Granada, Alhambra - da gine-gine da kuma wurin shakatawa hadaddun: bayanin. jan hankali Spain

Travel - daya daga cikin manyan jin daxi a rayuwa. Don ganin duniya, suka ce, bukatar ziyarci 25 babbar wurare. Yawon shakatawa yawon shakatawa a Spain ne daga cikin mafi rare yawon shakatawa inda ake nufi. Me ya sa? Saboda akwai mai yawa na ban mamaki kyakkyawa da tarihi darajar da wuraren. A real dutse mai daraja ne gidãje daga Spain. Cordoba, Seville, Capdepera, Tabernas - wadannan sunayen da hankali da kuma jawo hankalin masu yawon shakatawa. Amma da farko wuri ne Granada, da Alhambra. Shi ne ba a banza da ake kira "na takwas mamaki na duniya" - ta tana da ƙawa, sikelin da fantasy halittawa.

tarihi mahallin

Granada yankin da aka sanaki BC. Bayan fall na Roman Empire cikin karkararta fara wani epoch na ƙi. A birni na Granada ne motsi daga daya mamaye zuwa wani, rasa su sikelin da kyakkyawa. A Sabunta karni, shi ya bayyana masarautar na Cordoba, Granada da kuma a kan-site riƙe kawai da sansanin soja, wanda ake amfani da matsayin USAID. A farkon auka daga cikin masarautu a 1013 ya kama ƙasa da wakilin kasar Algeria Berbers, wanda a wuri na yau da garin halitta ta yarjejeniya Midanat Garnati ( "mahajjata tudun" a harshen Larabci). Ziri sake gina tarihi cibiyar, amma birnin canza hannayensu a sake - a 1090 iko da daular na Almoravids. Bayan ta ƙi ƙasa kama Almohad daular. Saboda haka, domin mutane da yawa ƙarni a cikin wannan ƙasar mamaye Musulmi al'adu. A farkon karni XIII daular faruwa ta hanyar yawa soja kasawa, wadda take kaiwa zuwa da cewa a 1238 da ƙasa na kama Muhammad Ibn Nasr farko, wanda halitta masarautar na Granada , kuma shugaban Nasrid daular. Daga wannan lokacin, da real flourishing, yi da kuma shiryawa da birnin da za a iya gani a yau a Granada.

A 1492, da masarautu fadi zuwa cikin dakarun na da Spanish Sarauniya Isabella farko, wani sabon page na Granada farawa daga wannan lokaci. Amma zamanin da Nasrid har abada kama a wani kyau castle-sansanin soja na Alhambra.

Gwargwadon matsayi

Granada aka located a kudancin Spain, wani ɓangare na administrative gundumar Andalusia. Duk wani rangadin Spain, a tabbatar ansu rubuce-rubucen zuwa ziyara a wannan yankin a matsayin daya daga cikin mafi ban sha'awa da kuma sabon abu. A birni ne dake a gindin Sierra Nevada Mountains, da samar m, m sauyin yanayi ga rayuwa. A wurare masu zafi sauyin yanayi da kuma tati sanya wannan yankin don haka m zuwa invaders. A garin ne ayi a kan uku daga duwãtsu, abin da ya halitta sharadi gwargwado ga tsaro, ba a banza da shi ne a nan cewa akwai farko Musulmi sansanin soja a Sabunta karni. City ruwa ciyarwar da kogin Darro da kusanci na Bahar Rum bayar da babbar dama ga cinikayya. Irin wannan mai kyau Gwargwadon wuri ya haddasa lengthy wars a yankin, kowa da kowa zai so su zauna a cikin wannan aljanna.

daular Nasrid

Wanda ya zo da iko a 1238 da Nasrid daular a cikin mutum na Muhammad, da na zama wani tsibirin na ci gaba da zane-zane da kuma al'adu. Muhammad ya ɗauki ƙasa na Granada, kuma, da sanin cewa ba zai iya ci gaba da shi a karkashin matsin lamba daga cikin Kirista, hare haren kammala yarjejeniya tare da Ferdinand III. Wannan taimake shi ba kawai su ci gaba da ƙasa, amma ko da mika da iyaka. Zuriyar Muhammad mulki da birnin har 1492. Fiye da 250 shekaru na Granada ita ce cibiyar ilimi da kuma al'adu. Nasrid daban-daban fiye da mataki na ilimi da kuma sha'awar ga kimiyya da fasaha. Su aka gayyata zuwa babban birnin kasar na masana kimiyya, artists, masu kida da kasida daga ko'ina Turai. Alhambra Palace ya zama wani abin tunawa daga wannan daular, kuma ya bayyana a cikin mafi kyau na Moorish art da al'adu.

