Abiogenesis - menene wannan?

A ƙarni-tsohon tarihin 'yan adam ya sani yawa shiriritar game da asalin rayuwa a duniya. Daga cikin zamanin da a kan wannan batu, akwai biyu gaba daya m wuraren view. Daya daga cikin su ya yi iƙirari cewa ya taso ne daga maras rai - shi ne abiogenesis. Na biyu shi ne na ra'ayin cewa rayayyu iya bayyana kawai daga mai rai - shi ne biogenesis. Mene ne bambanci tsakanin ka'idar biogenesis na abiogenesis, kokarin fahimtar wannan labarin.

tarihi views

Ideas game da asalin rayuwa ne a fili dangantaka da matakin da wani ilmi game musamman zamanin. A zamanin da, idan ilimi shi ne har yanzu kananan, ka'idar asalin rayayyun buga ta dama. Ga wasu ra'ayoyi na falsafa da kuma naturalists na baya. Alal misali, Empedocles (V BC.) Yi imani da cewa itatuwa kai qwai. Aristotle (. IV BC) jãyayya da cewa kwarkwata aka samu daga nama, da kuma kwari - ruwan 'ya'yan itace dabba jiki. Wadannan ra'ayoyi kwatsam ƙarni na rayuwa da kanta wanzu har tsakiyar XVII karni, a lokacin da Turanci Falsafa Francis Bacon (1561-1626) ka'idar, da kuma Italian likita F. Redi (1626-1698) da kuma Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) kusan tabbatar da rashin yiwuwar maras wata-wata ƙarni na rayuwa . A sa'an nan ya fara da nunawa biyu adawa sansanonin, biyu iri dabam dabam theories na rayuwa - biogenesis da abiogenesis.

A bit da ka'idar

Karkashin Abiogenesis (daga Girkanci negation Consoles - wani, Bio - rayuwa da kuma Farawa - bayyanar) fahimta da ka'idar da ya faru na Organic da inorganic gininsu daga waje na wani rai gabar. Broadly abiogenesis - Yana da ka'ida game da asalin rayuwa daga wadanda ba. Kuma a sa'an nan ka bukatar ka bayyana abin da ya ƙunshi rai da kuma m lokacin da shi ya zama rai. Kuma tun yau rayuwa definition aka fassara a cikin hanyoyi daban-daban da kuma daga daban-daban maki na view, kamar yadda magoya bayan na abiogenesis da biogenesis zauna kafa.

Rayuwa da ka'idar abiogenesis

A wannan ra'ayi, mafi muhimmanci suna dauke su a kayyade kuma juyin sharudda fassara rayuwa. All sauran sharudda - thermodynamic da kuma muhalli - An gane sakandare. A tanadi na manufar abiogenesis jarrabawa kamar haka:

• Rai ko maras rai abubuwa da ya bambanta a sinadaran abun da ke ciki da kuma halaye (metabolism). All theories na wannan yanki ne da ake kira biochemical abiogenesis.
• Asalin rayuwa a duniya shi ne, ta halitta, kuma tare da free makamashi. Wannan sakamakon shi ne bayyanar hadaddun kwayoyin mahadi daga sauki inorganic tare da zuwan sabon sinadaran halayen therebetween. All theories na asalin rayuwa na wannan yanki kira geocentric.
• Babban halaye da kuma siffofin na rayuwa - shi ne musayar abubuwa, kai-haifuwa na da nasu irin, gadar hali da bambancin.

Saboda haka, abiogenesis - a geocentric da kuma sinadaran theories don yi bayanin asalin abubuwa masu rai.

Rayuwa a sakamakon biogenesis

Biogenesis ba fifiko ga thermodynamic da kuma muhalli Properties cewa bambanta da mai rai daga matattu tambaya. Kamar wancan kwayoyin, biochemical da kuma juyin kusance suna dauke tilas ba ne. biogenesis na ra'ayi kamar haka:

• Live, kazalika da saumn abubuwa - Waɗannan su ne biyu m kuma rabuwa Jihar al'amari. Wadannan theories suna kira na halitta.
• Thermodynamics (entropy adawa) da kuma tsarin (Dynamic Stability da kuma mika wuya dangantakar) bangaren - Waɗannan su ne babban halaye da kuma alamu na rai.
• Asalin rayuwa ta fara a cikin sararin samaniya, da kuma Duniya ta biosphere - mai rai buɗi na Cosmos. Wadannan theories suna kira sarari.

Biogenesis, don haka shi cosmocentric jiki ka'idar da asalin rayuwa.

zamani views

Kimiyyar zamani yana da ra'ayin cewa integrates duk Concepts cikin wani hadade tsarin na ilimi game da yadda matattun kwayoyi juya a cikin rayuwa. Kamar yadda mafi m hanyar saukarsa rai kimiyyar zamani ya sani cewa can farko - shi ne abiogenesis. Kuma shi kunshi uku na farko bulan:

• Ana zargin nazarin halittu monomers.
• Da samuwar nazarin halittu polymers.
• Zuwan membrane Tsarin da primary protozoa - protobionts.

