Igor Stravinsky: Tarihi da hotuna

Igor Stravinsky, wanda labarinsa yake gabatarwa a cikin wannan labarin, mashahurin wakilin Rasha ne, pianist da kuma jagoran. Shi wakili ne na zamani na zamani. Igor Fedorovich yana daya daga cikin manyan wakilan fasahar duniya.

Tarihi

A 1882, ranar 17 ga Yuni, an haifi Igor Stravinsky. Bayanan ɗan gajeren labarin mahaifiyar mai rubutawa ya ba da labarin inda yaron ke da sha'awar waƙar. Mahaifinsa - Fedor Ignatievich - dan wasan kwaikwayo ne na opera, soloist na gidan wasan kwaikwayon Mariinsky, masu daraja na Rasha. Mahaifiyar Anna Kirillovna ta kasance piano. Ta shiga cikin kide kide-kide na mijinta a matsayin mai takara. Iyali sun haɗu da masu fasaha, mawaƙa da marubuta a gidajensu. Wani mai ziyara a Stravinsky shi ne FM Dostoyevsky. Tun da yara, Igor Stravinsky ya shiga cikin kida. An gabatar da hoton mahaifiyar mai rubutun a wannan labarin.

Lokacin da yake da shekaru 9, mai tsarawa na gaba zai fara koyon darussan piano. Lokacin da Igor Fyodorovich ya kammala karatunsa daga makarantar sakandare, iyayensa sun dage cewa ya sami ilimi. Mahalarta mai zuwa ya yi karatu a Jami'ar St. Petersburg kuma a daidai da wannan kuma yana nazarin ilimin kimiyya da fasaha. Makarantar malaminsa kawai ne darussan zaman kansu, wanda Igor Fyodorovich ya karbi daga Nikolai Andreevich Rimsky-Korsakov. A karkashin jagorancin mutumin nan mai girma I. Stravinsky ya rubuta ayyukan farko. A shekara ta 1914 Igor Fyodorovich ya bar iyalinsa zuwa Switzerland. Ba da da ewa ba a yakin duniya na farko, saboda abin da Stravinsky bai dawo Rasha ba. Bayan shekara guda, mai rubutun ya koma Faransa. Tun 1936, Igor Fedorovich ya fara tafiya zuwa Amurka a kan yawon shakatawa. Bayan yaƙin yakin duniya na biyu, sai ya koma wurin zama na dindindin a Amurka. A shekara ta 1944, I. Stravinsky ya yi tsari na ban mamaki na lambar Amurka kuma ya yi aikin a wani wasa. Saboda wannan, an kama shi. Ya kasance yana da alhaki don ya jawo waƙa. Mai rikida ya fĩfĩta kada ya bayyana abin da ya faru kuma a koyaushe ya ce a gaskiya babu wani abu kamar haka. A shekara ta 1945, mai kirkiro ya zama dan asalin Amurka. Igor Fyodorovich ya mutu a 1971. Dalilin mutuwa shi ne rashin cin nasara. An binne mawallafi a yankin Rasha na hurumin San Michele a Venice.

Hanyar kirkira

Kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, karkashin jagorancin Nikolai Andreevich Rimsky-Korsakov ya rubuta ayyukansa na farko, Igor Stravinsky. Mawaki ya gabatar da su ga jama'a, da kuma a kan daya daga wadannan wasanni da aka samu halartar Sergei Diaghilev. Ya yaba da waƙar Igor Stravinsky. Ba da da ewa shahararrun shahararren ya ba da haɗin gwiwar Igor Fedorovich. Ya umurce shi da ya rubuta waƙa don wasan kwaikwayo na "Rashancin Rasha" a Paris. I. Stravinsky ya hade tare da S. Diaghilev na tsawon shekaru uku kuma a wannan lokaci ya rubuta wa kamfaninsa ballets uku wanda ya sanya shi sanannen: "Spring Spring", "Petrushka" da "Firebird". A 1924 Igor Fyodorovich ya fara zama dan wasan pianist. Ayyukansa - Concerto ga pianoforte da bandin tagulla - Igor Stravinsky ya yi aiki a kan mataki. Mai jagora ya nuna a gabansa. A wannan damar, ya yi magana daga 1915 zuwa 1926. Yawancin lokaci ya gudanar da ayyukansa. Ya kasance mai dadi game da masu kida. A cikin shekaru 50 zuwa 60, yawancin ayyukansa an rubuta. A shekarar 1962, Stravinsky ya yi rangadin a cikin USSR.

