Angarorin - shi ne ... Famous patrons. zamani patrons

Charity ... da kalmar ba quite saba mana. All ji shi akalla sau daya a rayuwa, amma da hakkin ya bayyana jigon da lokaci a karkashin karfi ne ba ga kowa da kowa. Kuma yana da bakin ciki, saboda Rasha ya kasance kullum shahara ga da cewa sadaka, kuma philanthropy ne wani ɓangare daga ta dogon hadisi.

Mene ne philanthropy?

Idan ka tambayi wani counter cewa irin taimaka, mutane kima iya son cewa, a lokaci daya, ba a plausible amsar. Na'am, kowa da kowa ya ji na arziki mutane su samar da taimakon kudi ga gidajen tarihi, marayu, asibitoci, yara wasanni da kungiyoyi, matasa artists, masu kida da kasida. Amma ko duk wannan taimako ne da taimaka? Akwai har yanzu a sadaka da kuma tallafawa. Yadda za a rarrabe waɗannan matsalolin daga juna? Don fahimtar wadannan hadaddun al'amurran da suka shafi da kuma taimakawa wannan labarin.

Angarorin - shi ne abu ko wasu goyon baya ga sauran free mutane, bayar da kungiyoyi da wakilan al'adu da kuma fasaha.

A tarihin fitowan na ajalin

Asalin kalmar da aka zamar masa dole ya real tarihi da mutum. Gayus Maecenas - a nan, sunansa ya zama synonymous. Manzon Allah Sallallahu Roman bafadan, aboki da Sarkin sarakuna Octavian, ya shahara ga tun taimaka da talented kasida da marubuta tsananta ne da hukumomi. Ya aka ceto daga mutuwar marubucin m "Aeneid" Virgil da kuma wasu masu zane-zane wadanda rayuwarsu aka barazana ga dalilai na siyasa.

Mun kasance a Roma, kuma waɗansu masõya daga art, fãce Gayus Maecenas. Me ya sa yake da wani gidan sunan da ya zama wani zamani lokaci? Gaskiyar cewa duk wasu m Mataimakan jama'a ki tsaya ga zargi mawãƙi ko artist daga tsoron sarki. Amma Gayus Maecenas yi Octavian Augustus sosai karfi da tasiri, da kuma ya ba jin tsoro ka tafi a kan buri da son zũciyõyinsu. Ya tsĩrar da Vergil. Saboda haka na goyon bayan abokan hamayyar siyasa na sarki da kuma saboda cewa ya fadi daga ni'ima. Kuma kadai mutum wanda ya zo ya taimaka, - Majiɓinci,. Saboda haka, sunan da waɗansu masõya aka rasa ga ƙarni, kuma ya za har abada zama a cikin memory daga waɗanda suka selflessly taimake duk rayuwarsa.

A tarihin fitowan na taimaka

Ainihin ranar bayyanar taimaka ba za a iya kira. Undeniable ne kawai da hujjar cewa bukatar taimako ga wakilan art a kan wani ɓangare na iko, da wadata, da mutane ya kasance kullum. A dalilan da irin wannan taimako, sun daban-daban. Wani sosai ƙaunar art da gaske kokarin taimaka kasida, artists kuma masu kida. Ga wasu, ta wani mai-arziki mutum ko wani haraji ga Fashion ko sha'awar nuna kansa m bayarwa da kuma majiɓinci, saint a idanun sauran al'umma. Hukumomi kokarin rika zane-zane da view kiyaye su a cikin biyayya.

Saboda haka, akwai taimaka a lokaci bayan da ya faru na jihar. A tsufa da kuma tsakiyar zamanai kasida da kuma artists kasance a cikin wani Jihar dogara daga hukumomi. A kusan m bauta. Yana kula da wannan wuri har sai auka daga cikin mulkin gargajiya tsarin.

A lokacin da cikakkar daular mulkinsu tallafawa daukan nau'i na pensions, awards, karrama, kotun posts.

Da sadaka, kuma philanthropy - akwai wani bambanci?

