Revival: Mene ne Renaissance, da kuma abin da suke nasa sakamakon?

A tarihin Turai sani dama taimakawa events da kuma mamaki, wanda gaba daya ya canza hoton na duniya na da mazaunanta. Daya daga wadannan turakun ya Renaissance. Mene ne Renaissance (wadannan sharuddan ne m)?

Babban fasali na Renaissance

Tarurrukan da ake kira zamanin da maye gurbin da tsakiyar zamanai. Daga cikin XIV karni a wasu yankuna (musamman a Italiya) ya kasance mai al'adu girma. Ya juya a cikin wani mutanen da ta sha'awa cikin nasu tarihi da kuma tsufa. Wannan, bi da bi, ya kai ga ci gaban da ilimin kimiyya, da yaduwar humanism da kuma ban sha'awa ga mutum da mutum.

Daya daga cikin dalilan da farkon na wadannan matakai kuwa shi ne fall na Konstantinoful. The Byzantine Empire, wanda ya riga ya wanzu a shekara dubu, fadi a karkashin harin da Musulmi Turks. Mutane da yawa Helenawa ba ya so ya ci amanar da bangaskiyar Kirista da kuma gudu zuwa yammacin Turai. Masana kimiyya dauki tare da su cikin littattafai, wanda aka zarar fassara a cikin Latin da kuma na kasa harsuna. Duk wannan tura da Renaissance. Mene ne Renaissance a Italiya? Shi ne kuma fitowan da sabon zamantakewa azuzuwan, wanda suka mai zaman kanta da tsohon mulkin gargajiya dangantakar a cikin daular mulkinsu.

A manyan yawan Italian jamhuriyoyin ya ba Yunƙurin zuwa ma'aji, masana kimiyya da sauran mutane na wani sabon nau'in. Daga cikin su aka haife humanism - da amfani a dabi'ar mutum da kuma mutuntakarsa. A farko shi ne a kananan makaranta na masana falsafa.

Duk da haka, da suka zama sabon cibiyoyin bincike a fannin kimiyya da fasaha. A Italiya, shi ya fara ci gaban bugu da sabon art siffofin. An muhimmanci sabon abu ne cewa a kan ilimi ya fara ba da kudi don na gida tycoons kuma m iyalai tare da high net daraja.

Cibiyoyin na Renaissance Florence da kuma Roma ya fara. Paparoma Julius II yayi yawa don tabbatar da cewa "madawwami birni" aiki mafi girma halittawa daga cikin zamanin. Ba tare da ya sha'anin ne da wuya su yi tunanin da Renaissance. Abin da ake nufi da karin da hankali na Church da painters da sculptors? Wannan ya nuna cewa su iya haifar da, tare da goyon bayan mafi tasiri mutane a Italiya. Daga cikin su suna da irin Masters a matsayin Michelangelo kuma Raphael. Renaissance painters halicci babban zane-zane da kuma frescoes na Littafi Mai Tsarki al'amuran. Ayyukansu yanzu ƙawata yawa majami'u da kuma gidajen tarihi a dukan Turai.

Leonardo Vinci

Duniya Renaissance al'adu zai zama cikakken ba tare da Leonardo Vinci. Its mai ban mamaki ma'ana zane-zane nasara Sahaban da kuma ci gaba da mamaki mutane na XXI karni. Bugu da kari, shi ne aka sani da ya kirkiro. Da ra'ayoyin kan shekaru masu yawa gaba da Renaissance. Mene ne mutum? Yadda yake aiki da kuma inda ya sa? Duk wadannan tambayoyi su tambaye babban Italian.

Renaissance artists sun taba iya wuce ya "Mona Lisa." Wannan hoto ya zama na kowa da kowa alama ce da gabar kyakkyawa da perfectionism.

Revival a sauran kasashen Turai

Late Renaissance historiography kira na biyu da rabi na XVI karni. A wannan lokaci, art da al'adu sun koma zuwa wani sabon matakin, ba kawai a Italiya amma kuma a kasashen Turai da dama. Renaissance cibiyoyin sun Jamus, da Netherlands da kuma Ingila.

Birtaniya suna alfahari da shahararrun countryman Renaissance - William Shakespeare. Ba tare da shi, Tarurrukan adabi zai zama bai cika ba. Ya comedies da bala'in sun zama maras lokaci litattafansu na wasan kwaikwayo.

gyaranta

Kirista theologian Martin Luther yana daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci Figures na Renaissance. Wannan Jamus ya m tare da cocin Katolika. Ya laccoci wadai m firistoci da addini Mũnãnan ayyuka, tattara dubban masu sauraro.

Luther musamman na nacewa soki sabon tsarin, bisa ga abin da Kiristoci iya saya don kudi indulgences (gafarta musu zunubansu). A ideas na sanannen mai wa'azi sa a 95 theses. Oktoba 31, 1517, Martin sun rataye su a kan ƙofar coci a Jamus garin Wittenberg. Wannan sanannen episode daga baya ya zama wata alama ce da farkon na samun canji.

Don haka ya kira aiwatar da reformatting cocin Katolika. Jamus Kiristoci fara aibanta Roma domin inertia da conservatism. Wannan ya kai ga da yawa addini rikice-rikice. A apotheosis na rikici tsakanin Katolika da Furotesta ne shekara talatin 'War 1618-1648 gg.

Da yaki da dogara a kan coci kai ga cewa Turai al'umma ya zama addini. Wasu lokaci Furotesta kasance a cikin wani da wuya sosai matsayi. Da yawa daga cikinsu a cikin XVII karni tafi North America, inda suka yi gudanar ya halicci gaske sabon al'umma.