Rayuwar mutum

A 1906, marubucin ya yi aure da dan uwan - Catherine Nosenko. Yayi auren ƙauna mai girma. Four Stravinsky yana da 'ya'ya hudu: Milena, Lyudmila, Svyatoslav da Fedor. 'Ya'yan sun zama sanannun masu fasaha. Fedor dan wasan kwaikwayo ne, kuma Svyatoslav dan wasan pianist ne da mawaki. Dauda Lyudmila ita ce matar marubucin Yuri Mandelstam. Saboda gaskiyar cewa Catarina ta sha wuya daga amfani, Stravinsky ya bar hunturu a Switzerland, iska mai zafi na Petersburg tana da mummunar tasirin lafiyarta. A shekara ta 1914, Igor Fedorovich tare da iyalinsa ya zauna a Switzerland na dogon lokaci, ba su iya komawa Rasha saboda fashewawar yakin duniya na farko, wanda juyin juya halin ya biyo baya. Dukan dukiyarsu da kuɗin da suka kasance a Rasha, iyalin sun rasa. Kamfanin Igor Stravinsky ya lura cewa wannan mummunan lamari ne. Mahaifin mahaifiyar ya kasance babba, kuma duk suna buƙatar ciyar da su. Bugu da ƙari, matarsa da 'ya'ya hudu, akwai kuma' yar'uwa, 'yan uwa da mahaifiyarta. I. Stravinsky a wannan lokacin ya daina karɓar kyauta don aiwatar da ayyukansa a Rasha. Ya faru saboda ya yi hijira. Dukan ayyukansa da aka buga a ƙasashenmu an yarda su yi ba tare da biya kudi ga marubucin ba. Don magance matsalar kudi, Igor Stravinsky ya buga sabon ayyukansa. Rayuwar rayuwar mai yin kirki ba ta kasance ba tare da labaru ba. An lasafta shi da wani al'amari tare da Coco Chanel. A lokacin da na. Stravinsky ya kusan ba hanyar zama, Mademoiselle ta taimaka masa. Ta gayyaci mai kirkiro da iyalinsa su zauna a cikin gidansa. Igor Fedorovich rayu tare da Mademoiselle Chanel shekaru biyu. Ta tallafa wa ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo na. Stravinsky kuma ya kiyaye iyalinsa. Lokacin da mawaki ya sake zama a cikin ɗakinta, har tsawon shekaru 13, Koko ya aika da shi kudi kowace wata. Duk wannan kuma ya haifar da jita-jita game da labarinsu. Bugu da ƙari, Coco mace ce mai ƙauna. Amma wadannan jita-jita bazai yiwu ba su dace da gaskiyar. I. Stravinsky yana da sha'awar kudi na 'yar kasar Faransa.

A 1939 matar Igor Fedorovich ta mutu. Bayan dan lokaci na. Stravinsky ya sake yin aure. Matarsa na biyu ita ce sanannen masani na mai rubutawa - Vera Arturovna Sudeikina.

Lokacin Rasha a kerawa

Igor Stravinsky, wanda aka gabatar da hotunansa a wannan labarin, a farkon mataki na ci gaban aikinsa - shekaru 1908-1923 - ya rubuta mafi yawa daga cikin ballets da wasan kwaikwayo. Wannan lokacin da ake kira aikinsa mai suna "Rasha". Duk ayyukan da ya rubuta a wannan lokaci suna da yawa a kowa. A duk akwai dalilai da jigogi na labarin labarun Rasha. Ballet "Firebird" a fili ya nuna siffofin sifofi da ke cikin ayyukan NA Rimsky-Korsakov.

Yawan lokaci na kodayake a kerawa

Wannan shi ne mataki na gaba a cikin ci gaba da hanyar kirkiro mai kirkiro. Ya tsaya har 1954. Aikin kwaikwayo "Mavra" ya fara. Dalili na wannan lokacin shi ne tunani game da tsarin da kuma yanayin da ke cikin kiɗa na karni na 18. A ƙarshen wannan lokacin, a cikin ci gaba da aikinsa mai rikida ya juya zuwa tsufa, ga tarihin tarihin zamanin Girka. An rubuta "Orpheus" wasan kwaikwayo da kuma opera "Persephone". Matsayin karshe na I. Stravinsky, wanda ke da alaka da neoclassicism, shine "Rake". Wannan opera yana dogara ne da zane-zane na W. Hogarth.

Serial zamani a kerawa

A cikin 50s Igor Stravinsky fara amfani da ka'idar seriality. Tsarin mulki na wannan lokaci shine Cantata, wanda aka rubuta akan ayoyin da ba'a san marubuta ba. Yana nuna jimlar polyphony a cikin kiɗa. Ayyuka na gaba na wannan lokacin sun kasance cikakkun tsari, a cikinsu mawaki ya watsar da tonality gaba daya. "Rahoton Annabi Irmiya" shi ne abun da ke ciki gaba daya dodecaphonic.