Akwai wasu rikice ba tare da terminology da Concepts philanthropy, sadaka da kuma tallafawa. Dukan su bukatar taimako, amma bambancin da ke tsakanin su ne har yanzu quite muhimmanci, kuma ya zama ãyã daga daidaici zai zama kuskure. Yana da daraja a kusa look at batun terminology. Na uku Concepts daga cikin mafi daban-daban tallafawa da kuma taimaka. A karon farko tana nufin taimakon karkashin wani yanayi, ko su zuba jari a wani kasuwanci. Alal misali, don taimaka wa wani artist za a iya bayar da wata tallafa hoto ko ambaci sunansa a cikin kafofin watsa labarai. Kawai sa, da tallafawa ne zuwa sama wani amfãni. Angarorin - shi ne baiwa da gratuitous taimako zuwa zane-zane da kuma al'adu. Maecenas ba ta mayar da hankali a kan samun karin riba domin kansu.

A mataki na gaba wadannan topic - sadaka. Yana da matukar kusa da manufar taimaka, da kuma bambancin da ke tsakanin su ne kawai m. Wannan ke taimaka wa masu bukata, da kuma babban muradi na tausayi bayyana a nan. A ra'ayi na sadaka sosai a baje kuma taimaka abubuwa a matsayin ta musamman irin.

Me ya sa mutane da tafiyar da taimaka?

Rasha philanthropists da patrons da yaushe suka sãɓã wa jũna daga Yammacin a da tsarin kula da taimako mambobi ne na zane-zane. Idan muka magana game da Rasha, da taimaka - shi ne abu support cewa shi ne daga abin nufi da tausayi, mai so ya taimaka ba tare da shan wani amfãni, domin kansu. A cikin West ba lokacin amfana daga sadaka a matsayin rage ko kebewa daga gare su. Saboda haka, a nan don magana game da cikakken unselfishness ba zai yiwu ba.

Me ya sa XVIII karni Rasha art patrons suna ƙara fara rika da Al'adu da Kimiyya, don gina dakunan karatu, gidajen tarihi, da kuma sinimomi?

Babban tuki da karfi a nan su ne wadannan dalilai - high halin kirki, halin kirki da kuma addini patrons. Jama'a ra'ayi ya rayayye goyan bayan ra'ayin tausayi da rahama. Daidai hadisai da kuma addini da ilimi sun kai ga irin wannan haske sabon abu a cikin tarihi na Rasha a matsayin flourishing art taimaka a cikin marigayi XIX - farkon XX ƙarni.

Charity a Rasha. A tarihin asalin da kuma jihar ta hali zuwa irin wannan ayyuka

Da sadaka, kuma philanthropy a Rasha da mai tsawo da kuma zurfin hadisin. Ɗaura su a cikin na farko wuri tun bayyanar Kristanci a Kievan Rus. Duk da yake sadaka wanzu a matsayin sirri taimako ga mabukata. A farko wannan aiki tsunduma a coci bude hospices ga tsofaffi, naƙasasshe da kuma rauni da kuma asibiti. Fara sadaka sa Prince Vladimir, ƙa'ida zamar masa dole ya tafiyar da coci da kuma Convent na jama'a sadaka.

Wadannan Rasha gwamnoni, kawar da masu sana'a rokon, duk da haka, ya ci gaba da kula da gaske matalauta. Mun ci gaba da gina asibitoci, almshouses, marayu ga shege da kuma tunani da rashin lafiya.

Charity a Rasha ya samu nasarar ci gaba da godiya ga mata. Musamman fice a taimakon mabukata na Empress Catherine I, Maria Feodorovna kuma Elizabeth A ..

A tarihin philanthropy a Rasha daga ƙarshen XVIII karni, a lokacin da shi ya zama wani nau'i na sadaka.

A farko Rasha patrons

A farko a tarihin Rasha art majiɓinci, ya Count Aleksandr Sergeevich Stroganov. Daya daga cikin mafi girma a gonaki na ƙasar, da jadawali ne mafi shahara a matsayin wani karimci Majiɓincinmu, da kuma haraji. A yawa na tafiya, Stroganov zama sha'awar Tattara bayanan mai tarin zane-zane, da duwatsu da kuma tsabar kudi. A yawa na lokacin, kudi da kuma kokarin Earl biya ci gaban al'adu da kuma fasaha, don samar da taimako da kuma goyon baya ga irin wannan shahara kasida kamar yadda Gabriel Derzhavin da kuma Ivan Krylov.

