Richard Lynn, masanin ilimin kimiyya na Birtaniya: bayanan labarai, ayyuka da kuma abubuwan da ke sha'awa. "Juyin Halitta, tsere da hankali," Richard Lynn

Richard Lynn - sanannun Birtaniya psychologist, wanda shi ne ya kafa ka'idar dangantakar m matakin da tseren mutum. Wannan ka'ida ta sami tabbaci a cikin jigonta, amma maganganun wariyar launin fata na Linn sun kasance batun jayayya, kuma ayyukansa ana ganin su sun saba wa juna. Duk da haka, ba tare da ra'ayi na jama'a ba, an gane aikin wannan malamin. Richard Lynn ya rubuta aiki da yawa a kan wannan kuma wasu batutuwa, kuma daya daga cikin shahararrun shine littafin "Juyin Halitta, tsere da hankali."

Shekarun farko

An haifi Richard Lynn a 1930 a Bristol, a cikin dangin masanin kimiyya Cindy Harland. Wannan masanin kare dan Adam da kuma dan jari-hujja an san shi don aikinsa akan binciken jinsin auduga. Duk da haka, tare da mahaifinsa ya rabu da wuri, lokacin da iyayensa suka saki. Richard farko ya sadu da mahaifinsa lokacin da yake da shekaru goma sha tara. Harland ya koma Birtaniya daga Kudancin Amirka don ya koyar a jami'a. Lynn kansa ya sami ilimi mai ban sha'awa, ciki har da digiri daga Jami'ar Cambridge. Ya yi aiki a matsayin malamin ilmantarwa, amma ya ambaci sunansa kawai a shekarar 1973. A sa'an nan kuma ya rubuta wani cikakken bayani game da ɗayan littattafai. A cikin wannan ne ya bayyana ra'ayin cewa taimaka wa kasashe uku na duniya ba shi da ma'ana, tun da yawancin wadannan jihohi sun fi mummunan mummunan mutane, ba a daidaita su ga wannan duniyar ba, saboda haka babu dalilin yin kudi don taimaka musu. A wannan lokacin ne jama'a suka lura da cewa Richard Lynn ne.

Ƙara cikin IQ a cikin mutane

Daya daga cikin abin mamaki na farko Lynn ya yi aiki shi ne kwatsam a cikin matakin ilimi a cikin layi. Kamar yadda kake gani, babban maƙasudin da Richard Lynn ya yi a cikin rayuwarsa shine ilimin. Ba shi kadai yake aiki a kan wannan ka'ida ba, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa ake kira "karamin Flynn" don girmama wani masanin kimiyya. Yanzu yana da daidaitattun kuma ana yarda da ita cikin ilimin halayyar kwakwalwa, amma wasu suna kira shi da tasirin Linn-Flynn, tun da Richard ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga bincikensa. Duk da haka, yana da wuya cewa wannan masanin kimiyyar zai zama sananne ne kawai saboda wannan binciken. Babban mahimmanci, godiyar da Richard Flynn ya zama sananne a ko'ina cikin duniya, shine tseren.

Races da bambance-bambance a hankali

A karshen shekarun da suka gabata, Linn ya gudanar da wani binciken da ya gano cewa mutanen da ke zaune a arewa maso gabashin Asiya, a matsakaici, suna da maki shida da suka fi IQ fiye da mutanen Turai, wanda a halin yanzu suna da talatin da maki uku fiye da 'yan Afirka. A lokacin aikinsa, ya wallafa ayyukan da yawa akan wannan batu, ciki harda cewa ya bincikar da baƙi kuma ya yanke shawarar cewa wa] annan 'yan {asar Amirka ne, da launin fata, sun fi IQ fiye da wa] anda fatawarsu ke da duhu. Dalilin da ya kira shi ne cewa mafi yawan launukan fata masu launin fata suna da karin jini a Turai, saboda haka suna da sauki.

Bisa ga dabi'a, ayyukansa sun soki a ko'ina, masanan kimiyya sun nuna cewa suna da bangare daya kuma ba la'akari da sauran dalilai. Duk da haka, ba shakka, Linn yana da mabiya waɗanda suka yarda da duk abin da Richard Lynn ya rubuta. Bambancin bambancin launin fata a hankali sun zama abu mai matukar muhimmanci. Jagoranci mujallar kimiyya ki buga aikinsa, kuma sanannun masanin kimiyya Dzheyms Uotson aka tilasta murabus daga aikinsa a lokacin da gangan da aka nakalto cikin ayyukan Lynn.

Haɗin tsakanin IQ da dukiyar mutane

Richard Lynn a daya daga cikin littattafai ya jaddada cewa bambanci a cikin hankali yana tasiri sosai ga tattalin arzikin kasashe. Kuma a wa] annan} asashen da akwai GDP mai mahimmanci, ya sami damar fahimtar} wararru na mazaunan. Bugu da} ari, mutane da yawa sun fara da ra'ayi kamar Richard Lynn: bambancin launin fata a hankali yana da tasiri sosai ga yankunan da ke rayuwa.

Duk da haka, a lokaci guda, yawancin masana kimiyya sun bayyana ra'ayi cewa yana da wuya a dauki bayanai daga Littafin Linna mai tsanani: kididdigar da aka bayar a cikinta ba ta da tabbacin, kusan kowane shafi akwai raguwa wanda, idan an kammala, zai hallaka ka'idar Linn. Saboda haka ba a ba da aikin likitan masanin kimiyya ba don karantawa kuma an dauki shi maras kyau ne kuma bai cancanta ba don ganin shi abu ne mai kyau a duniya na kimiyya mai tsanani.

