Mountain Yahudawa: tarihi, yawan jama'a, da al'adu. Caucasian mutãnensu

Daga cikin da yawa zuriyar Littafi Mai Tsarki kakan Ibrahim da 'ya'yansa maza, da Ishaku, da Yakubu ne na musamman category na sub-kabilanci ƙungiyar Yahudawa daga zamanin da ya zaunar a yankin na Caucasus da kuma kira Mountain Yahudawa. Rikewa da tarihi sunan, su yanzu mafi yawa watsi da tsohon mazaunin yankin, ya magance a cikin Isra'ila, Amurka, yammacin Turai da kuma Rasha.

Ƙari na al'umman da na Caucasus

A farkon bayyanar da kabilun yahudawan, cikin al'ummai na Caucasus masu bincike koma zuwa biyu muhimmanci a cikin tarihi na Isra'ilawa lokaci - Assuriyawa bauta (Sabunta karni BC ..) Kuma Kaldiyawa da ke faruwa ƙarni biyu daga baya. Tserewa daga makawa subjugation, zuriyar kabilan Saminu - daya daga cikin goma sha biyu da 'ya'ya maza daga cikin Littafi Mai Tsarki kakan Yakubu - da ɗan'uwansa Manassa zaunar da farko a kan ƙasa na Dagestan da kuma Azerbaijan, kuma daga can bazu ko'ina cikin Caucasus.

Riga a baya na tarihi lokaci (kamar V karni BC. E.) Mountain Yahudawa maida zuwa daga Caucasus Persian. A dalilin cewa sun bar farko zaune yankin, aka kuma ba-kawo karshen yaƙe-yaƙe na ci.

Tare da wani baƙi kawo wani sabon irin gida Judeo-Tat, yana nufin daya daga cikin harshen kungiyoyin kudu maso yammacin Yahudawa-Iran reshe. Ya kamata ba, duk da haka, za a rikita batun tare da Jojiyanci dutsen Yahudawa. Lokacin da kowa na tsakanin addinai, akwai gagarumin bambanci a cikin harshen da al'adu.

Yahudawa Khazar Khanate

Wannan Mountain Yahudawa sun shukakkun Yahudanci a cikin Khazar Khaganate - mai iko na da jihohi, sarrafa da karkararta tun daga Ciscaucasia da Dnieper, ciki har da Lower da kuma Middle Volga yankin, wani ɓangare na Crimea kuma steppe yankuna na gabashin Turai. Ƙarƙashin rinjayar da malamai, da yancin Baƙi da siyasa Elite na Khazars a cikin mafi yawan soma shari'ar Annabi Musa.

A sakamakon haka, gwamnatin muhimmanci ƙarfafa saboda da connection damar gida m kabilu da kuma tattalin arziki, dangantakar da suke da arziki ƙwarai Yahudawa waɗanda suka garwaya a cikin shi. Yana nan ya juya ga a dangane da yawan Eastern Slavic mutane.

Da muhimmancin da Khazar Yahudawa a cikin gwagwarmaya da Arab nasara

Mountain Yahudawa Khazars da invaluable taimako a yaki da Larabawa fadada a cikin Sabunta karni. Godiya a gare su, gudanar ƙwarai rage da ƙasa kama da generals na Abu Muslim da Marwan, wuta da takobi don kau da da Khazars a kan Volga, kazalika a kan tilas musuluntar yawan jama'a a cikin shagaltar yankunan.

Ya soja nasarorin da Larabawa suna kawai zamar masa dole ya ciki jayayya da cewa ya tashi daga Khanate shugabanni. Kamar yadda shi ne sau da yawa da harka a tarihi, shi ne halakakku su ƙẽtare haddi muguwar sha'awa ga ikon da sirri kishi. Hand-rubuce records da lokaci sake kidaya kuri'un, misali, game da gwagwarmaya da makamai ya barke tsakanin magoya bayan Cif Rabbi Yitzhak Kundishkana da kuma shahararren Khazar yaki Samsama. Baya bude rikici, haddasa babba lalacewar garesu, a cikin shakka sun saba a irin haka ne, receptions - cin hanci da rashawa, ƙiren ƙarya da kuma kotun mãkirci.

