Medical Parasitology: Definition, cuta, parasites rarrabuwa

Our duniya na da kyau da kuma musamman bambancin. Dubban rayuwa siffofin sha'awan da kyau, ƙarfi, ikon tsira da sauran musamman fasali. Amma, abin takaici, akwai haske a zama babu abin da ya jawo hankalin da ya bambanta kawai a kan gaskiyar cewa sun rayu a kudi na sauran halittu. Yana parasites. Medical Parasitology hulda da wadanda na su da cewa suna da ha ari ga mutum kiwon lafiya da kuma rayuwa.

Yana da wuya a ko da su yi tunanin yadda da yawa daga cikinsu akwai a cikin duniya. Wannan da ƙwayoyin cuta, da kuma kwayoyin cuta, da kuma fungi, da tsutsotsi, da kuma kwari, da kuma sauki - 'yan miliyan jinsuna, kuma mafi yawansu ba su ne fiye ko žasa iya haifar da cuta. Domin sanin daidai da abin da irin parasites kwana a mutumin da ya ba shi wahala, akwai na musamman likita da cibiyoyin bincike, misali, a Moscow ne Institute of Parasitology da Tropical Medicine mai suna Martsinovsky. Su gudanar da bincike don gano kwari da rubũta jiyya sakamako.

Similar cibiyoyin wanzu a da yawa da manyan birane na raya ƙasashe na duniya, saboda parasites kai farmaki da mutanen da dukan zamanai, jinsi,] ewar da jinsi, da kuma a cikin dukkan yanayi. Yadda za a gane cewa kun kasance a kananan da kuma kwaro kisan gillar? Abin da ya yi da kuma inda zan je neman taimako? Bari mu bincika.

Mene ne Parasitology?

Don fara, kai a look at wasu sharuddan. Mafi na kowa daga gare su - Parasitology. Shin wani kimiyya da abin ya shafa tare da nazarin halittu parasites, su morphological fasali na rayuwa, parasitism ka'idodinta etiology, pathogenesis, kazalika da ci gaban hanyoyin magance su, da kuma gano sabon kwayoyi da su bi da cututtuka da cewa sun sa. Daya daga cikin manyan yankunan da kimiyya, kwarewa a mutum kwari, shi ne wani likita parasitology. Ma'ana shi zai iya ba da wadannan - An wani sashe a magani da karatu da dukkan siffofin pathogenic aiki na kwari - da suka harba wani mutum, wanda shi ne wani dalili na cutar da suke faruwa fiye da suna da ha ari, da yadda za a bi da su, da kuma yadda za a kare da su.

Akwai har yanzu a dabbobi parasitology, wanda, bisa manufa, shi ne daidai kamar wani likita, kawai don dabbobi. A yanayi, akwai wani rukuni na kwayoyin iya bugawa da mutane da kuma dabbobi. Amma a mafi yawan lokuta ta hanyar juyin halitta da kwayoyin saba da parasitic aiki a wani daya irin rundunar, misali, kawai a cikin tsuntsaye ko dai kawai a cikin mutane, ko kuma kawai a dumin jiki dabbobi. Saboda haka, akwai biyu sassan na Parasitology, daya daga wanda ke hulda da micro-kwayoyin da suka haddasa cutar a cikin mutane, da sauran - dabbobi.

Sashen Medical Parasitology

parasites Army ba kawai yalwatacce, amma kuma yana da yawa fuskokin. Kowace daga cikin jinsin na da, peculiar kawai don shi halaye na rayuwa da kuma shi ne sosai daban-daban Pathology. Don sauƙaƙe aiki na masana kimiyya da kuma ko ta yaya bambance bincike cewa da suke yi, a cikin likita parasitology gano da dama batutuwa, da sha'awar kawai wasu iri rai siffofin:

- protozoology.

- arachnoentomology.

- Helminthology.

Muhimmi: bayyanar cututtuka na kamuwa da cuta, sa da wakilan wani daga cikin wadannan sassan ne sau da yawa kama da bayyanar cututtuka da cutar ba alaka da infestation, don haka ba tare da ya dace gwaje-gwaje iya gudanar magani, wanda ba su kai ga sakamakon tabbatacce. Don kawar da yiwuwar kamuwa da cuta, ya kamata a bi a Medical Center of Parasitology (idan akwai a kauyen), ko zuwa wani asibiti da hannu a cikin ganewar asali parasitic cututtuka.