Duk da haka, wannan bai hana masana kimiyya suyi aiki a gaba daya ba. Richard Lynn ya rubuta littafi fiye da ɗaya yayin aikinsa. Races, mutane, hankali - wadannan su ne ainihin mahimman al'amurran, kuma ka'idar ta kasance ta kasance daidai. Ya yi ƙoƙari a kowace hanyar da zai yiwu ya tabbatar da cewa hikimar mutum na dogara ne da tserensa kuma cewa ƙauyen Afirka ba shi da ƙwarewa sosai.

Juyin Halitta

Duk da haka, littafi mafi mahimmanci da sananne, wanda Richard Lynn ya rubuta, shine "Juyin Halitta, tsere, hankali." Ya kasance aikinsa na duniya. Yana nazarin yawan adadin bayanai da aka tattara daga ko'ina cikin duniya. Gaba ɗaya, littafin ya bayyana bayanan da aka karɓa daga mutane fiye da dubu 800. A lokacin zane-zane, Linn ya jagoranci ya nuna cewa yawancin IQ ya fi girma ga mutanen daga Gabas ta Tsakiya, da kuma mutanen Turai. Amma ga 'yan Afirka, babban abin da ake yi na Lynn, sun bar baya a Turai da kashi 32. A wasu lokuta, kididdigar sun nuna cewa 'yan Afrika sun fi damuwa fiye da kasashen Turai fiye da 45. Ya kasance a sakamakon wannan littafi, wanda aka buga a shekara ta 2006, cewa Richard Lynn ya zama sananne a ko'ina cikin duniya. "Juyin Halitta, tsere, hankali" wani aiki ne da ya jawo hankali sosai, amma har yanzu ba ya so ya dauki gaske.

Bambanci a hankali tsakanin maza da mata

Kamar yadda ka rigaya gane, masanin kimiyya mai mahimmanci shine Richard Lynn. "Juyin Halitta, tsere, hankali" wani littafi ne wanda ya haifar dashi a cikin al'umma. Duk da haka, haɗin tsakanin tseren da hankali - wannan ba shine kawai ba (ko da yake shine masanin kimiyya). Alal misali, a wani mataki na aikinsa, ya yi ƙoƙari ya tabbatar da cewa maza suna da hankali fiye da mata, tun da ya zama sananne cewa girman nau'i na kwakwalwa ba daidai ba ne. Duk da haka, yawancin masana kimiyya sun ƙi ka'idarsa.

Tarurruka

Lynn kuma ya kula da abubuwan da ke faruwa, kokarin ƙoƙarin gano wasu matsalolin da ya fi girma. Ya yi imanin cewa bil'adama yana cike da lafiyar, hankali da kuma kwarewa. Dalilin haka ne, ya nuna nasarar ci gaban al'umma. Lynn yi imani da cewa a cikin pre-masana'antu al'ummu zabin yanayi amsa a cike da karfi, amma a matsayin ci gaban al'umma, da ci gaba da magani, zabin yanayi ya fara yi rauni, wanda ya bayyana da sauran karkatar da hankali a cikin al'umma. Ya kuma bayar da rahoton cewa, yara da ke da hankali, su ne kawai a cikin iyali, yayin da yara daga manyan iyalai suna da ƙananan IQ.

Yau

A halin yanzu, Richard Lynn yana cikin memba na babban tushen asusun ilimin kimiyya, wanda a yawancin halaye saboda sa hannunsa a ciki, an san Linn matsayin ɗan wariyar launin fata. Duk da haka, a lokaci guda, a wani ɓangaren, harsashin ya tallafa wa ilimin kimiyya, wanda in ba haka ba zai iya faruwa ba. An buga littafin karshe na Linna kwanan nan - a cikin shekarar 2015. Masanin kimiyya ya sake komawa ga abinda ya fi so, amma a wannan lokaci ya mayar da hankali ga wasanni. An kira wannan littafi "Race da Sport: Juyin Juyin Halitta da Bambancin Racial a Wasannin Wasanni."

Abinda yake

Komai yaduwar irin binciken da Lynn ya yi da magungunan wariyar launin fata, ya taimakawa kimiyya da nazarin fahimtar mutum. Yawancin masana kimiyya sun yarda cewa bayanai da Lynn ya tattara a cikin littafinsa "Juyin Halitta, tsere, hankali" sun fi ban sha'awa, kuma littafin yana da tasiri mai zurfi akan nazarin bambance-bambance a cikin tunanin mutum. Amma a lokaci guda malaman kimiyya da yawa sun zarga shi kuma suna musun ɗaya ko daya daga cikin muhawararsa. An zargi shi don ɓoye bayanan binciken da bai dace da shi ba don ba wa jama'a bayanin kawai wanda ya dace da abin da ya gaskata. Kuma wadannan ba kawai abokan adawa ba ne, su masu jagorancin masana kimiyya ne da suke da gaskiyar kansu. Alal misali, fiye da sau ɗaya an tabbatar da cewa Lynn ya yi amfani da hankali daga 'yan Afirka don yin watsi da hankali don haɓaka ƙwarewar kasashen Afirka. Kuma wannan ba ita ce kawai batu, sabili da haka yana da wuya a yi bangaskiya ga ayyukan da wannan masanin kimiyya ya wallafa.