Ayyukan aikin wasan kwaikwayo

Jerin wasan kwaikwayo, ballets, wasan kwaikwayo da kuma wuraren da mai yin amfani da sunan Igor Stravinsky ya rubuta:

• "The Wedding Party" (freetto da Igor Stravinsky).
• "Hotunan Ballet".
• "Petrushka" (libretto ta A. Benoit).
• Agon.
• "Katunan wasa" (freetto da Igor Stravinsky).
• "Apollo Musaget".
• "Firebird" (freetto da M. Fokine).
• "Persephone."
• "Kiss of Fairy" (kyaftin din Igor Stravinsky).
• "Pulcinella".
• "Mavra" (freetto by B. Kokhno a kan waka daga Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin).
• "Ruwa".
• "Dudu game da fox, cock, cat da ram" (freetto by Igor Stravinsky).
• Orpheus.
• "Tarihi na Sojan" (freetto by Sh.F.Ramyu, bisa ga labarun Rashanci).
• "Wuri mai tsarki ne."
• "Masu zuwa na Rake" (freetto by Charles Collman da W. Auden a kan zane na W. Hogarth).
• "Oedipus Sarkin".
• "Nightingale" (freetto by S. Mitusov a kan hikimar G. Kh. Andersen).

Jerin ayyukan don ƙungiyar makaɗa

• "Gidan Funeral."
• Symphony a C.
• Scherzo a cikin style Rasha.
• "Dances 'yan wasa".
• Mai tausayi na gaba.
• Symphony Es-dur.
• "Daksarton Oaks."
• Concerto ga violin da orchestra a D manyan.
• "Wutar wuta".
• "Circus polka ga wani yaro giwa".
• Nishaɗi.
• "Firebird" wani ɗigo ne daga ballet.
• Capriccio ga piano da orchestra.
• "Hudu na Yammacin Yaren mutanen Norway."
• Bikin wasan Basel.
• Fantastic scherzo.
• Bayanin daga ballet "Pulcinella".
• Bambanci akan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar Aldous Huxley.
• Ode.
• Concerto ga piano, banduna na fata, timpani da basses biyu.
• "Sauye-tafiye" don piano da dakaɗa.
• Symphony a sassa uku.

Ga mawaka

Igor Stravinsky ya rubuta ayyukan choral da yawa. Daga cikinsu:

• "An gabatar da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar."
• "Symphony na Zabura" (don ƙungiyar mawaƙa da ƙungiyar makaɗa).
• "Ku yi kuka ga Annabi Irmiya."
• Cantata "Hadisin, Misalai da Addu'a" (ga viola, wakoki, maimaita, mawaƙa, da orchestra).
• "Alamar Bangaskiya" (aikin yin waƙar ba tare da kungiya ba).
• Cantata don waƙa ta K. Balmont "Zvezdolikiy".
• "Ubanmu" (don kundi ba tare da kungiya ba).
• "Funeral chants."
• "Ku yi farin ciki Maryamu, ku yi murna."
• Cantata "Babila" (ga mai karatu, mawaƙa da ƙungiyar mawaƙa).
• Waƙar tsarki mai suna St Mark.
• "Mass" (ga ƙungiyar mawaƙa da aka hada tare da wasu kayan murya).
• Cantata a kan waƙoƙi na marubuta maras rubutawa na Ingila shekaru 15-16.
• "Podlyudnye" - Waƙoƙi na mutanen kasar Rasha don mawaƙa na mata.
• Wa'abi a kan ayoyin T. Eliot.

Jerin ɗakin aiki yana aiki

• Ebony concert.
• Elegy for viola.
• Uku guda don clarinet.
• "Labari na Sojan" wani abu ne daga wasan kwaikwayo na violin, clarinet da piano.
• Kyakkyawar murmushi ga kayan kiɗa, wanda aka sadaukar da K. Debussy.
• Concert duo.
• Three guda don kirtani quartet.
• Epitaf zuwa kabarin M. Egon.
• Prelude don jazz band.
• Concertino ga kirtani quartet.
• Ragtime.
• Biyu zane na ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar R. Dufy.
• Fanfares for pipes biyu.
• Siffa na Ƙirƙirar, Winds da Pianoforte.
• Lullaby don masu rikodi biyu.
• Oktoba don kayan murya.

A ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar mawaki

Sunan Igor Stravinsky ne makarantar makaranta, wadda take a Oranienbaum. A cikin girmama mawakan, mai ba da takarda da tsabar kudi. A cikin birnin Montreux, akwai masu sauraro da ake kira Igor Stravinsky. A duniyar duniyar Mercury akwai dutse mai suna a cikin daraja. Sunan sunan "Igor Stravinsky" ana sawa ta hanyar motar motoci da ke motsa jirgin saman jirgin saman Arof 319. A cikin girmamawa ga babban mawallafin Rasha, an ambaci titin a Amsterdam, marmaro a birnin Paris, da layi a Lausanne, filin a Oranienbaum. A cikin Ukraine (Volyn) gidan Igor Stravinsky ya bude. Har ila yau, tun daga 1994, bikin kide-kide ta duniya da sunan wannan mawaki, mai gudanarwa da pianist ne ake gudanarwa.