Ancient sculptors na zamanin d Girka: sunayen

Ancient Girka ya kasance daya daga cikin mafi girma da kasashe a duniya. A lokacin ta zama a kan karkararta aza harsashin ginin Turai art. Kiyaye al'adu Monuments na cewa lokaci show da mafi nasarorin da Helenawa a filin na gine-gine, falsafa, shayari, kuma, ba shakka, sculptures. Scripts ajiye wasu: lokaci ba tsunduma ko mafi musamman halittun. A kan fasaha, wanda shi ne shahara ga tsoho sculptors na zamanin d Girka, a mutunta mutane da yawa, mun sani godiya ga rubuta kafofin da daga baya Roman kofe. Duk da haka, wannan bayani ya isa ya gane muhimmancin da Peloponnese mazauna taimako ga duniya al'ada.

lokaci

Ancient Greek sassaka bai kasance kullum da girma mahalicci. Epoch flowering zamani gabãta su fasaha tsaoho (VII-VI cc. BC. Œ). Suke dashi sassaka na lokaci daban-daban fasali da kuma a tsaye. Su ba su da lamarinsa da boye ciki motsi, abin da ya sa mutum-mutumi look kamar mutane rasa farko trimester. Duk da kyau na wadannan farkon ayyukan bayyana ta fuska da fuska. Shi ne ba kamar yadda a tsaye kamar yadda jiki: murmushi ta haskake a ji na farin ciki da kwanciyar hankali wadanda jaddada sauti na dukan sassaka.

Bayan kammala tsaoho zama mafi hayayyafa lokaci a cikin abin da tsoho sculptors na zamanin d Girka halitta su fi shahara ayyukansu. An kasu kashi da yawa lokaci:

• farkon classic - V a farkon. BC. e.;
• High Classic - V karni. BC. e.;
• Late Classic - IV a. BC. e.;
• Hellenism - ƙarshen IV. BC. e. - I a. n. e.

A sauyin lokaci

Farkon Classics - wani lokaci a lõkacin da sculptors na zamanin d Girka fara motsa daga canzawa matsayi na jiki, da ya nemi sabon hanyoyin da za a bayyana ra'ayoyi. Rabbai an cika ta da halitta kyakkyawa, postures zama mafi tsauri, da kuma fuska - ma'ana.

Ancient Greek sassaka Miron yi aiki a wannan lokaci. A rubuta kafofin, shi ne halin a matsayin canja wurin maigidansa anatomically daidai jiki tsarin da za a iya daidai kama da gaskiya. Myron nuna Sahaban da flaws: a ra'ayi, da sculptor bai san yadda za a ba mutane da kyakkyawa da liveliness basirar ta su.

Jagora mutummutumai farin heroes, gumakan da dabbobi. Duk da haka, mafi girma son na zamanin d Girkanci sculptor Myron ba siffar 'yan wasa a lokacin da suka nasarori a cikin gasar. Shahararren "wurga thrower" - ya halitta. A sassaka ba kiyaye to mu kwana a cikin na asali, amma akwai da dama da kofe na shi. "Wurga thrower", dake nuna wani dan wasa, samun shirye su sa ka harsashi. Superbly kashe dan wasa jiki: siga tsokoki nuna tsanani daga cikin Disc, Twisted jiki yayi kama da spring, a shirye su tura. Da alama cewa, ko da wani biyu, da kuma dan wasa metnet harsashi.

Superbly kashe Miron dauke da mutummutumai da "Athena" da "Mars", kuma ya kai mu kawai a cikin nau'i na baya kofe.

flowering

Fice sculptors na zamanin d Girka yi aiki a ko'ina cikin tsawon high litattafansu. A wannan lokaci da maye reliefs da mutummutumai gane kamar hanyoyi na yada motsi, da kuma kayan yau da kullum na jituwa da rabo. High classic - a lokacin da samuwar kwasfa na Greek sassaka, wanda daga baya ya zama wani abin koyi ga da dama da al'ummomi daga artists, ciki har da halittawa da Renaissance.