Medical protozoology

Fili kalmar "protozoology" aka yi sama da uku sauki, wanda a Greek nufin wadannan: "AGAINST" - na farko "zoo" - wata dabba da "logy" - loosely fassara shi ne game da wani abu, koyarwa. Wannan ne sashen na Medical Parasitology protozoology tsunduma a cikin binciken na parasitic rayuwa siffofin da cewa sun taso daga cikin na farko a duniya. Dukansu suna da guda-celled protozoa - amoeba sani daga makaranta da kuma sauran ciliates. Mafi yawansu ba su zauna a cikin yanayi, ba tare da haddasa mana masifa, amma wasu 'yan kungiyar sun saba da rayuwa a cikin sauran kwayoyin. Da zarar in mutum, sai su kira shi parasitic ko, a cikin wasu kalmomi, da parasitic cututtuka. Wadannan m kwayoyin sun hada da:

1. Amoebas. Su girma ne 0.5 mm ko kasa, da kuma jiki ne kullum canja siffar bulging da kuma ja da wasu sauran matakai. Wadannan kananan halittu, sau daya a cikin mutum hanji, haddasa mummunan cuta amebiasis rike da "m" na biyu wuri a duniya cikin sharuddan mace-mace daga masu cin zali pathologies. A mutumin, da dama jinsunan parasitic amoebae. Dysentery (Entamoeba histolytica) ne instigator na dysentery, cikin sauki irin Acanthamoeba keratitis tsokani amebic, kuma da dama daga amoebas sa amoebic encephalitis. Za a iya kamuwa da cin abinci ko ruwa dauke da amebic mafitsara, kazalika da a kusa lamba tare da su m. Da zarar a cikin hanjinsu, kuma gabatar a cikin bangon, amoeba da jini ake, ɗaukar a kan jikin mutum ana ajiye a cikin sauran gabobin, sau da yawa a cikin hanta da kuma ƙarin raunuka kafa amebiasis.

2. flagellates. Kamar yadda sunan ya nuna, wadannan suna kawai koma ta hanyar cilia, flagella da kuma sauran irin wannan abokai. Medical Parasitology kuma parasitic cututtuka suna a hankali alaka, ko da abin da irin kwayoyin ba a dauke. A musamman, flagellate Trichomonas vaginalis sa trichomoniasis urogenital fraught tare da rashin haihuwa, da kuma a lokuta idan sun kasance majinyata, ciki, trichomoniasis zai iya sa ashara. Trichomonas, sabanin wasu parasites rayuwa ne kawai a mutum, kuma suna daukar kwayar cutar ta hanyar cudanya (jima'i). Sauran manyan wakilan flagellates - mambobin halittar Leishmania, Gambia trypanosome da cewa yana sa Afrika trypanosomiasis m. Trypanosomes yada na tsetse gardama. A wani mutum, da parasites matsawa zuwa kwakwalwa. Da ayyukan da ake karya kusan dukan jiki tsarin. Har yanzu akwai sporozoans, mafi hatsari na wanda aka dauke Taxoplasma Gandi, haddasa toxoplasmosis.

3. A ciliates. Daga gare su ne ba kawai takalma, amma kuma Balantidium coli, wanda buga hanji take kaiwa zuwa tsanani rashin lafiya balanthidiasis. Kamu da hanji balantidiumom iya zama daga dabbobi da cin su Alhlulbaiti isasshen dafa abinci da nama, da kuma cin abinci da kuma ruwa daga m cysts.

Medical arachnoentomology

A Girkanci, "arachnis" - gizo-gizo. Haka kuma, arachnoentomology - wani likita parasitology tsunduma arachnids da arthropod a general, parasitic a kan mutane. Duk wadannan parasites bude fiye da rabin miliyan. Suna iya zama na wucin gadi (farmaki da kuma sha jinin azabtar da hagu) da kuma m (rayuwa a kan wanda aka azabtar daga haihuwarsa har zuwa mutuwa). Babban hatsari da wannan gungun na parasites ne dalilin cewa sun sha wahala mai tsanani, kuma sau da yawa m cin zali cuta. Saboda haka, muna bayar da mites encephalitis, relapsing zazzabi, Lyme cuta, scabies, fleas zo mana da wata annoba, typhus, bedbugs - Chagas cuta, sauro - zazzabin cizon sauro, Anthrax, rawaya zazzabi. Akwai kuma sauran m kwari suna parasites - lice, tsetse kwari, doki tashi, itace ƙwarƙwata. Bugu da kari, akwai wata babbar domin na kwari, parasites a cikin yanayi ba, amma kuma dauke da wani m cutar. Yana tashi, kyankyasai, daban-daban beetles.

