Spaceports na duniya (jerin). A farko spaceport

Tarihi mutãne ya duba ko da yaushe a sama, kuma ya yi sha'awar a cikin daban-daban sama jikinsu. Akwai wani labari cewa wai mutane na farko tafiya zuwa sarari tun zamanin da, amma daftarin aiki ne a wata hanya ta tabbatar. Amma da duniya ya ɗanɗana abin mamaki da farin ciki a lokacin da, a 1961, a Soviet jami'in Yuri Gagarin tafiya a sararin samaniya kafin ya dawo da mu duniya.

A farko jefa na Soviet kumbon sama jannati zo daga wani m makaman kira da Baikonur Cosmodrome. A cikin wannan labarin, za mu duba ba kawai kira da ƙaddamar kushin, amma kuma sauran muhimman wurare.

majagaba

"Research Gaskata Ground" - da cewa shi ne sunan da za'ayi aikin, yarda da General Staff na ma'aikatar tsaron kasar da Tarayyar Soviet a shekarar 1955. Daga baya wannan wuri zama da aka sani da Baikonur cosmodrome.

Wannan abu ne dake cikin Kyzylorda Oblast a Kazakhstan, kusa da kauyen Toretam. wani yanki na game da 6717 sq. km. Kuma har shekaru da yawa na farko spaceport na duniya da aka dauke su daya daga cikin shugabannin su a masana'antu a yawan fara. Alal misali, a 2015, tare da shi aka sa a cikin sarari guda 18 makamai masu linzami. Kira a ƙasa domin aiwatar da sarari gabatar da daga Kazakhstan hayar da Rasha har sai 2050. Don aiki da makaman ciyar game 6 biliyan Rasha rubles a kowace shekara.

A matakin na sirri

Duk da spaceports na duniya - da star na harbor, wanda aka kare sosai a hankali, da kuma Baikonur a wannan batun - shi ne ba togiya.

Saboda haka, da gina tashar jiragen ruwa m aka tare da gina wani ƙarya Baikonur Cosmodrome kusa da kauyen. Wannan dabarar da aka yi amfani da lokacin yakin duniya na II, a lokacin da soja hadahada aka gina tare da ƙarya gunki dabara.

Kai tsaye da hannu a cikin shiri na cosmodrome yi bataliya sojoji da sanda. A takaice, sun sanya wani real feat na aiki, domin sun iya gina wani jefa kushin shekara biyu.

Matsaloli na yau

Yau, na almara Baikonur zo da wajen wuya sau. Masomin wani matsala za a iya daukan a shekarar 2009, a lokacin da ya bar soja, da kuma abu ne koma gaba ɗaya a ƙarƙashin mulkin Tarayya Space Agency. Kuma duk saboda, tare da soja spaceport rasa da kuma quite wani tsanani adadin kudi da aka a baya kasaftawa ga horo da kuma gwaji.

Hakika, da makami mai linzami jefa tauraron dan adam ma ya kawo kudi, amma a zamanin yau wannan ba yi kamar yadda sau da yawa kamar yadda amfani da su, a lokacin da roka ya kashe kusan kowane mako. Duk da haka, spaceport ne har yanzu gane a matsayin shugaban duniya a sarari gabatar da.

Rasha giant

Amma duk da haka, idan akai la'akari da jefa shafukan na duniya, zai zama m ba biya da hankali ga sauran irin wannan abubuwa, daya daga wanda aka located a cikin ƙasa na Rasha Federation. Fasaha damar da zuba jari a cikin yi da kuma ci gaban kudi don ba da damar da shi da gudu da kuma nuna wani jam'i na tauraron dan adam da kuma sarari tashoshin a Duniya falaki.

Plesetsk Cosmodrome - Rasha sarari harbor, located 180 km daga Arkhangelsk. Object Girman daidai 176.200 kadada.

Plesetsk cosmodrome da asalinta ne na musamman quite hadaddun kimiyya da fasaha hadaddun, wanda aka tsara duka biyu soja ayyuka kazalika ga m dalilai.

A abun da ke ciki na cosmodrome hada da yawa wurare:

1. Gidaje domin kaddamar da m roka.
2. Gidaje (samar da horo roka da kuma sauran sarari motocin).
3. Cika-tashar Multi-aikin neutralization. C aka caje via da boosters, boosters.
4. Kusan 1,500 gine-gine da kuma Tsarin.
5. 237 abubuwa bayar da duk na cosmodrome makamashi.

Far filin wasa

Daya daga cikin sabuwar spaceport a Rasha ne Gabas, wanda aka located kusa da garin Tsiolkovsky a Amur yankin (Far East). A tashar jiragen ruwa da ake amfani na musamman ga farar hula dalilai.

A yi na makaman fara shi a shekarar 2012 da kuma rayayye tare da daban-daban cin hanci da rashawa scandals da yajin aiki na ma'aikatan saboda ba biyan albashin ma'aikata.

A farko jefa daga Baikonur Gabas ya faru mun gwada kwanan nan - Afrilu 28, 2016. Fara yarda a saka a cikin sarari guda uku wucin gadi da tauraron dan adam. A wannan yanayin, a site a lokacin farawa dako ya ba da kaina shugaban kasar Rasha Vladimir Putin, da kuma Rasha mataimakin firaministan kasar Dmitry Rogozin da shugaban na Kremlin gwamnati Sergei Ivanov.

Ya kamata a lura da cewa nasara jefa daga Baikonur Gabas da aka za'ayi kawai a biyu ƙoƙari. Da farko an shirya kaddamar abin hawa "Soyuz 2.1A" don fara Afrilu 27, amma kawai wani minti daya da rabi kafin fara atomatik soke shi. Guide Roscosmos bayyana abin da ya faru mai haɗari gazawar a cikin kula da tsarin, sakamakon da ƙaddamar da aka dakatar da ga rana.