Har zuwa karshen rayuwarsa Count Stroganov shi ne m shugaban na mallaka Academy of Arts. A daidai wannan lokaci, ya kasance a cikin lura da na mallaka Jama'a Library, kuma ya yi ta darektan. Yana yana kan himma da shiri na Kazan Cathedral, shafe babu waje da kuma Rasha gine-ginen.

Mutane kamar Stroganov bude hanyar for m hannu da shuni, da kuma selflessly gaske taimaka ci gaban al'adu da kuma art a Rasha.

Shahararren daular na Demidov, cikin wadanda suka kafa na Rasha metallurgical masana'antu, da aka sani ba kawai wata babbar gudummawa ga bunkasa masana'antu na kasar, amma kuma domin sadaka. Daular wakilan ya kula da Moscow University da kuma kafa wani malanta ga dalibai daga low-samun kudin shiga iyalansu. Sun bude da farko kasuwanci makaranta ga yara na 'yan kasuwa. Kullum taimaka Demidov Foundling gida. A lokaci guda suka tsunduma a taron art tarin. Shi ya zama na duniya most masu zaman kansu tarin.

Wani shahararren majiɓinci, kuma tallafa na XVIII karni - Count Nikolay Petrovich Sheremetev. Ya kasance mai connoisseur na zane-zane, musamman wasan kwaikwayo.

A lokacin, ya ya shahara ga scandalous aure ƙasarsa, gida wasan kwaikwayo actress Praskovya Zhemchugovoy. Ta nan ya mutu, kuma gãdar wa mijinta ba su bar al'amari na karimci. Count Sheremetev cika ta request. Sashe na daga cikin babban birnin kasar ya ciyar a kan taimako ga sana'a da kuma sadakin Bride. A nasa himma, da gina hospices a Moscow. Ya kuma kashe a cikin shiri na gidaje da kuma haikalin.

A musamman taimako ga ci gaban philanthropy fatake

Mutane da yawa yanzu da gaba daya daidai ba ne zatonku game da Rasha m aji XIX-XX ƙarni. An kafa a ƙarƙashin rinjayar Soviet fina-finai da kuma wallafe-wallafen da ayyuka, a cikin abin da Layer aka fallasa su na jama'a, a mafi unsightly hanya. All fatake zaben duba talauci ilimi, mayar da hankali kawai a kan yin wani riba a kowace hanya mutane yayin da gaba daya bã tãre da tausayi da rahama ga wasu. Wannan shi ne tushen da ba daidai ba ra'ayin. Hakika, ban kasance ko da yaushe akwai kuma za a yi ba, amma mafi Kasuwanci su ne mafi ilimi da kuma m kashi na yawan jama'ar, ba kirgawa, ba shakka, da tsada.

Amma daga cikin daraja iyalan Mataimakan jama'a da patrons da za a iya kidaya a kan yatsunsu. Charity a Rasha - gaba ɗaya abin yabo da m aji.

Mun riga a takaice da aka ambata, da dalilin da ya sa mutane sun fara tafiyar da taimaka. Ga masu rinjaye na 'yan kasuwa da masana'antun sadaka ya zama kusan wata hanyar rayuwa, ya zama wani na game fasalin da hali. Ga irin rawa da cewa da yawa m yan kasuwa da bankers su ne zuriyar Tsohon Muminai, wanda aka halin da dangantaka ta musamman don kudi da kuma dukiyarsa. Kuma da hali na Rasha kasuwa da aiki shi ne da ɗan daban-daban fiye da, misali, a kasashen yamma. Domin su, dũkiya - ba bokanci, cinikayya - ba wani tushen riba, amma a wasu aikinsu hõre ta Allah.

Da suka fito a mafi zurfi addini hadisai, Rasha kasuwa-philanthropists yi imani da cewa dũkiya ne da Allah ya bayar kuma, sabili da haka, domin wajibi ne a kasance da alhakin. A gaskiya ma, sun yi imani da cewa wajibi don tafiyar da taimako. Amma shi ba tilasta. Duk abin da aka yi a kira na rai.

