Chemical abubuwa suna bayan masana kimiyya. Asalin sunayen da sinadaran abubuwa

Chemistry - a kimiyya da dogon tarihi. A ta ci gaba da ba da gudummawar yawa da suka shahara da masana kimiyya. Dubi tunani na nasarorin da suka samu ne a tebur da sunadarai abubuwa, inda kasancewar wani abu mai suna a cikin girmamawa. Abin da yake da abin da yake cikin tarihi na su bayyanar? Bari mu bincika a cikin daki-daki.

einsteinium

Fara domin lissafa abubuwan da sinadaran abubuwa suna bayan da masana kimiyya suka tsaya tare da daya daga cikin shahararrun. Einstein aka artificially samar da suna a cikin girmamawa daga cikin mafi girma kimiyyar lissafi na karni na ashirin. An rabi wani atomic yawan 99, ba ya da wani barga isotopes da transuranic yana nufin, daga abin da ya bude bakwai. Tawagar masana kimiyya ya gano Ghiorso a watan Disamba 1952. Nemo einsteinium yiwu a cikin turɓãya, wanda ya zauna a sakamakon wani thermonuclear fashewa. Domin da farko lokacin da yin aiki tare da shi aka za'ayi a cikin radiation Laboratory, University of California, sa'an nan a cikin Argonne da Los Alamos. A rabin-rai isotopes na kwana ashirin, yin Einstein mafi hatsari rediyoaktif abubuwa. Karatu shi ne quite wuya saboda wahala da samun a vitro. A wani karfe da wani babban volatility shi za a iya samu ta hanyar wani sinadaran dauki tare da lithium, da samu lu'ulu'u zai bambanta fuska-tsakiya cubic tsarin. A ruwa-ruwa bayani, kashi bada koren launi.

curium

Tarihi na samu na da sinadaran abubuwa da kuma tarayyar su tafiyar matakai ne ba zai yiwu ba tare da ambata da ayyukansu a cikin wannan iyali. Mariya Sklodovskaya kuma Per Kyuri sanya wata babbar gudummawa ga ci gaban duniya kimiyya. Su aiki kamar yadda kafa na kimiyya na radioactivity nuna mai suna kashi bi da bi. Curium nasa ne a gidan na actinides kuma yana da atomic lambar 96. babu barga isotopes da shi. Domin da farko lokacin da ya samu a shekarar 1944 Amurkawa Seaborg, da Yakubu da kuma Ghiorso. Wasu isotopes na curium bambanta wuce yarda da dogon rabin-rai. A wani nukiliya reactor za a iya halitta a cikin kilogram yawa a lokacin da irradiated tare da neutrons uranium ko plutonium. curium kashi ne a azurfa karfe da narkewa batu a cikin dubu da ɗari uku da arba'in da digiri Celsius. Daga cikin sauran actinides, shi ne rabu da ion musayar dabaru. A karfi exotherm a lokacin rediyoaktif lalata damar ta yin amfani ga yi na m sized halin yanzu kafofin. Sauran sinadaran abubuwa suna bayan da masana kimiyya suka sau da yawa ba su da isashen ainihin m aikace-aikace, curium kuma iya bauta wa ƙirƙirar janareta, m aiki watanni da dama.

mendelevium

Ba shi yiwuwa a manta game da mahaliccin mafi muhimmanci a tarihin sunadarai rarrabuwa tsarin. Mendeleev ya kasance daya daga cikin mafi girma da masana kimiyya da suka gabata. Saboda haka, tarihi na samu na da sinadaran abubuwa da aka nuna ba kawai a tebur, amma kuma a cikin sunayen a masa mutunci. The abu da aka samu a shekarar 1955 ta hanyar American masana kimiyya Harvey, Ghiorso, Choppinom, Thompson da kuma Seaborg. Mendelevium kashi nasa ne a gidan na actinides kuma yana da atomic yawan 101. Shi ne rediyoaktif da ya auku a lokacin wani nukiliya dauki shafe Einstein. A sakamakon haka, na farko gwaje-gwajen da na American masana kimiyya nasara a samun mendelevium goma sha bakwai kwayoyin halitta, amma har wannan adadin isa ya ƙayyade da kaddarorin da kuma jeri na lokaci-lokaci tebur.