List na babban kaddamar shafukan na duniya

Yanzu data kasance jefa shafukan na duniya ranked bisa ga ranar ta farko orbital jefa (ko yunkurin), kazalika da a kan yawan nasara farko-rubucen da kuma kasawa. Lissafa su a yanzu kama da wannan:

1. Baikonur.
2. Base na Amurka Air Force a Cape Canaveral.
3. Vandenberg (United States).
4. Wallops.
5. Kapustin Yar (Rasha).
6. Hammaguir (France).
7. Plesetsk (Rasha).
8. Utinoura (Japan).
9. San Marco (Italy).
10. Kennedy Space Center (United States).
11. Woomera (Australia).
12. Kuru (France, da Turai Space Agency).
13. Jiuquan (China).
14. Tanegashima (Japan).
15. Satish Dhawan Space Center (Indiya).
16. Xichang (China).
17. Taiyuan (China).
18. Palmachim (Isra'ila).
19. Al-Anbar (Iraq).
20. Free (Rasha).
21. Alcantara (Brazil).
22. Musudan (North Korea).
23. "Sea Launch" (Rasha, Amurka, Norway, Ukraine).
24. Kodiak (United States).
25. Reagan Test Site (USA).
26. Semnan (Iran).
27. Naro (South Korea).

A Amirka, shugaban

Cape Canaveral (USA) amfani da sojoji tun shekarar 1949. A sa'an nan da sojojin injiniyoyi sun fara gwaje-gwajen da ƙaddamar da makamai masu linzami dogon zangon. Mai suna wuri zaba da wani hadari, saboda spaceport aka located kusa ƙwarai da ekweita, kuma wannan, bi da bi, ba ka damar amfani da ikon duniya tamu ta juyawa ga roka hanzari. A shekarar 1957, gwamnatin yanke shawarar kaddamar da wani tauraron dan adam mai suna Vanguard TV3. Abin baƙin ciki, da yunkurin da aka m (roka sun fashe).

Riga tun shekarar 1958, ta kaddamar da makamai masu linzami da aka kai wa da sarari hukumar NASA. Duk da haka, da m jefa site ne har yanzu a cikin gabatarwar da Amurka Ma'aikatar tsaron. Space Harbor kunshi 38 ƙaddamar sites, 4 daga waxanda suke aiki.

Faransa avant-garde sarari

Guiana Space Center, sau da yawa ake kira Kourou spaceport (French Guiana), dake da sansani a arewa maso gabashin South America. The abu da aka gina a kan Atlantic Coast tsakanin birane biyu: Sinnamary da Kourou. Baikonur aka located a cikin hadin gwiwa aiki na Turai Space Agency da kuma National Center for Space Nazarin.

Wannan yankin farawa a karon farko ya aiko da wani roka a sararin samaniya Afrilu 9, 1968. Yana da muhimmanci a lura da cewa jefa site aka located kawai ɗari biyar kilomita daga Equatorial line cewa maximizes gudu jirgin sama a kan wata geostationary madawwama biyu na mu Earth. Bugu da ƙari, Gwargwadon matsayi na m tashar jiragen ruwa ne irin wannan cewa, farkon kwana ne ko da yaushe daidaita 102 digiri, amma wannan adadi da yawa kara da kewayon trajectories farawa abubuwa amfani for daban-daban ayyuka.

A tasiri na jefa kushin ne don haka high cewa shi aka ja hankalin masu yawa kamfanoni abokan ciniki daga kasashen da dama: USA, Canada, Japan, Brazil, Indiya, Azerbaijan.

A 2015, da Turai Space Agency, ta zuba jarin a kan € biliyan 1.6 a cikin zamani na kayayyakin more rayuwa na cosmodrome. Har ila yau, musamman da hankali cancanci matakin qarshe na aminci da makaman. Space Harbor aka located a wani yanki da aka densely rufe da Equatorial Rainforest. A wannan sparsely lugar sashen kanta. Bugu da kari, akwai wani hadarin ko mafi ƙanƙanta da raurawar asa, ko mahaukaciyar guguwa. Domin iyakar kariya daga waje hari a kan spaceport located 3rd rajimanti na harkokin waje Tuli (France).

hadin gwiwa aikin

Launch dandali "Odyssey" shi ne, a gaskiya, wata babbar kai-propelled, Semi-submersible Catamaran. Da makaman da aka gina a Norway dogara ne a kan mai dandali. A abun da ke ciki na mobile spaceport bayyana sun hada da:

• ƙaddamar kushin.
• kaddamar da sakawa.
• man fetur cika tsarin da kuma wani oxidizing wakili.
• da yawan zafin jiki kula da tsarin.
• samar da wani nitrogen tsarin.
• USB-mast.

Maritime sarari shirin mai gabatarwa zuwa ma'aikata a cikin adadin mutane 68. Domin su, da mai rai bariki aka gina, wani likita cibiyar da kuma cin abinci yankin.

Bisa dandali a tashar jiragen ruwa na Long Beach, California (USA kudu maso yammacin). A wannan wuri na dindindin sāke wuri masana'antu giant sarari masana'antu ya isa ƙarƙashin da kansa da iko, yin hanyarsa ta cikin mashigar na Gibraltar, da Suez Canal da kuma Singapore.

ƙarshe

A karshe ina son a lura cewa duk data kasance spaceports duniya a yau damar bil'adama zuwa rayayye ci gaba da kuma gano sarari. Tare da shafukan domin kau da na'urorin a kan Duniya ta kewayewa ne da za'ayi da yawa daban-daban ayyukan domin farar hula da kuma soja yankunan.