A ƙarshen Khazar Khanate zo a cikin 965 a lokacin da Rasha prince Svyatoslav, wanda ya iya lashe kan Georgians, Pechenegs, da kuma Khorezm da Rum, ya ci Khazars. A karkashin ya harbi buga da Mountain Yahudawa a Dagestan, kamar yadda tawagar kama sarkin da kuma birnin Samandar.

A lokacin Mongol mamayewa

Amma da Hebrew harshen 'yan ƙarni bũsa a cikin bude sarari na Dagestan da kuma Chechnya, yayin da a 1223 mangolawa jagorancin Batu Khan, da kuma a 1396 - Tamerlane, bai hallaka su duka Yahudawa} asashen duniya. Wadanda suka tsira da wadannan m mamayewa, aka tilasta musu shiga Musulunci, kuma ya bar har abada da harshen su da kakanninsu.

Cike da wasan kwaikwayo da kuma tarihi na Mountain Yahudawan da suke a kan ƙasa na arewacin Azerbaijan. A 1741, an kai hari ta hanyar Arab sojojin karkashin jagorancin Nadir Shah. Yana bai zama m ga al'umma a matsayin dukan, amma kamar yadda wani mamayewa na invaders sa gaya wahala.

Gungura zama garkuwa daga cikin Yahudawa al'umma

Wadannan aukuwa an nuna a cikin almara. Don wannan rana, shi kiyaye da labari na yadda Ubangiji kansa miƙe domin ya zaba mutane. A labarin da ke cewa rana daya, Nadir Shah karya a cikin daya daga cikin majami'un a lokacin da karatu daga cikin tsarkakakkun Attaura da nema da cewa ba Yahudawa fitine su bangaskiya, da kuma maida Musulunci.

Ji rebuffed, ya sauya ra'ayi suka mara takobinsa arko a rabbi. Ya instinctively tashe sama da kai da Attaura littafin - da kuma fama karfe makale a can, ba su iya yanka da haihuwa takarda. Great tsoro ya sabo, tashe hannunsa zuwa hubbaren. Ya shamefully gudu da kuma umurce su da su ci gaba da dakatar da tsananta wa Yahudawa.

Shekaru na ci na Caucasus

All Yahudawa na Caucasus da kuma dutsen ciki har da, sha wahala m hasarori a lokacin gwagwarmaya da Shamil (1834-1859 gg.), Don gudanar da wani tilasta Addinin Musulunci na manyan yankunan. A cikin misali na events cewa sun fãta shimfiɗaɗɗa a Andean kwarin inda mafi yawan mazauna fi son mutuwa kin amincewa da Yahudanci, za ka iya yin wani janar ra'ayin daga cikin wasan kwaikwayo taka leda daga nan.

An sani cewa da yawa daga cikin al'umma na Mountain Yahudawa warwatse ko'ina cikin Caucasus, aka tsunduma a doctoring, cinikayya da kuma daban-daban da sana'o'i. Daidai da sanin harshe da kuma al'adun al'umman da suke kewaye, da kuma koyi da su a cikin tufafi, kuma kitchen, su duk da haka ba assimilate tare da su, amma ta manne ga yahudawa, don adana hadin kan kasa.

Tare da wannan mahada a haɗa su, ko, kamar yadda yake a yanzu m zuwa ce "kilif don ruhaniya," kuma ya jagoranci wani m gwagwarmaya Shamil. Duk da haka, a sau da ya tilasta za su yarda da, kamar yadda sojojinsa, kasancewa kullum a cikin zãfi yaƙi tare da sojoji na Rasha sojojin da ake bukata taimako gwani healers Yahudawa. Bugu da ƙari kuma, shi ne, Yahudawa kawota da sojoji tare da abinci da kuma dukan zama dole abubuwa.