A wancan lokaci, ya yi aiki da sculptor na zamanin d Girka da kuma m Polycleitus Phidias. Duka su aka tilasta sha'awan kansu yayin da har yanzu da rai, kuma ba a manta da ƙarni.

Zaman lafiya da jituwa

Polycleitus yi aiki a lokacin da na biyu da rabi na V a. BC. e. Ya aka sani a matsayin mai master of samar sculptures depicting 'yan wasa a sauran. Ya bambanta da "Discobolus" by Myron ya 'yan wasa ba su miƙa kuma annashuwa, amma kallo ba da shakku a su ƙarfi da damar.

Polycleitus farko yi amfani da matsayi na musamman na jiki: ya haruffa sukan dogara ne a kan daya kawai kafar pedestal. Wannan hali ya halitta ra'ayi na shakatawa, Allaha peculiar mutum.

Canon

Mafi shahara sassaka Policlet dauke "Doryphoros" ko "Spearman". Da samfurin ya kuma kira Canon master, saboda shi embodies wasu daga cikin kayan abinci na Pythagoreanism da kuma misali ne na musamman Hanyar kafa Figures contrapposto. Dalili na abun da ke ciki - da manufa na ba-uniformity da gicciye motsi na jiki: gefen hagu (riƙe da māshi da kuma fada da baya kafa) shi ne annashuwa, amma a lokaci guda a gaban siga da kuma a tsaye dama (tallafa kafar da kuma mike tare da jiki ta hannu).

Irin wannan Hanyar Polycleitus sa'an nan used a da yawa daga cikin ayyukansa. Its ka'idojin an saita fita a Unreached mana da rubutun a kan ilmi rubuta sculptor kuma ya kira shi "Canon". Quite wani wuri a cikin shi Polycleitus dauki manufa na zinariya sashe, wanda kuma ya samu nasarar amfani a cikin ayyukansu, a lokacin da wannan manufa ba m da na halitta sigogi na jiki.

gane a matsayin baiwa

All tsoho sculptors na zamanin d Girka tsawon high litattafansu bari m halittun. Duk da haka, mafi fice a tsakanin su ya Phidias, na gaskiya, dauke da kafa Turai art. Abin baƙin ciki, da mayen ga mafi part sun tsira kawai kamar yadda kofe ko kwatancin a shafukan da treatises na zamanin d marubuta.

Phidias yi aiki a kan ado na Parthenon a Athens. Yau misali na fasaha sculptor za a iya folded a kan marmara kiyaye taimako, 1.6 m, a tsawon. Yana shãfe haske da yawa mahajjata daure saboda Athens Haikali. Sauran ado na Parthenon aka kashe. A wannan ãƙibar wani mutum-mutumi na Athena, kafa a nan da kuma cikin halittar Phidias. Goddess, na hauren giwa, da zinariya, nuna alamar birnin kanta, ta ikon da yawa.

Wonder na duniya

Sauran fice sculptors na zamanin d Girka na iya samun kadan a abin yarda ga Phidias, amma babu wani daga cikinsu zai fariya na samar da wani al'ajibi na haske. Statue of Zeus Olympic da aka yi master na birnin, inda shahararrun wasannin da aka gudanar. A tsawo na Allah na Thunder, a zaune a kan wani zinariya kursiyin, buga (14 mita). Duk da Allah ya ba ya yi kama da wani karaya ikon: Phidias halitta a kwantar da hankula, kauri da kuma majestic Zeus, da dama m, amma a lokaci guda mai kyau. The mutum-mutumi a gabãnin mutuwarsa, domin tara ƙarni ya janyo hankalin da yawa mahajjata, don su nemi kwanciyar rai.

marigayi classic

Tun V a kammala. BC. e. Ba mu gudu daga cikin sculptors na zamanin d Girka. Names Scopas, Praxiteles da Lysippos da aka sani ga duk wanda yake da sha'awar a zamanin d art. Da suka aikata a gaba lokaci, da ake kira marigayi classic. Aiki da wadannan artists ci gaba da kuma ci gaba da nasarorin da suka gabata zamanin. Kowane a kansu hanya, suka sake fasalin wata sassaka, enriching shi tare da sabon batutuwa, hanyoyin da aiki tare da abu da kuma bambancin kai tausaya.