Kara ci gaba da rayuwa a duniya ya je ya fi sauƙi - by hanyoyin juyin halitta Darwin (gadar hali, bambancin da selection).

Abiotic samuwar organics

Da juyin halittar sunadarai ko prebiological abiogenesis - wannan abin da ya faru kwayoyin abubuwa daga inorganic. A 1924, da Rasha, Academician AI Oparin (1894-1980) da shawarar cewa babban kwayoyin nauyi mahadi a cikin cikakken bayani kafa spontaneously sashi na ƙãra yawa (coacervate droplets ko coacervates), wanda aka ware daga yanayi, amma shi ne kiyaye musayar. Oparin ka'idar a 1929, da goyan bayan da Burtaniya masanin kimiyya Dzhon Holdeyn (1892-1964), da kuma kimiyya daidaita ka'idar coacervates, wanda ya shafi kwatsam ƙarni na kwayoyin halitta a farkon matakai na raya kasa na duniya tamu da musamman jiki yanayi.

Hujja na cikin jarrabawa na abiogenesis

Da farko tabbatar da yiwuwar maras wata-wata kira da kwayoyin abubuwa daga inorganic ba zai yiwu ba. Yau, duk da haka, ya shige wasu matakai da kuma sakamakon samu.

Yana duk ya fara a 1953 a lokacin da chemists Stanley Miller da kuma Harold Urey C. gudanar da wani gwaji tare da primary broth (matsakaici kamar prebiotic a duniya). A ambaliya da makamashi (har zuwa 60 dubu da) karkashin matsin da kuma a zazzabi na 80 digiri Celsius sa a cikin samuwar m acid, urea da kuma da dama amino acid (furotin monomers). Kuma a cikin 2008 da American masana kimiyyar halitta a "protocells" tare da membrane, a shekarar 2011 da Japan ilmin halitta sun wallafa wani aiki a kan halittar vesicles tare da harsashi da kuma ikon su raba.

precariousness matsayi

Duk da ci gaba a gwaji masana kimiyyar kokarin tabbatar da ka'idar Oparin-Haldane da asalin rayuwa a duniya a coacervates, duk da haka duk sakamakon Tsarin suke da nisa daga tsarin rayayyun tantani. Duniya al'umma bai gane wadannan abubuwan kamar yadda undeniable hujja da wannan shi ne asalin rayuwa. Kamar yadda biogenesis da abiogenesis - wannan ka'idar zuwa kwanan ba a tabbatar gwaje. Ganin cewa hanya daga inorganic kwayoyin zuwa rayuwa Kwayoyin ya dade, tare da wani yawa na cokula masu yatsotsi, a hanya, da kuma Tashoshi, masana kimiyya ya rage kintata ne kawai da yadda wannan ne dã Mun sanya hanya. Amma duk wadannan shiriritar ba ta tabbatar da cewa duk abin da yake daidai da abin da ya faru a duniya da yawa biliyoyin shekaru da suka wuce.

Yiwuwar samun quite m

A randomness na abin da ya faru na kwayar halitta mai rai a cikin dadaddiyar kwanon miya lasafta shifran. Birtaniya lissafi Fred Hall da amfani da zamani kwakwalwa ya kirga yiwuwar samun bazuwar samuwar amoeba sunadaran. Kuma wannan alama ya negligible - 1/10 * 40000. Ka tuna, wannan shi ne a cikin wasu manufa yanayi. Kuma wannan take kaiwa zuwa wasu tunani da kuma bada muhawara magoya bayan sauran theories da Concepts da asalin rayuwa a duniya tamu.

m m

Amma kamar yadda ka sani, duk abin da yake da dangi. A wannan duniya tamu kuma a cikin duniya - shi ne wani indisputable gaskiya. Ga 'yan misalai da za su yi mamaki - shi ne shi gaske irin wannan daidaituwa ba zai yiwu, kamar yadda asalin rayuwa a cikin dadaddiyar kwanon miya.

• Idan mutum lifespan zai zama 100 000 shekara, muna tabbatar (watau 100%) ne suka mutu a wani hadarin jirgin sama.
• Yiwuwar lashe tambola Cool Million ne 1 a 5200 000. Kuma duk da haka American Valerie Wilson lashe saman kyauta sau biyu: a 2002 da kuma 2006.
• A shekara ta 2009 fadi wannan lambobin (4 15 23 24 35 42) a cikin Bulgarian irin caca "6 na 41" a cikin biyu circulations tare da wani bambanci na 4 days. Yiwuwar samun wannan taron ne 3,61 • 10 ^-14.