Medical helminthology

Daga cikin mutum m ne ba kawai kankanin, amma quite manyan, daidai bayyane zuwa ga tsirara ido, da kuma wani lokacin har da babbar mutum. Yana tsutsotsi da tsutsotsi, da tsutsotsi kimiyya. A kowace shekara da suka kamu kowane biyu mazauni na wannan duniya tamu, da kuma a Rasha, bisa ga bincike, helminthiasis shan wahala 99% na al'ummar jihar. Saboda haka yana da wuya a overestimate da muhimmancin da aikin, wanda ke tsunduma a cikin likita parasitology, ceton mu 'yan ƙasa daga wannan kamuwa da cuta. Helminths iya kama ba kawai waɗanda bã su cika tare da hannun kiwon lafiya, ko cin marsa wanki da 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan lambu, amma kuma waɗanda suke ci undercooked nama jita-jita tsuntsaye, dabbobi, da kaji, kifi, shan untreated ruwa.

Ko da gangan kama iya, misali, ya yi lõma da tare da abinci tururuwa m helminth larvae ko cysts. Akwai wani rukuni na tsutsotsi (an kira su lambobi) cewa shigar da jiki na azabtar ta hanyar m fata. Medical Parasitology, Helminthology musamman, ya aikata ba kawai bambantawa jinsunan tsutsotsi, amma kuma kayi nazarin ci gaban hawan keke, kamar yadda daya kungiyar na mutane shi ne na ƙarshe rundunar, da kuma ga sauran - tsaka-tsaki.

Yana da muhimmanci a nazarin yadda kuma a abin da mataki na ci gaba da m iya shiga cikin mutum, wasu dabba zama tsaka-tsaki mai gida, da kuma yadda mutum aiki da ake dangantawa da wannan. Wannan Gaskiya ne, domin flatworms. Alal misali, domin da Bovine tapeworm, sprouting a cikin jikin mutum har zuwa mita 10 a tsawon, shi ne dabbõbi, to naman alade tapeworm - aladu, domin m tapeworm - kifi.

nematodes

Don haka ya kira roundworms, wanda ake samu a yanayin da ya bayyana 24,000 jinsunan. Abin farin, ba dukan su ba suna parasitic a mutumin, amma waɗanda yake a cikin tsarin juyin halitta sun zaba cikin mutanen da suka haifar da mu quite wani m cuta - nematodes. A mafi yadu da aka sani a tsakanin yawan jama'a na nematodes - shi ne pinworms, wanda su ne mafi tartsatsi tsutsotsi a cikin yara a duniya da kuma haddasa rashin lafiya enterobiosis. Pinworms rayuwa ne kawai a cikin mutum (a cikin Gut), kamuwa da cuta na faruwa ne ta datti hannuwa, marsa wanki da 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan lambu, lilin da iyali abubuwa, amfani da mãsu haƙuri.

Doctor parasitologist sauƙi ƙayyade pinworm infestation ne riga a kan wani guda halayyar alama - mai tsanani itching a cikin dubura, saboda cewa shi ne inda tsutsotsi sa qwai. Don sa itching, da suke ɓoyewa musamman acid. A haƙuri fara a tsefe da shafin, da kuma qwai a cikin wannan tsari fada cikin hannunsa, sa'an nan a cikin bakinka, tufafi, toys - ko'ina. A yanayi da suka rayu lokaci mai tsawo, don haka na gaba wanda aka azabtar idan ta ba a wanke hannu, iya shirya pinworm a jikin su. Wani sanannun wakilin nematode roundworm suna haddasa ascariasis. Sun kuma zauna kawai a mutumin, amma a matakai daban-daban na ta ci gaba, shirya a cikin huhu ko hanjinsu. A tushen kamuwa da cuta a cikin wannan yanayin ne ma kadai rashin lafiya mutum, da kuma kamuwa da cuta dalili ne rashin sirri kiwon lafiya.

bincikowa da

Kamar yadda za a iya gani daga sama, mutum parasites, akwai daruruwan, kuma kowane na da peculiarities. Domin kafa wani cikakken ganewar asali likita parasitologist dole tattara tarihin:

- bayyana yanayin karkashin abin da kamuwa da cuta iya yi ya faru (haƙuri ta rayuwar yau da kullum, aikinsa, ko kasancewa a kan vacation, misali, a cikin dazuzzuka ko a kasashen da m annoba na parasitic cututtuka).