Kamar yadda muka sani, daga tarihin lokaci, sojojin Rasha kama da Caucasus domin kafa a can gwamnatin, kada ku zalunta da Yahudawa, amma kuma bai sa su kusan babu taimako. Idan sun yi jũya zuwa umarce irin buƙatun, sa'an nan muka sadu, kamar yadda mai mulkin, sha'aninsu dabam ƙaryata.

A cikin Service na Rasha Tsar

Duk da haka, a cikin 1851, ya nada shugaban Prince A. I. Boryatinsky yanke shawarar amfani da Mountain Yahudawa a gwagwarmayar da Shamil kuma Ya halitta, daga gare su ne yadu rarrabuwa cibiyar sadarwa na jamiái, don bayar da shi tare da bayanai game da wuraren da tayin da kuma motsi na sojojin abokan gaba. A wannan rawa, su gaba daya maye gurbin da ƙarya, kuma m Dagestan yan leƙen asirin ƙasar.

A cewar Rasha ma'aikatan jami'an, da babban fasali na Mountain Yahudawa suka yi ƙarfin hali, kwanciyar hankali, wayo, taka tsantsan da kuma fasaha don kama da makiya kashe tsare. Ganin wadannan kaddarorin, tun 1853 da sojojin doki, suka yi yaƙi a cikin Caucasus, an yanke shawarar da ba a kasa da sittin da Yahudawa tuddai da yin yawo a cikin yawan kai casa'in mutane.

Biyan haraji ga heroism na Mountain Yahudawa da taimako ga ci na Caucasus, bayan da yaki, sun kasance kebe daga biyan haraji na tsawon shekaru ashirin da, da kuma tsiwirwirinsu dama domin matsar da yardar kaina a karkarar Rasha.

A wahalhalu na yakin basasa

Shi ne da wuya matuƙa ga wadannan su ne shekaru na yakin basasa. Himma da kuma enterprising, Mountain Yahudawa kagaggun dashi samun kudin shiga da duniya hargitsi da kuma aika mugunta yanayi sanya su a kyawawa ganima da fashi da makami. Saboda haka, baya a 1917 to total wawushe al'ummomi da suke zaune a Grozny, kuma Khasavyurt, a shekara daga baya, wannan ãƙibar Yahudawa na Nalchik.

Mutane da yawa daga cikin Mountain Yahudawa aka kashe a artabun da 'yan fashi, inda suka yi yaƙi gefe da gefe da wakilan sauran Caucasian al'ummai. Abin ba in ciki ya ambaci, misali, abubuwan da suka faru na 1918, a lokacin da, tare da Daghestanians suka yi tare da kai hari squads Ataman Serebryakov - daya daga cikin muƙarrabai Janar Kornilov. A lokacin mai tsawo da kuma zafin yaƙi, da yawa daga cikinsu an kashe, da kuma waɗanda suka yi yana da damar tsira, tare da iyalansu, har abada bar Caucasus su matsa zuwa Rasha.

A lokacin yakin duniya na II

A lokacin babban Patriotic War, sunayen Mountain Yahudawa akai-akai da aka ambata a cikin heroes girmama tare da mafi jihar awards. Dalilin da cewa bauta wa sadaukarwa ƙarfin hali da kuma heroism a yaki da abokan gaba. Wadanda daga cikinsu wanda ya juya daga cikin shagaltar da yankuna, mafi yawansu ba su zama wadanda ke fama da Nazis. A cikin tarihin Holocaust zo da bala'i a 1942 a kauyen Bogdanovka Smolensk yankin, inda Jamus taro kisan Yahudawa da aka kafa, mafiya yawa daga wanda su ne daga Caucasus.

Janar bayani game da yawan mutane, ta al'ada da kuma harshen

A halin yanzu, jimlar yawan Mountain Yahudawa ne game da ɗari da dubu hamsin mutane. Daga cikin wadannan, bisa ga kwanan nan data, mutum ɗari da dubu live a Isra'ila, dubu ashirin - a Rasha, kamar yadda da yawa a Amurka, da kuma sauran aka rarraba a tsakanin kasashen na yammacin Turai. A kananan adadin su ne ma a Azerbaijan.

Mountain Yahudawa a cikin harshen asali ne kusan daga amfani, ya kuma ba hanyar da yaruka na mutane cikinsu suke rayuwa a yau. A total kasa al'ada kasance sun fi mayar. Yana da wani m hadaddun cakuda Yahudawa da kuma Caucasian hadisai.

Tasiri a kan Yahudawa al'adun sauran mutanen Caucasus

Kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, a duk inda suke ko dai ya shirya, suka sauri fara kama da mazauna yankin, al'amurra da al'adu, iri na dress, kuma ko da kitchen, amma ko da yaushe da aminci kiyaye addininsu. Wannan Yahudanci ya yarda dukan Yahudawa, da kuma Mountain, ciki har da, domin ƙarni zuwa kasance al'umma guda.

Kuma su sa shi ya wuya sosai. Ko a yau, a cikin Caucasus, ciki har da arewaci da kuma kudancin, akwai game da sittin da biyu kabilun. Kamar yadda na baya ƙarni, bisa ga masu bincike, su lambar da aka yafi hakan. An yi imani da cewa, a tsakanin sauran al'ummai mafi girma da tasiri a kan al'ada (ba addini) na Mountain Yahudawa da Abkhazians, Avars, Ossetians, Dagestani da Chechens.

Sunayen da Mountain Yahudawa

Yau, tare da dukan 'yan'uwansa a cikin bangaskiya mai girma taimako ga duniya da al'adu da kuma tattalin arzikin sun kuma sanya da kuma Mountain Yahudawa. Sunayen da yawa daga cikinsu suna da kyau sani ba kawai a cikin kasar da suke zaune, amma kuma bayan. Alal misali, a sanannun banki Abramov Rafael Yakovlevich da ɗansa - wani shahararren ɗan kasuwa Ian Rafaelevich, Isra'ila marubuci kuma wallafe-wallafen adadi Eldar Gurshumov, sculptor, marubucin da abin tunawa ga Unknown Soja da Kremlin bango Juno Ruvimovich bawa, kuma da yawa wasu.

Kamar yadda asalin sunayen Mountain Yahudawa, da yawa daga cikinsu suka bayyana quite marigayi - a karo na biyu rabin ko a karshen cikin XIX karni, a lokacin da Caucasus karshe an annexed da Rasha Empire. Kafin wannan, a cikin Mountain Yahudawa, sun ba a amfani da shi, kowane daga cikinsu daidai bi da kawai da ta sunan.

Lokacin da suka zama 'yan kasa na Rasha, kowane samu wani daftarin aiki a cikin abin da hukuma da aka zamar masa dole ya ba da sunan. Matsayin mai mulkin, da mahaifin sunan da aka kara Rasha ƙarewa "s" ko mace "Larabawa". Ga misali: Ashurov - dan Ashur, ko Shaulova - 'yar Saul. Duk da haka, akwai ban. Just a hanya, yana kafa yawancin Rasha sunayen: Ivanov - dan Ivan Petrov - 'yar Bitrus, da sauransu.

Metropolitan Life Mountain Yahudawa

A al'umma na Mountain Yahudawa a Moscow shi ne mafi girma a Rasha da kuma, a cewar wasu, shi ne game da goma sha biyar dubu mutane. A farko baƙi daga Caucasus zo nan ko da a gaban juyin juya halin. Da shi shi ne mai arziki m iyalai da kuma Khanukaev Dadashov, samu dama na free cinikayya. Zũriyarsu rayuwa a nan yau.

Mass hijirarsa na Mountain Yahudawa a cikin babban birnin kasar gani a lokacin da rarrabuwa da Tarayyar Soviet. Wasu daga cikin su taba bar kasar, da kuma waɗanda suke ba su son halin canza hanya ta rayuwa, fĩfĩta zauna a cikin babban birnin kasar. Yau, su al'umma yana da patrons cewa goyi bayan majami'a ba kawai Moscow amma kuma sauran birane. Isar da shi a ce cewa, bisa ga mujallar Forbes, daga cikin mutum ɗari arziki a Rasha, hudu dutsen Yahudawan da suke a cikin babban birnin kasar da aka ambata.