Famous Rasha art patrons na karni na 19th

Wannan lokaci ne dauke da heyday na philanthropy a Rasha. A farkon m ci gaban tattalin arziki da gudummawar yi tuntuɓe da tunanin ikon yinsa, da kuma karimci na arziki mutane.

Famous patrons XIX-XX ƙarni - sau da yawa sosai da wakilan da m aji. The haske wakilan - Pavel Mihaylovich Tretyakov da kasa shahara wa Sergei Mikhailovich.

Dole ne in ce cewa Tretyakovs yan kasuwa ba mahaukaci babba dũkiya. Amma wannan bai hana su, su a hankali tattara zane-zane na shahara artists, jawabin a kansu da wani tsanani adadin. Sergey ya fi sha'awar a Yammacin Turai zanen. Bayan mutuwar sa, ya gãdar da tarin wa ɗan'uwansa, shigar da tarin zane-zane ta hanyar Pavel Mikhailovich. Gabatar a 1893, an ma'adanar aka mai suna bayan biyu mai girma Rasha patrons. Idan muka yi magana ne kawai game da tarin na Pavel zane-zane, a kan rayuwa majiɓinci, Tretyakov kashe a cikinta game da miliyan rubles. An m Naira Miliyan Xari ga waɗanda sau.

Ya fara tarin Rasha zane-zane Tretyakov a cikin matasa. Ko sa'an nan, shi ne daidai da burin - don bude wani kasa jama'a gallery, kowa a free samun shi, kuma Ka riskar da Masterpieces na Rasha art.

Brothers Tretyakov bin mu bashi da m abin tunawa daga Rasha da taimaka - da Tretyakov Gallery.

Maecenas Tretyakov shi ne kawai ya zama majiɓinci daga cikin zane-zane a Rasha. Savva Ivanovich Mamontov, wani wakilin shahara daular, shi ne ya kafa, kuma mai gini, daga cikin mafi girma Rasha dogo hanyoyi. Ya bai nemi daraja da kuma gaba daya sha'aninsu dabam zuwa lambobin yabo. Ya kawai so shi ne soyayya na art. Savva kansa a warai m yanayi, da kuma ta aiki a kasuwanci sosai zalunta. A cewar Sahaban, ya iya zama wani gagarumin wasan kwaikwayo singer (ya nemi ya yi a kan mataki na Italian opera gidan), da kuma sculptor.

Estate Abramtsevo ya juya a cikin wani marabtar gida domin Rasha artists. Ga kullum akwai Vrubel, Repin, Vasnetsov, Serov, kuma Chaliapin. Dukan su Mamontov bayar da kudi taimako da kuma taimaka. Amma mafi girma support shuni ya bayar da wasan kwaikwayo Arts.

Santa sadaka ayyuka na dangi, da kuma kasuwanci abokan ji wauta whim, amma cewa bai hana shi. A karshen rayuwar Savva bayyana lalace kuma kawai tsere kurkuku. Ya aka kuɓuta ba, amma don tafiyar da kasuwanci iya ba. Har zuwa karshen rayuwarsa aka goyan bayan duk wadanda ga wanda ya sau daya ya taimaka selflessly.

Savva Timofeevich Morozov - mai ban mamaki shuni tufafin da ya taimaka da Art wasan kwaikwayo a kan yanayin da sunansa ba za a ambata game da wannan a cikin jaridu. Kuma da sauran membobin wannan daular azurta invaluable taimako a cikin ci gaban al'adu da kuma fasaha. Sergey Timofeevich Morozov Keen a kan Rasha na ado da kuma amfani da art, da tarin ne cibiyar da fasaha Museum a Moscow. Ivan Abramovich ya da wani majiɓinci, na wani ba a sani ba a lokacin da Marc Chagall.

wayewar

A juyin juya halin da kuma m events katse ta girma hadisai na Rasha da taimaka. Kuma bayan da Tarayyar Soviet ya da wani dogon lokaci kafin akwai sabon patrons na zamani Rasha. Domin su Philanthropy - shi ne wani ɓangare na wani fasaha shirya ayyukan. Abin baƙin ciki, sadaka theme, wanda daga shekara zuwa shekara ne mafi zama mashahuri a Rasha, ya ce kadan game da kafofin watsa labarai. Jama'a zama sane kawai 'yan lokuta, kuma amma mafi yawan aiki na tallafawa, patrons da mãsu sadaka kudi gudanar da yawan jama'a. Idan ka yanzu tambaye wani counter: "Abin da na zamani patrons aka sani a gare ku", abu ne mai wuya kowa zai amsa wannan tambaya. A halin yanzu, wadannan mutane bukatar sani.