- gaban ko babu lamba da haƙuri da daban-daban kungiyoyin na dabbobi, da sauransu).

- bayyanar cututtuka da cutar (idan akwai itching, rash, bayyanar cututtuka na maye, wani rauni, anemia).

A muhimmiyar rawa a cikin ganewar asali yi awon gwaje-gwaje. Su ne kai tsaye da kuma kai tsaye ba. Direct ne a gane qwai, larvae ko wasu rai siffofin da parasites a cikin mutum excreta (faeces, sputum, fitsari). Wannan aiki ne da za'ayi parasitology dakin gwaje-gwaje inda haƙuri yana auku kawai sabo abu don gudanar da bincike. Alal misali, wasu iri tsutsotsi za a iya samu a cikin tumbi, ba daga baya fiye da minti 20 bayan wani hanji motsi.

Idan ka tara sabo abu ne da wuya, ko ba zai yiwu ba (misali, idan parasites ne a cikin hanta, kwakwalwa), gudanar da wani kai tsaye ba gwaje-gwaje. Suna gano a cikin jini na haƙuri takamaiman antibodies samar da jiki don kare da infestation.

magani

Parasitology Medical shirye-shirye ga halaka a cikin jikin mutum parasites yayi mafi bambancin. A guda wakili, da aka ceto daga dukan siffofin da kuma iri na kamuwa da cuta, ba ya wanzu. Saboda haka, magani ya kamata kawai sanya likitoci da kawai bayan daidai ganewar asali. Don kwanan wata, ɓullo kayayyakin, ciki har da a membobinsu mebendazole, diethylcarbamazine, levamisole, piperazine adipate da sauran abubuwa. Kowane daga cikinsu shi ne iya halaka kawai wasu irin parasites. A wasu lokuta, kamar Bovine sarkar a lokacin kamuwa da cuta, magani aka yi surgically.

dabbobi parasitology

Wannan sashe ne mai muhimmanci ba wai kawai ga mutanen da suke da dabbobi, amma ga kowane daga cikin mu, kamar yadda har ma da wadanda suke gaba daya babu inda kuma ba a lamba tare da dabbobi iya zama kamuwa da cin nama, kifi, ko na iya zama wanda aka azabtar da cizon kwari. Dabbobi Parasitology solves mai fadi da kewayon ayyuka:

- nazarin dabbobi ga gaban su duka yanzu da aka sani parasites.

- samar da magani.

- tabbatar da cewa da shagunan bai samu kamuwa da nama, madara, da sauran dabba da kayayyakin, kazalika da kifi da kuma abincin teku, za su bincika rayayyu da matattu dabbobi, kuma a cikin akwati na en sun mayar mamayewa ganewa kafa rigakafi zone.

rigakafin

Domin kada ya sha wahala daga da yawa iri parasites, to date, daidai tsara maganin. Dole ne su a iya amfani, da barin hutu ko don aiki a Latin America, Afirka da sauran yankuna sanaki takamaiman kwaro (sumbatan kwari, da tsetse gardama, da sauransu) cewa zai iya sa hatsari cututtuka. Ga lamba kamata tuntube Cibiyar Parasitology a wani likita ma'aikata na kauye, tsunduma a cikin wannan aiki. Ga mazauna yankunan, inda cututtuka ne m annobar cutar lalacewa ta hanyar parasitic kwari (kamar Tick-haifa encephalitis ne Urals, Siberia da kuma Far East), da kuma wadanda suke faruwa a wadannan yankuna domin dindindin ko wucin gadi zama yarda, kamar yadda ake bukata alurar riga kafi.

An muhimmanci a cikin rigakafin cin zali cututtuka ne cin kawai tabbatar da Sanitary dubawa kayayyakin. Bugu da kari, ba su yi amfani da ruwa daga ruwa ba tare da tafasa.

Amma, mafi muhimmanci, shi damar zuwa kowane sako na al'ummar wajen hana kutsen ne kiwon lafiya, watau wanka hannuwa, 'ya'yan itãcen marmari, da kayan lambu, da kuma isassun dafa abinci da nama, kifi, madara.