yi Tarihi

Mutane da yawa ƙarni gan Granada. Alhambra fādar fara gina a cikin XIII karni. Muhammad I, ya canjawa wuri gidansa da Alhambra, da fari ya fara karfafa Palace. Watch Tower da aka gina, karfafa ta wurin tsoho katangu. Sa'an nan ya zo hasumiyar bauta. Tabbatar da tsaro, Emir suka tsunduma a wani yi. Ya farkon da aka ci gaba da zai gaje shi. A lõkacin da Yũsufu na da Mohammed Biyar bayyana mafi girma yawan gine-gine. Inganta da kuma yana faɗaɗa Alkabasa manyan gidãje suna gina, ƙarfafa garun, akwai sanannen tsakar gida da na zakoki, Comares Tower, wani baƙin ƙarfe ƙofar. A 1492, Alhambra lashe ta Katolika sojoji da kuma zama mai sarauta zama. A nan ana gina fadar Carlos V, da coci na Santa Maria.

Daga baya arziki jũya daga Alhambra. A Bourbons bai ji shi ba amfani da ko da hura tashi ɓangare na hadaddun. Suka ce cewa sun so su halaka dukan fada, amma sa'a, da suka aikata ba. A 1821 babba lalacewar da aka sa ta wata girgizar kasa Alhambra. A karo na biyu bisa uku na XIX karni, shi ya kafa wani mallaka romantics, a nan aiki Byron, Goethe, Chateaubriand. Sa'an nan kuma ta fara maido da gidan sarauta, kuma a hankali kafa hali zuwa Alhambra a matsayin abin tunawa ga tarihi, al'adu da kuma gine.

The gine-gine

Yana da matukar m ga Turai gine na birnin ne Granada. Alhambra aka gina bisa ga hadisai. Yau, wani baƙo a karon farko wani hadadden ra'ayi na wani m conglomeration na gine-gine, gõnaki, kuma farfajiyar. Amma a gaskiya, da fada da aka zurfafa tunani da shirin. Kowane yankin da aka harhada a kusa da wani bude tsakar gida. Da ƙofar kuma lambu da aka tsara don magance qananan lokuta, domin liyafar na baƙi, wadda aka rufe hanya a ciki. Sa'an nan ya zo jihar dakuna for receptions da kyakkyawa da dakuna da kuma farfajiyar. A dogon nassi wanda ya jagoranci cikin zauren, kira La Barca, ya yi aiki a matsayin wani wuri na marabtar jawabai. A mafi m, kuma mafi kyau part - zaman bariki. Ga tsaya rabin na Emir da mace part. A tsakiyar wannan part - marmari Lion ta tsakar gida. Akwai kuma wani raba yankin - wani lambu cewa shi ne mai gaskiya aikin art. A asali ganewa wa yau hadaddun ba rayu. Sashe na daga cikin gine-gine da aka lalata, part - gina up da daga baya gine-gine. Amma har a cikin wannan nau'i fadar burge sikelin da kuma annashuwa.

Moresque

Gina a cikin Oriental style of Granada. Alhambra aka gina mafi yawa Larabawa. A castle ne mai kyau misali na Moorish style, wanda aka haifa a wani Musulmi, Arab al'ada, amma organically tunawa fasali na Spanish art. Moorish gine yana da jinsin bayani dalla-dalla. Wannan shi ne da farko saboda da hali wajen gine-gine. Larabawa bisa ga al'ada zauna a cikin hamadar, inda wani dadi rayuwa mai yiwuwa ne kawai a cikin oases. Nan kan wadannan oases, kuma suka kokarin yi kamar duk da manyan gidãje, Saboda haka akwai irin wannan soyayya ga halittar gõnaki, wannan muhimmanci na musamman na ruwa a cikin gidãjen kuma Parks. Moorish gine da aka bisa ga jitu hade da Figures kamar square da shigen sukari, su ne kafuwar kuma yi da kuma ado. Koyi da wuraren Moors ko da yaushe sauki ga m ornamental da kuma yin amfani da rubutun a cikin zane na Tsarin. Design kiwon style na Moors - a kofaton-dimbin yawa arches, vaulted ceilings, sau da yawa converge a cibiyar a cikin nau'i na takwas nuna star. Planirovochnaja gina a cikin wannan style ko da yaushe aka tsakiya tsakar gida, a kusa da aka sanya Tsarin for daban-daban dalilai. Ciki daban-daban haske, yin amfani da zaren, mosaic, kyãwãwa, canza launin Textiles. A Alhambra Moorish style cikin ganiyarsu ta ta ci gaba, da hadaddun yana da wani karin m kuma mai ladabi da siffar fiye da gina baya lokaci.

Nasrid Palace

Moorish style model ne mafi muhimmanci da na hadaddun - da Nasrid manyan gidãje. Wadannan sun hada da uku m monumental hadaddun: Meshuar - gini ga masu sauraro da kuma kotuna, Comares Palace - da hukuma mazaunin Emir for receptions, Lion ta Palace - ɗakuna, da m iyali. A mafi tsufa ɓangare na fadar - Meshuar, wasu gine-gine da aka gina a cikin Kirista sau. Duk da haka, babban zauren, ado da fale-falen da ambato daga Alkur'ani, kiyaye da siffar. A miƙa mulki daga Meshuara Comares fada qawata da zinariya tiles. A lõkacin da Yũsufu na Comares Palace aka gina ta shahara Golden wanka. Ya kasance cikin aikin hukuma wurin zama daga cikin baki ta hanyar wani m Myrtle tsakar gida, ado da Evergreen trellis. Around da yadi aka shirya m openwork shafi tare da arches. Palace da hasumiya Comares dogon zauren haɗu da gaisuwa na La Barca, wadda shãmakunta aka yi wa ado da plaster moldings da fale-falen. Doguwar hasumiya na 45 mita ruwansa da most zauren jakadun. Its marmari katako, rufi wakiltar sammai bakwai na Kur'ani da aljanna kewaye da m frieze a cikin nau'i na stalactites. A mafi marmari ɓangare na fādar sarki, zaman bariki, da suka fara da sanannen Lion ta tsakar gida. Daga cikin tsakar gida, za ka iya samun cikin zauren na stalactites, wanda rufi aka yi wa ado da na gargajiya Larabci hanya - musamman folds. Har ila yau, daga cikin yadi, za ka iya shiga cikin dakunan na Sarakuna, Justice, 'yan'uwa biyu mãtã, Biforiev da Abenserrahov. Kowane daga cikinsu shi ne wani misali na Moorish style na zamanin heyday. Nan za ka iya ganin zane-zane, fale-falen, stucco.

Famous makarai

Musulmi gidajen da aka gina a kusa da wani filin gida, wanda shi ne babban cibiyar na rayuwa, don haka suka shirya iyakar saukaka. Ake bukata zane kashi - wani marmaro, wanda ya bayar da sanyi da kuma haifar da wani calming yanayi. Muhimmanci a cikin Alhambra dauke Myrtle yadi - cibiyar da rayuwar zamantakewa na fada da manyan kandami a tsakiyar, kewaye da ci-zaƙin iyaka, Lion Yard - zuciyar zaman rayuwa mai martaba sarkin, cibiyar wanda shi ne wani marmaro tare da Figures na 12 da zakoki a kewaye da yadi suna m ginshikan da sassaka. Wani tsakar gida da sirri ɓangare na Emir - Alberca ( "kandami"). Ya aka kewaye da farin marmara ganuwar da colonnades da wani rectangular kandami, dasa tare da greenery, wanda ya nuna ginin. Duk da makarai suna cike da ginshikan da arcades cewa ƙirƙirar barka da inuwa, kuma ku bayar da girmanka sarari. Luxury kare kotunan aka karin: shi fale-falen, dadi sassaƙa ginshikan, ado da calligraphic inscriptions. A cikin fadar akwai da Generalife tsakar gida na Ruwa, wanda aka located a tsakiyar wani rectangular kandami, kewaye da garun da arcades.

Towers da ƙõfõfi

Alhambra ya wanzu, ba kawai a matsayin gidan sarauta, amma kuma kamar yadda na tsaron gida tsarin. Saboda haka, da ganuwar ake yi wa ado da wani iri-iri gãnuwõyi cewa yin sintiri ayyuka. Duk a cikin castle tsira fiye da 15 da irin wannan wurare. A gidan makamai Tower - daya daga cikin tsofaffin a kagara, aka gina shi a lokacin da gine Alkabasy. Ta m irin har yanzu bada alama ƙarfi ne, kuma AMINCI. Kãmamme Tower XIII karni aiki a matsayin wani kurkuku da ya ƙaunataccen matar Sarkin. Ganiya Tower da aka gina a tare da gefen ƙofa kuma kare Herenalife gidãjen Aljanna.

Gates a cikin kwanaki na Larabawa sun kasance muhimmanci, ya kamata su ba kawai ya yi karfi, amma kuma ya bayyana a musamman ra'ayin, yin wani ado aiki. A mafi tsufa tsira Wine aka yi wa ado da kyau nuna arches da sassaka. Iron Gate gina a cikin XIII karni da kuma shi ne mai dogara da kariya na Bastion. M tsaron ƙofar da gõnaki na Generalife.

gõnaki na Alhambra

Gabas Alhambra Palace ne domin ta shahara gidãjen Aljanna, babu kasa da gine-gine. Sarakunan nema ya haifar a kusa da kanta cikin gonar Aidan, haka yanayin da manyan gidãje wani lokacin biya fiye da hankali fiye da gine-gine. Ruwa da kuma shuke-shuke ta taka gagarumar aiki a ma'ana gine na manyan gidãje. Gunaguni ruwa, da turare da furanni da kuma rustle na ganye haifar da wani yanayi na cikakkar zaman lafiya da jituwa. Riga a ƙofar gidan sarki gidãjen Aljanna da baƙo shiga main ƙofar, da kowane kusurwa aka shiri, tunanin fitar a nan marẽmari da tafkunan. Kuma a ko'ina mai yawa launuka: bushes, flowerbeds, flower tukwane - baƙo ne immersed a Aura na wani flourishing da kuma gyara ga ruhun da ginin. Kowane fada kewaye da waje gõnaki, kuma yana da ciki a cikin abin da m shigarwa ya kasance iyaka. A ciki ya sauka da rarest shuke-shuke, da mafi kyau furanni. A baya can, waje da kuma ciki gidãjen Aljanna iyakance baya ganuwar, yawanci a yau therebetween dasa bosquets trimmed ta samar da katangu.

Dvorets Karla V

Bayan kama da Alhambra Kirista hukuma, shi ake gina for fādar Charles na biyar, da kuma matarsa Isabella na Portugal. Yau yawon shakatawa a Spain dole hada ziyara a wannan makaman. Kan bango na m da na marmari gine-gine a cikin Moorish style fada kama kasashen waje jiki. An sanya a cikin Italian style of mannerism, ta shafe garun da classic rabbai na square a wani daban-daban wuri, dã mun kasance m, amma a nan duba daga wuri. A gini yana da wani tsakar gida, deben da dutse, shi ne kewaye da biyu-storey arcades ginshikan da ionic manya. Yau akwai gidan kayan gargajiya na Fine Arts da Museum na Alhambra.

Generalife

A XIII karni Alhambra Castle wani kyakkyawan wurin zama - shekara kira Generalife. A fadar kunshi wani babban gini, na biyu gine-gine da kuma wani kyakkyawan lambu. Babban gidan da aka gina a cikin wani da gangan sauki style cewa ya bambanta sharply tare da Nasrid manyan gidãje. A nan a kan gaba wajen yanayi. Babban tsakar gida na Generalife - tsakar gida na wani ban ruwa canal tare da dasa itatuwa da kuma sanya jerin ruwa jiragen sama. A cikin fadar sanya wani kyakkyawan kallo dandali, wanda Granada a fili bayyane. A cikin XIX karni a fādar gidãjen Aljanna da tsaga babba m ruwa bene da kuma romantic Mirador a cigaban Gothic style. Lower gidãjen Aljanna - shi ne gina XX karni, babu wani da tsaftacewa, amma da kyau manicured Bishiyoyi da wani iri-iri na furanni sa wuri ne sosai m ya yi tafiya a rani zafi.

Partal

A raba yankin na Alhambra - shi Partal. A farkon da XIV karni fada a nan Partal ko da Itacen Ɓaure ( "portico") da aka gina. Duk da haka, mafi yawan gine-gine da ba a kiyaye su. Yau a cikin wannan yanki za ka iya ganin hasumiyar Dame ko, a cikin wasu kalmomi, da Prince Tower. An gina a cikin matsanancin bango kuma kunshi wani portico da biyar arched entrances. Traditional rectangular kandami, da shuke-shuke dake a cikin cibiyar. Daga saman hasumiyar yayi kyau ra'ayoyi na Alhambra. A ƙarshen XIX karni Jamus kasuwa ya sayi kudancin yankin domin zaman kansa yi, ya ba da ƙasar ga Spanish sarki, maimakon ya samu dama don fitarwa zuwa Jamus marmari rufi daga itacen al'ul da poplar da wani zare, wanda shi ne yanzu a kan nuni a Berlin Museum. A ƙasa Partalya m gidãjen Aljanna, wadda aka kiyaye tushe na gidajen manya.

m bayanai

Domin samun zuwa Alhambra, kana bukatar ka kula da tikitoci. abu bandwidth ne low, don haka suka fasa da sauri. Za ka iya saya yawon shakatawa a Spain da kuma a Granada via internet, amma kana so ka buga tikitin a akwatin ofishin na fada. Wannan na bukatar da katin, a kan abin da ya na biya. Akwai raba tikitoci ga gõnaki, kuma duk da gine-gine, fãce ga Nasrid Palace. Akwai cikakken - auku duk abubuwa. Domin Nasrid fada a kan tikitin zai nuna ainihin lokacin ziyarar, ziyarar yana kawai minti 30, na biyu ba zai iya shiga ba.