Daga Rasha da 'yan kasuwa tsunduma a cikin sadaka aikin da fari ya kamata a lura da shugaban kasar "Interros" Vladimir Potanin ta rike kamfanin, wanda a shekarar 2013 ya sanar da cewa bequeaths ya arziki to sadaka. Yana da aka gaske mai ban mamaki sanarwa. Ya fara da wani tushe da ake kira da sunansa, wanda ke tsunduma a cikin manyan sikelin-ayyukan a fagen ilimi da kuma al'adu. Kamar yadda Shugaban Hukumar Amintattu na hermitage, ya riga ya yi hadaya da shi da miliyan 5 rubles.

Oleg Vladimirovich Deripaska, daya daga Rasha ta arziki da kuma mafi m kasuwa, shi ne ya kafa na sadaka asusu "free aiki", wanda aka kudi daga na sirri kudi kasuwa. The Foundation shafe fiye da 400 da shirye-shirye, da kasafin kudin na wanda amounted zuwa a total of kusan 7 biliyan rubles. Deripaska ke tsunduma a cikin sadaka ayyuka a fagen ilimi, kimiyya da al'adu, da kuma wasanni. Har ila yau, asusun bayar da taimako ga hermitage, da yawa sinimomi, gidajen lama da kuma ilimi cibiyoyin a ko'ina cikin kasar.

A cikin rawar da philanthropists a zamani Rasha za su iya aiki ba kawai babban kasuwanci, amma kuma jami'an da kasuwanci Tsarin. Charity tsunduma a "Gazprom", JSC "Lukoil", CB "Alfa Bank" da kuma wasu kamfanoni da kuma bankuna.

Ina son in ambaci Dmitriya Borisovicha Zimina, kafa OJSC "Vimpel-Communications". Tun 2001, biyan bukatun; orewar riba na kamfanin, ya yi ritaya da kuma kishin kansa gaba daya zuwa sadaka. Ya kafa lambar yabo "Illuminator" da "zamanin daular" asusu. Bisa ga mafi Zimin, duk da babban birnin kasar ya bayar da zuwa da zakka gaba daya free. Ya halicci Foundation an goyon bayan da muhimman hakkokin kimiyya a Rasha.

Hakika, na zamani philanthropy bai kai matakin da aka lura a cikin "zinariya" na XIX karni. Yanzu shi ne Prakiraan, yayin da philanthropists na baya ƙarni sun bayar da al'adu da kuma kimiyya da na din-din-din goyon baya.

Shin, akwai wani mai gaba da philanthropy a Rasha?

Afrilu 13 alama mai ban mamaki hutu - Rãnar da shuni da kuma zama majiɓinci daga cikin zane-zane a Rasha. Kwanan aka ƙare da ranar haihuwa na Gayus Maecenas, Roman majiɓinci, na kasida da kuma artists, kuma sunansa ya zama synonymous da kalmar "shuni". A Mafarin idi ne hermitage, wakilta ta darektan Mikhail Piotrovsky. Wannan rana ta biyu da sunan - Ranar Godiya. Farko da aka ambata shi a shekarar 2005 da kuma shi ne fatan cewa a nan gaba ba zai rasa da dacewar.

Yanzu akwai wani shubuha hali zuwa angarorin. Daya daga cikin manyan dalilan da wannan ne shubuha hali zuwa m mutane a cikin yanayin data kasance a yau, duk da karfi zamantakewa stratification. Babu daya musũ cewa sau da yawa riba daga dũkiya ne ba gaba ɗaya yarda ga yawan da yawan nufi. Amma akwai yawan arzikin mutane da waɗanda ba miliyoyi ga ci gaba da kuma tabbatarwa da kimiyya da al'adu, da kuma sauran sadaka dalilai. Kuma zai zama mai girma, idan gwamnatin damu game da gaskiyar cewa sunayen zamani Rasha art patrons sun zama sananne ga mai fadi da'irar mutane.