tafasasshen sha'awa

Scopas za a iya ambata bidi'a ga dalilai da dama. Riga shi, mai sculptors na zamanin d Girka a matsayin abu fĩfĩta yin amfani da tagulla. Scopas su halittun halitta mafi yawa daga marmara. Maimakon na gargajiya zaman lafiya da jituwa da cewa cika da aikin da aka sani sculptors na zamanin tsohuwar Girka, master ya zaɓi magana. HalittunSa suna cike da sha'awa da kuma motsin zuciyarmu, su ne mafi kamar real mutane, maimakon a kan undisturbed alloli.

Mafi shahara aiki na Scopas dauke frieze na kabarin na Halicarnassus. Yana siffanta amazonomachy - yãƙi heroes of Girkanci mythology tare da m Amazons. Babban fasali na style muhimmi a cikin master, shi ne sauƙin gani daga tsira da wani ɓaɓɓake daga wannan halitta.

smoothness

Wani sculptor wannan lokaci, Praxiteles, an dauki mafi kyau Greek master cikin sharuddan da watsa daga jiki alheri da ciki na ibada. Daya daga cikin mafi girma da ayyukansa - Aphrodite na Cnidus - Sahaban na master gane mafi kyau dabba taba halitta. A marmara mutum-mutumi na aljanna shi ne na farko monumental image na wani tsirara mace jiki. Original shi bai kai mu.

Cikakken fasali na style hankula na Praxiteles, suna gani a da mutum-mutumi na Hamisa. A musamman halitta na tsirara jiki, m Lines da kuma taushi sautunan na marmara master ya iya ya halicci wasu dreamy yanayi, a zahiri enveloping da sassaka.

Hankali ga daki-daki

A faɗuwar rana, zamanin marigayi gargajiya yi aiki da wani sanannen Greek sculptor - Lysippos. Its halitta daban-daban musamman naturalistic, nazarin sassa, wasu elongation rabo. Lysippos nema ya haifar da mutummutumai, cike da alheri da kuma ladabi. Ya fasaha ya honed yayin karatu Canon Policlet. Sahaban lura da cewa, aikin na Lysippos, sabanin "Doriphor" ya ba da alama na wani more m da kuma daidaita. A cewar labari da master mahalicci ya kasance mai fi so Aleksandra Makedonskogo.

Rinjayar da Gabas

Wani sabon mataki a cikin ci gaban da sassaka fara a ƙarshen IV. BC. e. Iyakar tsakanin biyu lokaci ne lokacin da nasarar da na Alexander Mai girma. Tare da su a zahiri fara zamanin Hellenism, shi ne a fili na art na zamanin d Girka da kuma gabashin kasashen.

A zuciya na sculptures wannan lokaci ne masterworks na baya ƙarni. Hellenistic art ya ba da duniya irin ayyukan da Nika Samofrakiyskaya da Venera Milosskaya. A daidai wannan lokaci, akwai sanannen Pergamon bagaden reliefs. A wasu ayyukan da marigayi Hellenistic yawa roko ga iyali mãkirci kuma cikakken bayani. Culture of Ancient Girka da cewa lokaci ya mai karfi da tasiri a kan ci gaban da art na Roman Empire.

a ƙarshe

Ma'ana tsufa a matsayin tushen ilimi da kuma na ado akida ba za a iya overemphasized. Ancient sculptors a zamanin tsohuwar Girka aza harsashin ginin ba wai kawai na nasu craft, amma kuma fahimtar bukatunsu na da kyau na jikin mutum. Sun kasance iya magance matsalar image motsi ta hanyar sauya hali da kuma canja wurin da cibiyar nauyi. Ancient sculptors na zamanin d Girka koya da za a daukar kwayar cutar ta hanyar bi da dutse motsin zuciyarmu da kuma irin abubuwan da, don ƙirƙirar ba kawai wani mutum-mutumi, amma kusan rai adadi, a shirye a kowane lokaci tafi, numfashi, murmushi. Duk wadannan nasarori zai samar da tushen al'adu yaxu a cikin Renaissance.