Surveying - hakar ma'adinai masana'antu na kimiyya da fasaha

Tarihi surveying fara dogon ago - 5 shekara dubu da suka wuce. Abin da shi ne - nawa binciken da kuma tawa surveying. Harkokin waje kalmomi alaka da fasaha, masu sau da yawa sosai na Jamus asalin. Jamus ta kasance wani shugaban a filin na aikin injiniya. Saboda haka abubuwa da yawa da suka shafi daban-daban da masana'antu, da Jamus sunayen.

Mẽne ne nawa binciken

A dukan masana'antu dangantawa da karafa, nawa binciken da aka kira. A zahiri translation daga Jamus nufin "Iyakar raba" ko mezhevschik. Surveying ya shafi kayyade iyakoki na sosai hakar ma'adinai na adibas, amma shi ne har yanzu tsunduma a daidai definition na ajiya abun da ke ciki, da takamaiman sarari matsayi, expediency ci gaba - duk da cewa an haɗa da kara kyau duka ci gaba da kuma aiki na ajiya. Surveyor tattara duk bayanan daga m kiyaye su ma'ana, karshe kuma aka zana wakilci a kan tsare-tsaren kõma sama.

Kawai tsoho farauta

Surveying - daya daga cikin tsofaffin rassan kimiyya da fasaha. A farko nawa gudanar nema a mayar da IV-III ƙarni BC. Suna kiyaye su a cikin wasu sassa na duniya a wannan rana, mun kasance ma lissafin da kuma zane-zane zane don daga baya aukuwa. Wasu makircinsu sanya kara papyri, na hasken - da ruwa da aka canza launin shudi, yellow yashi. A Bayani bayanin kula da zane nuna cewa sun pre geodetic ma'aunai. Kuma idan geodesy riga a cikin na karni samu ta farko kayan aiki - diopter a kan wanda daga baya theodolite aka kafa, da surveying ya kawai ya yarda, amma ya zama mai zaman kanta reshe ne kawai a tsakiyar zamanai. Da zuwan hakar ma'adinai yankunan, sabon matsaloli tashi, sabuwar šawainiya da aka kafa. nawa sau da yawa mallakar da dama masu, da iyakokin tsakanin yankunan da za a fayyace biyu a ƙasa, kuma a cikin zurfin. Wannan shi ne jigon da sabon horo. A daidai wannan lokaci, mai yiwuwa, akwai ta sunan - "surveying".

Ana zargin wani sabon horo

Bayyana kewayon kwararru da hannu a cikin wannan harka kawai, ma'adanin na hakar ma'adinai ma'aunai fara koyarwa a na da jami'o'i. A cikin XV karni akwai wani farko sana'a na'urar - wani dutse kamfas. Yawan ma'aunai ake bukata domin Tunnels a mahakar da quarries kayan aiki da kara duk lokacin, ya kayayyaki ya zama mafi nagartaccen. Domin m kwaikwayon na aikin da ake bukata da kwararru. Tun da lissafin da aka aiki zuwa amince da wani babban adadin mutane da irin ƙaunar da ƙasa, da injiniyoyi da samun mafi girma hakar ma'adinai ilimi.

Rasha nawa binciken, kamar duk hako ma'adinai da kuma dukan masana'antu, samu wani gagarumin impetus zuwa cin karkashin Peter I. Taken a matsayin dalilin cimma Jamus masana'antu makarantu aka supplemented da binciken Rasha sana'a. A Rasha, shi ya fara wallafa musamman kimiyya wallafe-wallafe, kafa nazarinsa domin yi na daidaici kida (a cikin bitar a Rasha Academy of Sciences bayar compasses, quadrants, astrolabes na sosai high quality), bude jami'o'i, wanda nuna high quality-injiniyoyi. A cikin XVIII karni a Rasha bude farko makarantun (makaranta) shirya kawai kwararru na hakar ma'adinai, kuma nawa surveying. Kuma manyan shawarwari na karafa da kuma metallurgical masana'antu na Urals aka umurci kayyade a "Factory Dokokin" a karkashin sakin layi VI, da cewa da post na shugaban surveyor, ko mezhevschika, kawai kwararru na matakin qarshe da aka dauka.

A launi na kasa surveying

A general Hanyar surveying safiyo raya M. V. Lomonosov. Domin samuwar da kuma ci gaban kasa nawa binciken yi yawa Rasha masana kimiyya kamar GA Maksimovic, marubucin litattafan, PA Olyshev, ƙirƙira Rasha theodolite da eccentric bututu, G. A. Lokaci, wanda aka buga a kan yin amfani da theodolite da kamfas jagora a nawa harka. Great abin yabo V. I. Baumana, da Oganeza na biyu-Union Congress of Rasha surveyors - a 1913 da kuma 1921. A 1905, ya buga na aikin "Course na surveying na art", da kuma a 1921 a karon farko a Rasha (Petrograd Mining Institute), wani sabon sana'a, shirye-surveyors injiniyoyin da aka gabatar. Ya kamata a lura da amfanoni PM Lentovskogo, wanda binciken wannan kimiyya a kasar Faransa da kuma Jamus. A ya dawo, ya kafa na farko masu sana'a mujallar a kan kasuwanci da halitta mai surveyor leveling na'ura.

A shekara ta 1938, a Kharkov bude wani factory domin samar da musamman kayan aiki, wanda aka saki a daban-daban sau gyro M-1 da kuma zurfin DA-2.

Mai kyau aiki - nagari Hakkin

A tsarist Rasha, da sana'a da m ya ko da yaushe aka daraja da kyau biya. Ipatiev House ne mai suna bayan da m Ipatiev, na karshe shi na qasaita. Royal akawu babban matakin iya iya wata alatu gida da kuma rayuwa cikin jin dadi. A Soviet sau, da sana'a "m-surveyor" ba su da wani gasar. Watakila yanzu wani abu zai canza zuwa ga alheri.