganye ne kunkuntar wurare da kai ga cavities, kwarewa a cikin gamsai. Wannan wani abu wadannan cavities da kuma samun blue-kore algae Annaba (Anahaena azollae), wanda iyo a cikin rami tare da ruwa halin yanzu.

Fern girma tashoshi overgrown tare da algae kasance a cikakken kadaici. Masana kimiyya sun dogon kokarin haifar a kan tushen azolla mazauna wasu jinsunan, amma wani nasarar da suka yi ba ta kai. Yana da hadari a ce da samuwar dankantakar halitta mai yiwuwa ne kawai idan akwai cikakken daidaituwa da dama sigogi. Bugu da kari, irin wannan alliance ne daban-daban pronounced jinsunan bayani dalla-dalla.

Saboda haka, symbionts - kwayoyin wanda ciyar ta hanyar ta zuwa takamaiman irin matakai (nitrogen-kayyade kwayoyin), shared m abubuwa tare da wani abokin tarayya, amma bukatar wani yanayi da zai iya samar da shi ne kawai.

Mene ne amfanin wannan co-zama?

Ka lura da cewa a cikin cavities azolla ne sosai nitrogenous mahadi. Blue-kore algae, wanda ya shiga cikin jikin fern, ba kawai rayayye assimilate su, amma kuma gaba daya rasa ikon kai-kam na yanayi nitrogen. Kwayoyin symbiotic reciprocated da samar da fern oxygen da kuma wasu kwayoyin abubuwa.

Ya kamata a lura da cewa wadannan symbionts ba sha kusan babu canji a ciki kungiyar. Duk da haka, ya zuwa yanzu, abubuwa ne ba ko da yaushe kwayuka symbiosis. Mafi sau da yawa, da waɗanda algae cewa shiga cikin hadin gwiwa tare da sauran kwayoyin, daban-daban da cikakken rage daga cikin jikin tantanin. Alal misali, wannan ya auku a blue-kore algae, wanda ya samar da wani symbiotic dangantaka da wasu jinsunan da marine Sponges.

Tururuwan da kwayuka symbionts

A gwada da dogon lokaci, duk da masana kimiyya sun a cikin kãfirci, tunanin gara narkewa. Kamar yadda nazarin halittu jinsunan sarrafa su bunƙasa, ciyar a kan daya kawai katako? In mun gwada kwanan nan an har yanzu gano cewa ga kai tsaye aiki na itace ɓangaren litattafan almara ne alhakin karami symbionts, kwayoyin, protozoa ne symbionts cewa rayuwa a cikin Gut na tururuwan da kansu. Irin wannan ne rikitarwa amma sosai tasiri makirci.

Wannan kawai da masu bincike har yanzu ba su fahimci yadda kwari dauki wani isasshen adadin ikon: bayan duk, cellulose a wani hali ba sosai gina jiki. Bugu da kari, sun bukaci yawa nitrogen. Wannan girma a cikin narkewar itace na itatuwa ba sauki ƙayyade. Kwanan nan, masana kimiyya daga Japan sun zo da mamaki sakamakon abin da suka kasance samu ta hanyar nazarin da genome na symbiotic flagellates zaune a cikin narkewa kamar fili na tururuwai suka gina.

Abin da ya juya daga cikin su genome?

Akwai da yawa ban sha'awa abubuwa. A musamman, da masu bincike sun iya gane ba kawai da kwayoyin halittu da suke da alhakin samar da enzyme karya saukar da cellulose, amma kuma wadanda suke da alhakin nitrogen kam. A karshen ne mai matukar rikitarwa aiwatar da yanayi nitrogen samar da nauyin da siffofin wanda za a iya assimilated da shuka ko dabba kwayoyin. Wannan shi ne musamman da muhimmanci, tun da haka samu nitrogen da ake amfani da tururuwan da flagellates domin gina jiki kira.

Kawai sa, a cikin rãyuwar hali symbionts - kwayoyin wanda ciyar a kan itace ta cinye tururuwai suka gina. Symbionts symbionts (nitrogen-kayyade kwayoyin flagellates) ne alhakin nitrogen kam, ba tare da wanda ba zai iya rayuwa ba da gara, kuma bã ya "baƙi."

Legumes da symbionts

Tun da muka kasance magana game da nitrogen-kayyade kwayoyin cuta, ba shi yiwuwa ba a ce game da legumes. Suna tuna kowa da kowa suka yi karatu o, ya bambanta strikingly babban abun ciki na furotin xin kayan lambu. Wannan ma ya dade ƙwarai mamaki masana kimiyya. Wake gudanar samar da wata isasshen adadin furotin, har ma a yanayi inda akwai kusan babu nitrogen a cikin ƙasa!

Sai ya juya daga cewa kudin shiga ga samar da kwayoyin da symbionts. Haka ne, shi ya kasance duk daya nitrogen-kayyade kwayoyin cuta, dadi rayuwa a tushen nodules na Legumes na takin. Su cire masu daraja nitrogen daga cikin iska, Ya karkatar da shi cikin wata rijiya digestible form.

Commercial amfani da symbionts

Ba abin mamaki ba cewa likitoci sun dogon noma m kwayoyin da mutane. Da farko, shi ne a cikin nau'i na samar da yogurt da sauran madara kayayyakin, amma a yau da binciken zo a dukan sabon matakin.

Musamman sanannun zuwa kwanan sun zama symbionts Kutushova. Mene ne wannan? A halin yanzu, a karkashin wannan alamar kasuwanci ce an sayar fermented al'adun kwayoyin cewa inganta narkewa.

All symbionts Kutushova (more daidai, da al'adunsu) tushen kawai a kan tsoho Mongolian girke-girke kiwo kayayyakin. Sai suka gaske iya inganta your overall kiwon lafiya da kuma ko da bayyanar.

Ya ɓullo da su rukunan Kutushov. Symbionts al'adu ake zaba a hankali, su samar da jikin mutum da muhimmanci amino acid da kuma gano abubuwa. Shi ne saboda wannan, da kuma cimma sakamako mai kyau.