nobelium

Opening da sinadaran abubuwa sau da yawa yakan faru a sakamakon wucin gadi matakai a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje. Wannan ya shafi Nobel, wanda aka fara samar a shekara ta 1957 da wasu gungun masana kimiyya daga Stockholm, wanda samarwa to suna da shi a cikin girmamawa ga wanda ya kafa harsashin ginin duniya kimiyya awards. A atomic yawan kashi 102, shi nasa ne a gidan na actinides. Abin dogara bayanai a kan isotopes na nobelium aka samu ta hanyar bincike a cikin sittin na Tarayyar Soviet, wanda shi ne shugaban da Flerov. Domin U tsakiya kira, PU da Am ions aka irradiated tare Yã, N, Ne. A sakamakon isotopes da taro lambobin samu sun kasance daga 250 zuwa 260, mafi yawan abin da aka dogon-rayu kashi da rabin rayuwa a cikin awa daya da rabi a cikin dari. Volatility nobelium chloride kama da cewa na wasu actinides, kamar yadda sakamakon samu a gwaje-gwajen a dakunan gwaje-gwaje.

lawrencium

Chemical kashi na iyali na actinides da atomic lambar 103, kamar sauran irin wannan, aka samu artificially. Barga isotopes na Lawrence a can. A karo na farko ya ya iya haduwa da American masana kimiyya, gangarawa Ghiorso, a 1961. A gwaji sakamakon ba zai sake faruwa ba, amma shi ya kasance mai ban mamaki da sunan da aka zaba kashi kasance iri guda. Bayani game da isotopes iya samu Soviet lissafin kimiyya a hadin gwiwa da Cibiyar nukiliya Research in Dubna. Sun samu su ta sakawa a iska mai guba na americium kara oxygen ions. An sani cewa Lawrence tsakiya fitarda radioactivity da rabin rayuwa ne game da rabin minti daya. A shekarar 1969, masana kimiyya daga Dubna gudanar a samu wasu isotopes na wani kashi. Lissafin kimiyya daga Jami'ar Berkeley, Mun halitta sabon a 1971. Su taro lambobin jeri daga 257 zuwa 260, da kuma juya ta zama mafi barga isotope da rabin-rai na minti uku a tsawon. Chemical Properties na lawrencium kama wadanda wasu nauyi actinides - an kafa da dama kimiyya gwaje-gwajen.

Rutherfordium

Jeri da sinadaran abubuwa suna bayan da masana kimiyya suka kamata shakka ambaci wannan. Rutherfordium yana da wani serial number 104 da kuma wani bangare ne na huɗu kungiyar na lokaci-lokaci tsarin. Da farko transuranic kashi don ƙirƙirar da gudanar da kungiyar masana kimiyya daga Dubna a shekarar 1964. Wannan ya faru a California carbon zarra bombardment nuclei. Wani sabon kashi da aka yanke shawarar da za a mai suna bayan da sunadarai Rutherford daga New Zealand. A yanayi, Rutherford samu. A mafi tsawo-rayu isotope yana da wani rabin-rai sittin da biyar seconds dogon. Practical aikace-aikace a cikin wannan kashi na lokaci-lokaci tebur ne ba yanzu.

Seaborg

A samu da sinadaran abubuwa ya zama wani muhimmin bangare ne na aiki likita Albert Ghiorso daga Amurka. Seaborgium su da aka samu a 1974. Wannan shi ne wani sinadari daga cikin shida kungiyar na lokaci-lokaci tebur da ciwon wani atomic yawan 106 da kuma wani nauyi 263. Yana da aka samu a sakamakon da bombardment na oxygen atoms californium nuclei. A tsari juya fitar kawai 'yan kwayoyin zarra, don haka mai cikakken nazari da kaddarorin da kashi ya wuya. A yanayi, da rediyoaktif karfe seaborgium ba ya faruwa, don haka shi ne kawai daga kimiyya sha'awa.

Boriy

Jeri da sinadaran abubuwa suna bayan da masana kimiyya, da shi da daraja ambata wannan. Boriy nufin da bakwai kungiyar na lokaci-lokaci tsarin na Mendeleev. Shi yana da wani atomic yawan 107 da kuma wani nauyi 262. A karo na farko ya samu a shekarar 1981 a Jamus, a birnin Darmstadt. Masana kimiyya Armbrust da Munzenberg yanke shawarar to suna da shi a cikin girmamawa Niels Bohr. Shiri kashi ya faru a sakamakon da bismuth zarra bombardment chromium nuclei. Boriy nufin da transuranic karafa. kawai 'yan kwayoyin zarra da aka samu a cikin gwaji, wanda shi ne bai ishe sosai binciken. Wanne ne irinta a cikin yanayi, Boriy zance na musamman a cikin tsarin na kimiyya sha'awa, a cikin kamar yadda aka ambata a sama Rutherford, kuma Ya halitta artificially a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje.